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!doctype html>html langen>  head>    meta charsetutf-8>    meta nameviewport contentwidthdevice-width, initial-scale1, shrink-to-fitno>    meta namedescription contentgalpy, a Python package for galactic dynamics>    meta nameauthor contentJo Bovy>    title>galpy, a Python package for galactic dynamics/title>    !-- Bootstrap core CSS -->    link relstylesheet hrefhttps://stackpath.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.4.1/css/bootstrap.min.css integritysha384-Vkoo8x4CGsO3+Hhxv8T/Q5PaXtkKtu6ug5TOeNV6gBiFeWPGFN9MuhOf23Q9Ifjh crossoriginanonymous>    !-- Animate-on-scroll CSS -->    link relstylesheet hrefhttps://unpkg.com/aos@next/dist/aos.css />    !-- slick carousel CSS -->    link relstylesheet typetext/css hrefhttps://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/slick-carousel@1.8.1/slick/slick.css/>    link relstylesheet typetext/css hrefhttps://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/slick-carousel@1.8.1/slick/slick-theme.css/>    !-- Code highlighting with highlight.js -->    link relstylesheet hrefhttps://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/highlight.js/11.4.0/styles/vs.min.css>    !-- Custom styles -->    link hrefcss/galpy-website.css relstylesheet>    !-- javascript -->    script srchttps://code.jquery.com/jquery-3.2.1.min.js>/script>     script srchttps://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/popper.js@1.16.0/dist/umd/popper.min.js integritysha384-Q6E9RHvbIyZFJoft+2mJbHaEWldlvI9IOYy5n3zV9zzTtmI3UksdQRVvoxMfooAo crossoriginanonymous>/script>    script srchttps://stackpath.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.4.1/js/bootstrap.min.js integritysha384-wfSDF2E50Y2D1uUdj0O3uMBJnjuUD4Ih7YwaYd1iqfktj0Uod8GCExl3Og8ifwB6 crossoriginanonymous>/script>    script srchttps://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/slick-carousel@1.8.1/slick/slick.min.js>/script>    !-- favicon -->    link relicon hrefimages/logo-small.ico>    !-- Global site tag (gtag.js) - Google Analytics -->    script async srchttps://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?idUA-161834593-3>/script>    script>      window.dataLayer  window.dataLayer || ;      function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);}      gtag(js, new Date());      gtag(config, UA-161834593-3);    /script>  /head>  body>    main classcontainer>      !-- full-page landing image + short description -->      div classcontainer>	div classcenter-screen styletext-align: center; margin-top: 0em; margin-bottom: 0em;>	  img idlogo-gif srcimages/galpy-logo.gif width225 altgalpy: Galactic dynamics in Python />	  p stylemargin-top: 1em; font-style: italic; opacity: 0 idgalpy-intro-statement>span classcourier-code>galpy/span> is a Python package for galactic dynamics./p>	  p classlower-left-screen stylecolor: gray; opacity: 1 idgalpy-intro-loading>span classcourier-code>Loading .../span>/p>	  div classlower-center-screen idgalpy-intro-explore onmouseover stylecursor: pointer; opacity: 0;>	    p stylemargin-bottom: 0;>Explore/p>	    p stylemargin-top: -0.5rem;>i classarrow down>/i>/p>	  /div>	/div>      /div>      !-- Sections -->           div classcontainer idsections-container styledisplay: none;>	hr classfeaturette-divider>	div classrow featurette data-aosfade-in data-aos-oncetrue>	  div classcol-md-7>            h2 classfeaturette-heading idquickstart>Easy to get started with, span classtext-muted>get advanced galactic dynamics at your fingertips/span>/h2>            p classlead>Get started with integrating orbits in a Milky-Way potential in just a few lines of code. Or build your own galactic models using a flexible set of components. From simple orbit integration to fast action-angle calculations, span classcourier-code>galpy/span> has you covered./p>	    p>a classbtn btn-secondary hrefhttp://docs.galpy.org/en/stable/#quick-start-guide target_blank rolebutton>view quick-start guide »/a>/p>	  /div>	  div classcol-md-5 stylemax-width: 41.6666666667%>	    a hrefhttp://docs.galpy.org/en/stable/#quick-start-guide target_blank>img srcimages/galpy-webintro.gif stylemax-width:100%; altgalpy quickstart/>/a>	  /div>	/div>		hr classfeaturette-divider>	div classrow featurette data-aosfade-in data-aos-oncetrue>	  div classcol-md-7 order-md-2>            h2 classfeaturette-heading idinstallation>Simple installation span classtext-muted>on all major operating systems/span>/h2>            p classlead>Whether you are on a Linux, Mac, or Windows system, installation is quick and painless. Use a hrefhttps://docs.conda.io/en/latest/miniconda.html target_blank>miniconda/a> for a single-line installation of span classcourier-code>galpy/span> and all of its dependencies with/p>p styletext-align: center; margin-top: -0.75rem; margin-bottom: 0.25rem>span classcourier-code>conda install galpy -c conda-forge/span>/p>p classlead>or use a hrefhttps://pypi.org/project/pip/ target_blank>pip/a> for installing the latest release or the bleeding-edge span classcourier-code>main/span> branch with all of the latest in-development features./p>	    p>a classbtn btn-secondary hrefhttp://docs.galpy.org/en/stable/installation.html target_blank rolebutton>view installation instructions »/a>/p>	  /div>	  div classcol-md-5 order-md-1 stylemax-width: 41.6666666667%>	    a hrefhttp://docs.galpy.org/en/stable/installation.html target_blank>img srcimages/installation.gif stylemax-width:100%; altgalpy installation/>/a>	  /div>	/div>		hr classfeaturette-divider>		div classrow featurette data-aosfade-in data-aos-oncetrue>	  div classcol-md-7>            h2 classfeaturette-heading iddocs>Extensive documentation span classtext-muted>and many ways to get help/span>/h2>            p classlead>All of span classcourier-code>galpy/span>s features are documented with a rich set of examples in the a hrefhttp://docs.galpy.org/en/stable/#quick-start-guide target_blank>quick-start guide/a> and the full a hrefhttp://docs.galpy.org/en/stable/#library-reference target_blank>library reference guide/a>. If you run into problems, open an a hrefhttps://github.com/jobovy/galpy/issues target_blank>issue/a> on span classcourier-code>galpy/span>s GitHub page, join the a hrefhttps://galpy.slack.com/ target_blank> span classcourier-code>galpy/span> slack community/a> (join a hrefhttps://join.slack.com/t/galpy/shared_invite/zt-p6upr4si-mX7u8MRdtm~3bW7o8NA_Ww target_blank>here/a>), or email the codes maintainer. Were always happy to help!/p>	    p>a classbtn btn-secondary hrefhttp://docs.galpy.org target_blank rolebutton>view docs (latest release) »/a>	    a classbtn btn-secondary hrefhttp://docs.galpy.org/en/latest/ target_blank rolebutton>view docs (latest dev) »/a>/p>	  /div>	  div classcol-md-5 stylemax-width: 41.6666666667%>	    a hrefhttp://docs.galpy.org target_blank>img srcimages/docs.png stylemax-width:100%; altgalpy documentation/>/a>	  /div>	/div>		hr classfeaturette-divider>		div classrow featurette data-aosfade-in data-aos-oncetrue>	  div classcol-md-7 order-md-2>            h2 classfeaturette-heading iddevelopment>Open-source, continuously-integrated, span classtext-muted> with >99.8% test coverage/span>/h2>            p classlead>Fully open-source development since day 1. All of span classcourier-code>galpy/span>s development happens on GitHub, from simple maintenance to bleeding-edge new features. All code updates and pull requests are built and tested using continuous integration provided by a hrefhttps://github.com/features/actions target_blank>GitHub Actions/a> and a hrefhttps://www.appveyor.com/ target_blank>appveyor/a>. With test coverage exceeding 99.8%, span classcourier-code>galpy/span> is as reliable as code gets./p>	    p>a classbtn btn-secondary hrefhttps://www.github.com/jobovy/galpy target_blank rolebutton>visit span classcourier-code>galpy/span> on GitHub »/a>/p>	  /div>	  div classcol-md-5 order-md-1 stylemax-width: 41.6666666667%>	    a hrefhttps://www.github.com/jobovy/galpy target_blank>img srcimages/development.png stylemax-width:100%;  altgalpy GitHub/>/a>	  /div>	/div>		hr classfeaturette-divider>		!-- /end main sections -->	div classcenter row featurette data-aosfade-in data-aos-oncetrue>	  div classcol order-md-1>            h2 classfeaturette-heading idexamples styletext-align: center;>span classcourier-code>galpy/span> in action/h2>            p classlead>span classcourier-code>galpy/span> has been used in more than a hrefhttps://docs.galpy.org/en/latest/index.html#papers-using-galpy target_blank>span idspan-number-of-papers-using-galpy>200/span> scientific publications/a> in the astrophysical literature. Covering topics as diverse as the properties of planetary systems around distant stars, the kinematics of pulsars and stars ejected from the Milky Way by supernova explosions, binary evolution in stellar clusters, chemo-dynamical modeling of stellar populations in the Milky Way, and the dynamics of satellites around external galaxies, span classcourier-code>galpy/span> is widely used throughout astrophysics./p>p classlead idgallery-intro styletext-align:center;>Check out the gallery below for examples:/p>	  /div>	  div idgallery-div classcol order-md-2>	    div classexamples-carousel idexamples-carousel>	      !-- Populated using Javascript loading of JSON file -->	    /div>	    div classprogress roleprogressbar aria-valuemin0 aria-valuemax100>	    /div>	  /div>	/div>	hr classfeaturette-divider>  div classcenter row featurette data-aosfade-in data-aos-oncetrue>	  div classcol order-md-1>            h2 classfeaturette-heading idinteractive styletext-align: center;>Try span classcourier-code>galpy/span>!/h2>            p classlead>Give span classcourier-code>galpy/span> a try in the interactive span classcourier-code>IPython/span>-like shell below!/p>    /div>  /div>  div classrow featurette data-aosfade-in data-aos-oncetrue>    div classcol-md-5>      h4>Plot the rotation curve of the Milky Way/h4>      pre>code>from galpy.potential import (plotRotcurve,    MWPotential2014 as mwp14)import matplotlib.pyplot as pltplotRotcurve(mwp14)plotRotcurve(mwp140,labelBulge,overplotTrue)plotRotcurve(mwp141,labelDisk,overplotTrue)plotRotcurve(mwp142,labelHalo,overplotTrue)plt.legend()/code>/pre>      h4>or integrate the orbit of the Sun/h4>      pre>code>from galpy.orbit import Orbitfrom galpy.potential import MWPotential2014import numpyts numpy.linspace(0.,5.,2001)*u.Gyro Orbit() # default  the suno.integrate(ts,MWPotential2014)o.plot()/code>/pre>      h4>or calculate its orbital actions/h4>      pre>code>from galpy.orbit import Orbitfrom galpy.potential import (  MWPotential2014 as mwp14)o Orbit()print(o.jr(potmwp14),o.Lz(),o.jz(potmwp14))/code>/pre>      h4>and much more.../h4>    /div>    div classcol-md-7 order-md-2>      iframe srchttps://www.galpy.org/repl?codeimport%20galpy%0A%23Type%20some%20code%20and%20press%20Shift%2BEnter%20to%20run width100% height525px styledisplay:block;margin: 0 auto;>/iframe>      br/>      p stylefont-size: small;>(This interactive shell runs using the span classcourier-code>pyodide/span>         Python kernel, a version of Python that runs in your browser.)/p>     /div>  /div>	hr classfeaturette-divider>	div classcenter row featurette data-aosfade-in data-aos-oncetrue>	  div classcol order-md-1>            h2 classfeaturette-heading idacknowledge styletext-align: center;>Support and acknowledge span classcourier-code>galpy/span>/h2>            p classlead>The best way to support span classcourier-code>galpy/span> is to acknowledge span classcourier-code>galpy/span> in any work that you do with it, by linking to the code (at span classtext-muted>https://github.com/jobovy/galpy/span>) and by citing the a hrefhttp://arxiv.org/abs/1412.3451 target_blank>span classcourier-code>galpy/span> paper/a>:/p>	    p classtext-muted styletext-align:center;>span classcourier-code>galpy/span>: A Python Library for Galactic Dynamics, Jo Bovy (2015), em>Astrophys. J. Supp./em>, b>216/b>, 29 /p>	    p classlead>Make sure to check the a hrefhttps://docs.galpy.org/en/stable/#acknowledging-galpy target_blank>detailed acknowledgement guide/a> for additional essential references for certain parts of span classcourier-code>galpy/span>./p>	  /div>	/div>    !-- Footer -->    footer classpage-footer font-small>      hr classfeaturette-divider stylemargin-bottom: 0.5rem;>      !-- Copyright -->      div classfooter-copyright text-center lead stylefont-size: 0.85rem;margin-bottom: 0.5rem;>© 2022 a hrefhttp://astro.utoronto.ca/~bovy target_blank> Jo Bovy/a>      /div>      !-- Copyright -->    /footer>    !-- Footer -->      /div>    /main>    !-- activate the activate-on-scroll library -->    script srchttps://unpkg.com/aos@next/dist/aos.js>/script>    script srchttps://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/highlight.js/11.4.0/highlight.min.js>/script>    script>      $(document).ready(function() {      // Highlight Python examples      hljs.highlightAll();      // Make sure the gif refreshes      var gifSource  $(#logo-gif).attr(src); //get the source in the var      $(#logo-gif).attr(src, ); //erase the source           $(#logo-gif).attr(src, gifSource+?+new Date().getTime()); //add the date to the source of the image...      // Landing page animations: fade-in the intro statement      setTimeout(function(){        $(#galpy-intro-statement).animate({opacity: 0},{duration: 3000, complete: function(){        $(#galpy-intro-statement).animate({opacity: 1}, 3000);      }})});      // Fade out Loading ... statement      setTimeout(function(){        $(#galpy-intro-loading).animate({opacity: 1},{duration: 2000, complete: function(){        $(#galpy-intro-loading).animate({opacity: 0}, 2000);      }})});      // Fade in Explore statement      setTimeout(function(){        $(#galpy-intro-explore).animate({opacity: 0},{duration: 3000, complete: function(){        $(#galpy-intro-explore).animate({opacity: 1}, 3000);      }})});      // Functionality to make the Explore statement disappear using AOS, needs to be added after scrolling, because interferes with clicking the Explore statement and scrolling that way      function explore_add_aos() {        // Only do this once, so turn off when called        $(window).off(scroll,explore_add_aos);        // Add AOS attributes and refresh AOS        $(#galpy-intro-explore).attr(data-aos,fade-out);        $(#galpy-intro-explore).attr(data-aos-anchor-placement,bottom-center);        $(#galpy-intro-explore).attr(data-aos-once,true);        $(#galpy-intro-explore).attr(data-aos-id,explore);        // Entirely remove the Explore statement element once AOS has removed it        document.addEventListener(aos:in:explore, () > {$(#galpy-intro-explore).remove();});        AOS.refreshHard();        // Change the mouse-over to the regular cursor again        $(#galpy-intro-explore).removeAttr(onmouseover);        $(#galpy-intro-explore).css(cursor,default);        // Remove the click functionality once scrolled        $(#galpy-intro-explore).off(click,explore_add_click);      };      $(window).on(scroll,explore_add_aos);      // Before scrolling, clicking on Explore brings you to the quickstart div      function explore_add_click() {        $(html,body).animate({        scrollTop: $(#quickstart).offset().top},        slow);      };      $(#galpy-intro-explore).on(click,explore_add_click);      setTimeout(function(){        // First make this section visible        $(#sections-container).css({display: block});        // Create the list of image divs with papers using galpy        $.getJSON(./data/papers-using-galpy.json)        .done(function(data) {          // First update the number of papers using galpy listed on the page          let paperSpan document.getElementById(span-number-of-papers-using-galpy);          paperSpan.innerHTML (Math.floor((Object.keys(data).length-1)/50)*50).toFixed(0);          // randomize array to create random starting point, https://stackoverflow.com/a/56448185/10195320          function shuffle(obj){            // new obj to return            let newObj  {};            // create keys array            var keys  Object.keys(obj);            // randomize keys array            keys.sort(function(a,b){return Math.random()- 0.5;});            // save in new array            keys.forEach(function(k) {              newObjk  objk;            });            return newObj;          }          $.each(shuffle(data),function(key,bibentry) {            if ( key ! 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