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Date
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2018-09-08
75.119.201.100
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ClassC
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2025-01-19
34.79.175.120
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ClassC
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Port 80
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Port 443
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w-100>Contact Us/a> /div> /section> /div> /li> /ul> /div> /div> /div> /nav> /header> main> div idwrap classoe_structure oe_empty>section classs_cover parallax s_parallax_is_fixed bg-black-50 o_colored_level pb32 pt32 data-scroll-background-ratio1 data-snippets_cover data-nameCouverture stylebackground-image: none;> span classs_parallax_bg oe_img_bg o_bg_img_center stylebackground-image: url("/web/image/48806-fe74f48d/vegetable-seedlings-2024-10-20-00-51-10-utc.webp"); background-position: 50% 0px; data-mimetypeimage/webp data-original-id48799 data-original-src/web/image/48799-1515543c/vegetable-seedlings-2024-10-20-00-51-10-utc.jpg data-mimetype-before-conversionimage/jpeg data-resize-width1920>/span> div classo_we_bg_filter bg-black-50>/div> div classcontainer s_allow_columns> i classfa fa-tree d-block my-3 mx-auto rounded-circle bg-o-color-4 text-o-color-1 fa-2x>/i> h1 classdisplay-3 styletext-align: center; font-weight: bold;> font stylefont-size: 62px;>b> Welcome to the Plant Health International Website /b>/font>/h1>p classlead styletext-align: center;> br/>/p> p classlead styletext-align: center;>br/>/p> /div> /section>section classs_banner pt96 pb96 o_cc o_cc3 o_colored_level data-oe-shape-data{"shape":"web_editor/Floats/12"} data-snippets_banner data-nameBannière stylebackground-image: none;> div classo_we_shape o_web_editor_Floats_12>/div> div classcontainer> div classrow s_nb_column_fixed o_grid_mode data-row-count11> div classo_grid_item o_grid_item_image g-col-lg-4 g-height-10 col-lg-4 o_colored_level stylez-index: 2; grid-area: 1 / 8 / 11 / 12;> img classimg img-fluid mx-auto shadow rounded src/web/image/website.s_banner_default_image_2 alt loadinglazy data-mimetypeimage/jpeg data-original-id48016 data-original-src/theme_treehouse/static/src/img/backgrounds/17.jpg data-mimetype-before-conversionimage/jpeg/> /div> div classo_grid_item o_grid_item_image g-col-lg-2 g-height-5 col-lg-2 d-lg-block d-none o_snippet_mobile_invisible o_colored_level stylez-index: 3; grid-area: 2 / 11 / 7 / 13; data-invisible1> img classimg img-fluid mx-auto shadow rounded src/web/image/website.s_banner_default_image_3 alt loadinglazy data-mimetypeimage/jpeg data-original-id48017 data-original-src/theme_treehouse/static/src/img/backgrounds/18.jpg data-mimetype-before-conversionimage/jpeg/> /div> div classo_grid_item o_grid_item_image g-col-lg-3 g-height-5 col-lg-3 d-lg-block d-none o_snippet_mobile_invisible o_colored_level stylez-index: 4; grid-area: 7 / 7 / 12 / 10; data-invisible1> img classimg img-fluid mx-auto shadow rounded src/web/image/website.s_banner_default_image alt loadinglazy data-mimetypeimage/jpeg data-original-id48015 data-original-src/theme_treehouse/static/src/img/backgrounds/02.jpg data-mimetype-before-conversionimage/jpeg/> /div> div classjustify-content-center o_grid_item g-col-lg-5 o_colored_level g-height-10 col-lg-5 data-nameBox stylez-index: 1; grid-area: 2 / 1 / 12 / 6;> p styletext-align: justify;>br/>/p>p styletext-align: justify;>span stylefont-size: 1.5625rem;>The mission of Plant Health International is to inform farmers, scientists, policy makers and society of the foundational role of plant health management, with a particular focus on root health and root health management in achieving global food security; and to provide farmers with the information needed to attain profitable and sustainable crop production./span>/p>/div>/div> /div> /section>section classs_text_block pt40 pb40 o_colored_level data-snippets_text_block data-nameTexte stylebackground-image: none;> div classcontainer s_allow_columns> p stylemargin-bottom: 0px; text-align: center;>span stylefont-size: 1.5625rem;>Plant Health International is dedicated to sharing information and understanding of the fundamentals, theory, practice, and benefits of plant health and plant health management./span>/p>/div> /section>section classs_color_blocks_2 o_colored_level data-snippets_color_blocks_2 data-nameGrandes boîtes stylebackground-image: none;> div classcontainer-fluid> div classrow> div classcol-lg-6 o_cc o_cc3 text-center o_colored_level stylebackground-image: none;>h1>Plant health management /h1>p styletext-align: justify;>br/>span stylefont-size: 1.25rem;>Plant health management is the science and practice of understanding and eliminating the succession of biotic and abiotic factors that limit plants from achieving their full genetic potential as crops, ornamentals, timber trees, or other uses. Although practiced as long as agriculture itself, as a science-based concept, plant heath management as a science is even younger than integrated pest management (IPM), and includes and builds upon but is broader than IPM./span>/p>/div> div classcol-lg-6 p-0 o_colored_level stylebackground-image: none;> img src/web/image/48818-3f093222/cucumber-seedlings-2024-11-27-15-52-22-utc.webp alt classw-100 h-100 img img-fluid o_we_custom_image styleobject-fit: cover; data-mimetypeimage/webp data-original-id48816 data-original-src/web/image/48816-410939a7/cucumber-seedlings-2024-11-27-15-52-22-utc.jpg data-mimetype-before-conversionimage/jpeg data-resize-width962 loadinglazy/> /div> /div> /div> /section>section classs_text_block pt40 pb40 o_colored_level data-snippets_text_block data-nameTexte stylebackground-image: none;> div classcontainer s_allow_columns> h2 stylemargin-bottom: 0px;>Managing Diseases, Advancing Plant Health./h2>p stylemargin-bottom: 0px;>br/>/p>p styletext-align: justify;>span stylefont-size: 1.25rem;>Probably the greatest collection of success stories for plant health management is the number of diseases managed by cleaning up the seed or other planting material of pathogens carried internally or externally. The record for root health management is more mixed, with the loss or phase-out of soil fumigants, and practices such as crop rotation and clean tillage being replaced with more intensive cropping and less or no tillage./span>/p>p styletext-align: justify;>span stylefont-size: 1.25rem;>Arguably, the greatest scientific and technical advances for plant health management have come from the work aimed at management of the pathogens, pests, and other hazards that arrive by air, mainly through combinations of adjustments in planting date and use of host plant resistance and fungicides. Research aimed at the management of foliar pathogens is also the basis for modern theory on epidemiology, population biology, aerobiology, and disease prediction and decision-support systems. Even IPM arose mainly in response to the need to protect crops from pests that arrive by air./span>/p> /div> /section>section classs_text_block pt40 pb40 o_colored_level data-snippets_text_block data-nameTexte stylebackground-image: none;> div classs_allow_columns o_container_small> h2 stylemargin-bottom: 0px; text-align: justify;>span stylefont-size: 2.375rem;>A Moving Target./span>/h2>p styletext-align: justify;>span stylefont-size: 1.25rem;>Plant health management is a moving target and can be viewed metaphorically like an American football game, where one team is science and technology and the other is nature, where the S & T team is only beginning to know nature’s rules while playing itself with the three sets of rules written to, respectively, satisfy the laws of economics, protect the environment, and gain social acceptance/span>./p> /div> /section>section classs_picture pt48 pb24 o_colored_level data-snippets_picture data-nameImage stylebackground-image: none;> div classcontainer> h2 classdisplay-3-fs styletext-align: center;> The Centerpiece of Plant Disease Control. br/>/h2> p styletext-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px;>span stylefont-size: 1.25rem;>Biological Control includes the use of natural or modified organisms, genes or gene products to reduce the effects of undesirable organisms (insect pests, plant pathogens, plant parasitic nematodes, weeds) and to favor desirable organisms such as crops, trees, animals and beneficial insects and microorganisms. (National Academy of Sciences Report of the Research Briefing Panel on Biological Control in Managed Ecosystems, National Academy Press, 1987.)/span>/p>p styletext-align: center; margin-bottom: 0px;>span stylefont-size: 1.25rem;>br/>/span>/p>p styletext-align: justify;>span stylefont-size: 1.25rem;>This broad concept of biological control is adopted here for plant pathogens. It includes the use of cultural practices such the rotation of crops to allow time for the natural resident soil microbiota to lower the population of the soilborne pathogens of one crop while growing a different and unrelated crop. It also includes the use of genes and gene products whether delivered through host plant resistance or plant-associated microorganisms./span>/p> p styletext-align: center;>br/>/p> div classrow s_nb_column_fixed> div classcol-lg-10 offset-lg-1 pb24 o_colored_level styletext-align: center;> figure classfigure> img src/web/image/48821-79db3b56/father-with-his-little-son-in-the-garden-watering-2024-09-17-17-05-18-utc.svg alt classfigure-img img img-fluid o_we_custom_image data-shapeweb_editor/special/special_filter data-shape-colors;#046380;;; data-mimetypeimage/svg+xml data-original-id48820 data-original-src/web/image/48820-39d729da/father-with-his-little-son-in-the-garden-watering-2024-09-17-17-05-18-utc.jpg data-mimetype-before-conversionimage/jpeg data-original-mimetypeimage/webp data-resize-width1070 data-file-namefather-with-his-little-son-in-the-garden-watering-2024-09-17-17-05-18-utc.svg loadinglazy/> figcaption classfigure-caption text-muted py-3>br/>/figcaption> /figure> /div> /div> /div> /section>section classs_text_block pt40 pb40 o_colored_level data-snippets_text_block data-nameTexte stylebackground-image: none;> div classcontainer s_allow_columns> p stylemargin-bottom: 0px; text-align: justify;>span stylefont-size: 1.5625rem;>Biological control is contrasted with physical control, which includes steam, soil solarization, flooding, desiccation, electrocution, or physically separating the pathogen from the plant by meristem culture. Chemical control includes the use of synthetic and natural chemical products to inhibit or kill pathogens./span>/p>p stylemargin-bottom: 0px;>span stylefont-size: 1.5625rem;>br/>/span>/p>p styletext-align: justify;>span stylefont-size: 1.5625rem;>Biological control attained through its many applications and practices should be the centerpiece of plant disease control, while taking advantage of opportunities for physical control judiciously combined with chemical control./span>/p> /div> /section>section classs_masonry_block o_colored_level data-vcss001 data-vxml001 data-snippets_masonry_block data-nameMasonry stylebackground-image: none;> div classcontainer-fluid> div classrow o_grid_mode data-row-count13> div classo_grid_item g-col-lg-6 o_grid_item_image text-center o_colored_level g-height-13 col-lg-6 data-nameBlock stylegrid-area: 1 / 1 / 14 / 7; z-index: 1; background-image: none;> img src/web/image/48830-60b090cb/researchers-developing-vegetable-varieties-at-gree-2024-10-11-02-29-48-utc.webp alt classimg img-fluid mx-auto o_we_custom_image data-mimetypeimage/webp data-original-id48829 data-original-src/web/image/48829-d9c031c6/researchers-developing-vegetable-varieties-at-gree-2024-10-11-02-29-48-utc.jpg data-mimetype-before-conversionimage/jpeg data-resize-width962 loadinglazy/> /div> div classo_grid_item g-height-5 text-center o_cc o_cc3 o_colored_level g-col-lg-6 col-lg-6 data-nameBlock stylegrid-area: 1 / 7 / 6 / 13; z-index: 3; background-image: none;> h3>What are Genetically Engineered (GE) Crops and is Food From These Crops Safe?/h3>/div> div classo_grid_item text-center o_cc o_cc2 o_colored_level g-col-lg-6 g-height-8 col-lg-6 data-nameBlock stylegrid-area: 6 / 7 / 14 / 13; z-index: 5; background-image: none;> p stylemargin-bottom: 0px; text-align: justify;>span stylefont-size: 1.25rem;>The rate of adoption of genetically engineered crops by farmers once approved by the federal government has been as fast or faster than the rate of adoption of new smartphones, apps, and GPS by the general public, and for the same reasons: these modern technologies bring value and convenience to the user./span>/p>p stylemargin-bottom: 0px;>span stylefont-size: 1.25rem;>br/>/span>/p>p styletext-align: justify;>span stylefont-size: 1.25rem;>However, whereas the public and even children understand and are comfortable using the new communication technologies, a general lack of public understanding of the new biotechnologies applied to our food and feed crops has fostered suspicion and even fear of potential unknown effects on our health and the environment./span>/p> /div> /div> /div> /section>section classs_text_image pt80 pb80 o_colored_level data-snippets_text_image data-nameTexte - Image stylebackground-image: none;> div classcontainer> div classrow align-items-center> div classcol-lg-6 pt16 pb16 o_colored_level> p stylefont-size: 12px;>br/>/p> h2> What are genetically modified (GM) organisms and GM foods? br/>/h2> p stylemargin-bottom: 0px; text-align: justify;> br/>span stylefont-size: 1.25rem;>Genetically modified foods, also known as genetically engineered (GE) and genetically modified organisms (GMOs), are foods from crops with traits added by the “cut-and-splice” transfer of DNA from another organism. The means to add traits by this method of DNA transfer dates back to the early 1970’s discovery of enzymes that can cut and splice DNA./span>/p>p stylemargin-bottom: 0px;>span stylefont-size: 1.25rem;>br/>/span>/p>p styletext-align: justify;>span stylefont-size: 1.25rem;>Government-approved GE crops grown in the U.S. today are corn, soybeans, canola, sugar beets, cotton, alfalfa, papaya, and squash. GE varieties of corn, canola, and alfalfa are currently grown in Washington State./span>br/>/p>/div> div classcol-lg-6 pt16 pb16 o_colored_level> img src/web/image/48840-7119e818/agriculture-scientist-work-collecting-record-plant-2023-11-27-04-57-20-utc%2520%25281%2529.svg alt classimg img-fluid mx-auto o_we_custom_image data-shapeweb_editor/geometric_round/geo_round_blob_medium data-shape-colors;;;; data-mimetypeimage/svg+xml data-original-id48831 data-original-src/web/image/48831-330972b2/agriculture-scientist-work-collecting-record-plant-2023-11-27-04-57-20-utc%20%281%29.jpg data-mimetype-before-conversionimage/jpeg data-original-mimetypeimage/webp data-resize-width690 data-file-nameagriculture-scientist-work-collecting-record-plant-2023-11-27-04-57-20-utc%20%281%29.svg loadinglazy/> /div> /div> /div> /section>section classs_text_image pt80 pb80 o_colored_level data-snippets_image_text data-nameImage - Texte stylebackground-image: none;> div classcontainer> div classrow o_grid_mode data-row-count20> div classo_colored_level o_grid_item g-col-lg-6 g-height-20 col-lg-6 stylegrid-area: 1 / 7 / 21 / 13; z-index: 2;> h2>Why did GMOs arise and what is their purpose?/h2> p stylemargin-bottom: 0px; text-align: justify;>span stylefont-size: 1.25rem;>All GE crops grown today in the U.S. and Canada were developed to provide a safer, more effective, or more economical means to control weeds, insect pests, and diseases. Keeping crops healthy and weed-free is the biggest challenge farmers face year after year./span>/p>p stylemargin-bottom: 0px;>span stylefont-size: 1.25rem;>br/>/span>/p>p stylemargin-bottom: 0px; text-align: justify;>span stylefont-size: 1.25rem;>In each case, a single gene has been added to the genetic code of the crop plant to produce a protein that, in effect, immunizes that crop to attack by an insect pest or infection by a plant virus, or allows the crop to be sprayed with an herbicide such as glyphosate (Round-up) that kills weeds but not the crop. This “immunization” is different than the immunization we receive when vaccinated, but the effect for the crop plant is the same./span>/p>p stylemargin-bottom: 0px;>span stylefont-size: 1.25rem;>br/>/span>/p>p stylemargin-bottom: 0px; text-align: justify;>span stylefont-size: 1.25rem;>GE soybeans, sugar beets, canola, and alfalfa have immunity to an herbicide, of which 80% is to Round-up. Round-up is one of the few herbicides safe enough to be approved for home use. Non-GE varieties of these crops require several different herbicides to control the same weeds, still leaving some weeds uncontrolled./span>/p>p stylemargin-bottom: 0px;>span stylefont-size: 1.25rem;>br/>/span>/p>p styletext-align: justify;>span stylefont-size: 1.25rem;>GE cotton and corn produce a protein known as Bt that, when ingested by the insect pest, causes the insect to stop eating and starve. In spite of extensive testing, this protein has been shown to have no effect on laboratory animals, when consumed as part of their food. The same protein sprayed on plants for insect control is approved for organic certification./span>/p> /div> div classo_colored_level o_grid_item g-col-lg-6 g-height-9 col-lg-6 o_grid_item_image stylez-index: 1; grid-area: 2 / 1 / 11 / 7;>img src/web/image/48841-2ca1b564/agricultural-researcher-working-in-a-greenhouse-i-2024-10-31-22-31-25-utc.svg alt classimg img-fluid mx-auto img-thumbnail o_we_custom_image stylepadding: 15px; data-shapeweb_editor/geometric_round/geo_round_blob_medium data-shape-colors;;;; data-mimetypeimage/svg+xml data-original-id48835 data-original-src/web/image/48835-6c6e86a3/agricultural-researcher-working-in-a-greenhouse-i-2024-10-31-22-31-25-utc.jpg data-mimetype-before-conversionimage/jpeg data-original-mimetypeimage/webp data-resize-width690 data-file-nameagricultural-researcher-working-in-a-greenhouse-i-2024-10-31-22-31-25-utc.svg loadinglazy/>/div>div classo_grid_item g-col-lg-6 o_grid_item_image o_colored_level g-height-8 col-lg-6 stylez-index: 3; grid-area: 13 / 1 / 21 / 7;>img src/web/image/48842-e946f152/scientist-working-collect-data-record-tracking-pla-2023-11-27-05-07-54-utc.svg alt classimg img-fluid mx-auto o_we_custom_image data-shapeweb_editor/geometric_round/geo_round_blob_medium data-shape-colors;;;; 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