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Date
IP Address
2023-08-24
54.174.186.119
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2024-09-18
23.23.168.112
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Port 80
HTTP/1.1 301 Moved PermanentlyServer: awselb/2.0Date: Wed, 18 Sep 2024 22:02:29 GMTContent-Type: text/htmlContent-Length: 134Connection: keep-aliveLocation: https://origin-www.brainson.org:443/ html>head>title>301 Moved Permanently/title>/head>body>center>h1>301 Moved Permanently/h1>/center>/body>/html>
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Its so hot outside today, Gemma. I feel like were on the surface of the sun. \\n\\nGEMMA: I feel like an egg sizzling on a griddle. \\n\\nMOLLY: I feel like a marshmallow that someone toasted in the campfire too long. Im way past pleasingly brown and toasty. Im burning up! \\n\\nSANDEN: Lemonade! Get your lemonade here. Today and today only, quench your thirst with Sandens super satisfying handmade lemonade. \\n\\nGEMMA: Sanden? Since when do you have a lemonade stand? \\n\\nSANDEN: Oh, Ive always had this lemonade stand. I mean, since 10 minutes ago when I decided I was going to become the worlds first self-made lemonade kajillionaire. And this isnt just any lemonade stand. Its a lemonade stand for people with food allergies. \\n\\nMOLLY: You mean like people who cant eat certain foods because theyre allergic to them? \\n\\nSANDEN: Correctamundo, Molly. This lemonade is peanut-free, dairy-free, wheat-free, shellfish-free. Its free of everything and anything someone might be allergic to. \\n\\nGEMMA: Thats cool, but its probably not that hard to make shellfish-free lemonade. \\n\\nSANDEN: And thats not all. This lemonade isnt just free of stuff that causes food allergies. Oh, ho, no. Its also free range. Yeah, yeah, yeah. The lemons used to make it were free to wander all around the farm before being harvested. \\n\\nMOLLY: Uh-- \\n\\nSANDEN: And its also free thinking. Yeah, this lemonade loves to have deep conversations about the mysteries of the universe. \\n\\nGEMMA: The lemonade talks? \\n\\nSANDEN: And its a freeloader. Buy this cup of lemonade and itll move into your basement, never pay rent, and eat all your food forever. \\n\\nMOLLY: Actually, Gemma, want to just go get some root beer floats from the ice cream shop over there? \\n\\nGEMMA: Mm, sounds great. Sorry, Sanden. \\n\\nMOLLY: Yeah. This allergen-free, free-range, free-thinking, freeloader lemonade is just a little too much. \\n\\nSANDEN: Wait! I forgot to tell you the best part. This lemonade is also free. Like, it doesnt cost anything. \\n\\nMOLLY: Sanden, if it doesnt cost anything, how are you going to become the worlds first self-made lemonade kajillionaire? \\n\\nSANDEN: Ugh, I knew I was forgetting something. \\n\\nMUSIC PLAYING \\n\\nMOLLY: Youre listening to Brains On! from APM Studios. Im Molly Bloom, and my co-host today is Gemma from Springfield, Missouri. Hi, Gemma. \\n\\nGEMMA: Hi, Molly. \\n\\nMOLLY: Lots of us have allergies, like how pollen from plants can give us runny noses in the springtime when flowers are blooming. \\n\\nSNEEZES \\n\\nGEMMA: Or how some of us sneeze and sniffle when were around certain animals like dogs or cats. \\n\\nDOG BARKS \\n\\nCAT MEOWS \\n\\nMOLLY: I personally am allergic to dust, pollen, cats, and mold. So many things. But today, were just focusing on food allergies. These happen to some people when they eat or are near specific types of food. Weve gotten a lot of questions about food allergies from you over the years. \\n\\nMADDIE: Hi, my names Maddie, and Im from Stoneham, Massachusetts. My question is, why do we have food allergies? \\n\\nLOGAN: Hi. I am Logan, and I have a question. Why are people allergic to foods and some arent? \\n\\nGEMMA: My question is, why do some people develop food allergies, but some people dont? \\n\\nMOLLY: That last question was from you, Gemma. So why did you decide to send in this question? \\n\\nGEMMA: Well, Ive always wanted to know why, lets say, my friend does not have a food allergy, but I do. Im just curious about that. \\n\\nMOLLY: So what food allergies do you have? \\n\\nGEMMA: I have an anaphylactic allergy to tree nuts, which are like cashews, almonds, hazelnuts, et cetera. \\n\\nMOLLY: And anaphylactic. What does that mean? \\n\\nGEMMA: It means a very serious kind of allergy. Like, some people have food allergies where they just get, like, a stomach ache, but anaphylactic is really serious. \\n\\nMOLLY: Like it can make it hard for you to breathe and stuff. \\n\\nGEMMA: Yeah. \\n\\nMOLLY: And we need to breathe. \\n\\nGEMMA: LAUGHS \\n\\nMOLLY: So when did you or your parents first realize you had this tree nut allergy? \\n\\nGEMMA: When I was two years old, I was at my friends house. And I used to be able to eat cashews, and they were actually one of my favorite snacks. So I ate some of that, and then I took a nap. And when I woke up, my babysitter said that I was so puffy that if I didnt have the clothes on that she put on me that morning, she would not have recognized me. \\n\\nMOLLY: Oh my gosh. So your face got all puffy? \\n\\nGEMMA: Yeah. \\n\\nMOLLY: Wow. That sounds really scary. So they took you to the doctor then, Im guessing, to figure out what was going on? \\n\\nGEMMA: Yeah, and the doctor told my parents that I had an anaphylactic tree nut allergy. \\n\\nMOLLY: And so youve known that since you were two years old. How old are you now? \\n\\nGEMMA: I am 11 years old. \\n\\nMOLLY: So youve been living with this for a while. \\n\\nGEMMA: Yes. \\n\\nMOLLY: So what does it feel like in your body if you accidentally eat one of those foods? \\n\\nGEMMA: Well, I get hives all over my body, and my voice pipes, the lung pipe starts to close up so I cant breathe, and then I have to be rushed to the hospital. \\n\\nMOLLY: Oh my goodness. Thats really scary. And hives are like red kind of bumps on your skin? \\n\\nGEMMA: Yeah, and theyre pretty itchy as well. \\n\\nMOLLY: So how often has that happened to you over the last nine years where youve accidentally had a tree nut? \\n\\nGEMMA: Thankfully, Ive only had it once when I was two, but I have had a few close calls where I have eaten some tree nuts, but some medicine, I think Benadryl-- yeah-- helps clear that up in a few minutes. \\n\\nMOLLY: Nice. So like, when you have one of those accidental bites where youre not really expecting a cashew to be in that thing or something, how does it start to feel like? Do you start to feel, like, little scratchies in your throat, or how does your body know its happening? \\n\\nGEMMA: I usually start, like-- its getting harder to breathe. And then I tell my mom, and then she checks the ingredients. \\n\\nMOLLY: So youre like a detector. You can detect those things. \\n\\nGEMMA: Yes, I can. \\n\\nMOLLY: So youre like, nope, something in here is not right. And shes like, yep, and then gives you some Benadryl. \\n\\nGEMMA: Yes. \\n\\nMOLLY: Do you have an EpiPen too? \\n\\nGEMMA: Yes, I do. I carry it everywhere. Like, even if were not eating, I still have to bring it just in case. \\n\\nMOLLY: Have you had to use it? \\n\\nGEMMA: No, never. Well, except when I was two, but thankfully, no. \\n\\nMOLLY: Not yet. So what do you wish people knew about food allergies? \\n\\nGEMMA: Well, I wish people knew that were not that different from everybody else. You dont have to treat us that special. But if you know a kid with allergies, just be careful around them because what you think is annoying because they just cant have it, its really life-threatening and its pretty scary. \\n\\nMOLLY: Thats really good advice. Well, not everyone has a food allergy, but they are really common. About one out of every 13 kids has one, so chances are if your class has 26 kids in it, at least two of your classmates are allergic to a food. \\n\\nGEMMA: It could be eggs, milk, peanuts, or lots of other foods. \\n\\nMOLLY: But why do we have food allergies? Well, it has to do with a special system inside your body that helps keep you safe and healthy, your immune system. \\n\\nGEMMA: This system helps your body fight off germs. \\n\\nMUSIC PLAYING \\n\\nMOLLY: Your immune system is like a tiny army inside your body. Its made up of cells. \\n\\nGEMMA: Cells are the microscopic building blocks that make up all living things. \\n\\nMOLLY: Some cells in your immune system move around your body in your bloodstream. There are all different kinds, and each one has an important job. \\n\\nGEMMA: Some immune cells come to the rescue when you get hurt, like if you scrape your knee. \\n\\nMOLLY: These cells rush to the injured spot and help seal it up so it stops bleeding. \\n\\nGEMMA: Others watch out for intruders. \\n\\nMOLLY: These immune cells are always on alert, checking out everything they come across inside your body to make sure its something thats supposed to be there. \\n\\nIMMUNE CELL 1: Hmm, whats this? OK. Looks like a red blood cell. \\n\\nIMMUNE CELL 2: Oh, that checks out. \\n\\nGEMMA: Sometimes these immune cells come across something that they dont recognize, like a new germ or a virus. \\n\\nIMMUNE CELL 2: Hey, whats that over there? \\n\\nIMMUNE CELL 1: Uh, definitely never seen one of those before. \\n\\nIMMUNE CELL 2: Its a germ! Wee-a-wee-a-wee! This is not a drill. I repeat, this is not a drill! \\n\\nMOLLY: These cells have a special way of fighting off intruders inside your body. They pump out tons of tiny little proteins called antibodies. \\n\\nLASERS \\n\\nIMMUNE CELL 3: Antibodies assemble! Its go time! \\n\\nIMMUNE CELL 4: Dont even try to mess with us! \\n\\nIMMUNE CELL 6: (SINGING) I came in like a wrecking ball. \\n\\nGEMMA: The antibodies swarm around the intruder and stick to it so it can be destroyed. \\n\\nIMMUNE CELL 3: Woo-hoo! Take that and that and that! Ah! Ah! Ah! Ah! \\n\\nIMMUNE CELL 6: (SINGING) Another one bites the dust. \\n\\nSMACKING \\n\\nMOLLY: Our immune system is working hard all the time to keep us healthy. \\n\\nGEMMA: But Molly, were talking about food allergies today, not germs. \\n\\nMOLLY: The immune system is the whole reason why we have food allergies in the first place. \\n\\nDRAMATIC MUSIC \\n\\nGEMMA: Nice use of a dramatic sound effect. \\n\\nMOLLY: Thank you. Ive been practicing. \\n\\nGEMMA: OK, Im officially intrigued. Go on. \\n\\nMOLLY: Like we mentioned, your immune system is super duper important for fighting off germs and other things that could make you sick. And usually, it ignores other stuff inside your body like the foods you eat. But sometimes it gets a little overactive and responds to a new food as if it were a threat to you. \\n\\nGEMMA: Sort of how it responds to a germ or virus? \\n\\nMOLLY: Yeah. For a small number of people, it can start the first time they try certain foods. Like, say a person eats shrimp for the first time. After that person chews and swallows the shrimp, some immune cells find it in the body, and these cells might not recognize the shrimp as food. \\n\\nIMMUNE CELL 1: What in the what is that? \\n\\nIMMUNE CELL 2: Nope, nope, nope. That is definitely an intruder. \\n\\nIMMUNE CELL 1: Youve never steered us wrong before. Release the antibodies! \\n\\nLASERS \\n\\nIMMUNE CELL 5: Did somebody call for backup? \\n\\nIMMUNE CELL 6: (SINGING) Time to suit up and coming out. I want the world to know, going to let it show. Hoo, hoo, hoo-- \\n\\nIMMUNE CELL 2: Do you always have to sing? \\n\\nMOLLY: These shrimp-hating antibodies hang out in the blood even long after the shrimp is out of the persons system. So the next time that person eats shrimp, their immune system has been trained to see shrimp as a baddie. \\n\\nIMMUNE CELL 2: SHOUTS Its back! Its back! \\n\\nIMMUNE CELL 1: Get that shrimp! \\n\\nMOLLY: The immune cells jump into action and start releasing a special chemical called histamine. Histamine can make a person feel itchy or sneezy or cause other kinds of symptoms. \\n\\nGEMMA: Thats called an allergic reaction. \\n\\nMOLLY: Right. For some people like you, Gemma, an allergic reaction can be pretty serious. Eating a food theyre allergic to might make them start coughing or make it harder for them to breathe. \\n\\nGEMMA: Or we might get itchy hives on our skin, like a rash. \\n\\nMOLLY: But luckily, there are medicines a person can take when theyre having an allergic reaction. One medicine you might have heard of is an EpiPen. It helps a persons muscles relax so its easier for them to breathe when theyre having an allergic reaction. So Gemma, you carry an EpiPen with you, right? \\n\\nGEMMA: Yes. \\n\\nMOLLY: Can you describe what it looks like? \\n\\nGEMMA: So an EpiPen is a cylinder with a blue cap on the top. So if someones having a allergic reaction, you pull that blue cap off and then stab it into their muscle by their thigh. And then that sends the life-saving medicine into the persons bloodstream so it can calm them down while they get to the hospital. \\n\\nMOLLY: Excellent description. Thank you. So just to recap, an allergic reaction happens when a persons immune system mistakes a kind of food for a threat. That triggers the immune cells to start releasing histamine, a chemical that makes us sneezy and itchy. \\n\\nGEMMA: But not everyone has food allergies, right? So why do some people have them and others dont? \\n\\nMOLLY: Great question, and were going to get to it in just a bit. But first, its time for the-- shh! \\n\\nEERIE ALARM \\n\\nDING \\n\\nCHILD: (WHISPERING) Mystery sound. \\n\\nMOLLY: Are you ready for the mystery sound, Gemma? \\n\\nGEMMA: I am. \\n\\nMOLLY: Here it is. \\n\\nWET SMACKING \\n\\nHmm, what do you think? \\n\\nGEMMA: Oh. So at first, I thought it was someone hitting a bag full of water, but then it sort of sounded like someone shoveling snow or gravel. \\n\\nMOLLY: Hmm. Excellent guess. Do you want to hear it again? \\n\\nGEMMA: Yes, that would be nice. \\n\\nMOLLY: OK, here it is. \\n\\nWET SMACKING \\n\\nAll right. What do you think now? \\n\\nGEMMA: Im going to stick with my answer of, like, shoveling something maybe outside like gravel or snow. \\n\\nMOLLY: Excellent work. All right. Well, were going to hear it again. Get another chance to guess and hear the answer after the credits, so stick around. \\n\\nMUSIC PLAYING \\n\\nWe are working on an episode all about animal leadership, and we want to hear from you. What animal do you think would make an excellent leader, and why? In my opinion, I think sloths would be excellent leaders because theyre very chill, but very responsible beings. Thats my thought. So Gemma, what do you think? Which animal would you pick as a leader? \\n\\nGEMMA: I think I would pick a lion because theyre really good at leading their pack, and I think they would be maybe good at leading humans if they didnt eat some of them. \\n\\nMOLLY: LAUGHS Do you think theres anything our human leaders could learn from lions? I mean, not to eat us, obviously. But are there other things that-- like, traits that lions have that you think humans could learn from? \\n\\nGEMMA: Maybe sticking as a pack and not splitting up into groups and fighting with each other. Maybe just sticking in one group to lead their pack or country to success. \\n\\nMOLLY: Hmm, teamwork. I love that. Well, listeners, we want to hear from you. Record yourself describing which animal you think makes a good leader and why, and send it to us at brainson.org/contact. While youre there, send us your mystery sounds, drawings, and questions. \\n\\nGEMMA: Like this one. \\n\\nCHILD: What happens when parts of your body fall asleep? \\n\\nMOLLY: You can find answers to questions like these on the Moment of Um podcast, a short dose of facts and fun every weekday. Find Moment of Um more at brainson.org. \\n\\nGEMMA: So keep listening. \\n\\nMAN: Brains On! Universe is a family of podcasts for kids and their adults. Since youre a fan of Brains On!, we know youll love the other shows in our universe. Come on. Lets explore. \\n\\nWHIRRING \\n\\nROBOT 1: Here we are in Brains On! Universe, home to my favorite podcasts. \\n\\nROBOT 2: Brains On! Smash Boom Best. \\n\\nROBOT 1: Forever Ago. GASPS I found one. Smash Boom Best, the smart, funny debate show. \\n\\nMOLLY: Please give us the skinny on why seashells are superior. \\n\\nMAN: Ultimately, seashells are great because beach. \\n\\nLAUGHTER \\n\\nBUZZER \\n\\nROBOT 2: Ah! What a great show! \\n\\nBEEPING \\n\\nNeed more Smash Boom Best now! \\n\\nEXPLOSION \\n\\nMAN: Listen to Smash Boom Best wherever you get your podcasts. \\n\\nGROUP: (SINGING) Ba, ba, ba, ba, ba, ba, ba, ba, ba, ba, ba. Brains On! \\n\\nMOLLY: Youre listening to Brains On! Im Molly. \\n\\nGEMMA: And Im Gemma. Today, were talking all about food allergies. \\n\\nMOLLY: We just heard what happens in someones body when theyre allergic to a certain kind of food. \\n\\nGEMMA: It has to do with the immune system. \\n\\nMOLLY: The immune system helps fight off germs and keeps a person healthy, but sometimes it responds to a new food as if it were a threat. \\n\\nGEMMA: It releases tiny proteins called antibodies into a persons blood. \\n\\nMOLLY: And when that person eats a certain food, their immune cells pump out a special chemical called histamine. Histamine can make them feel itchy or sneezy. \\n\\nGEMMA: But why do some people like me have food allergies and others dont? I want to know. \\n\\nMOLLY: Excellent question. Here to help us is Dr. Adora Lin. Shes an expert on allergies. \\n\\nGEMMA: Hi, Dr. Lin. \\n\\nADORA LIN: Hi, Gemma. Hi, Molly. \\n\\nGEMMA: Why do some kids like me have food allergies? \\n\\nADORA LIN: Well, we dont really know yet. Theres a lot of different factors. We know that genetics can be a part of it. So if someones mom or dad has allergies, then that person has a slightly increased risk of having food allergies. \\n\\nAnd theres also some evidence to suggest that other things like having eczema when theyre a baby, or how old someone is when they first eat a food, or whether or not they grow up on a farm or in the city can have some effect on whether or not someone will develop food allergies. But we havent figured out how much all of these different factors fit together and whether or not they apply to all kids or just some kids. \\n\\nGEMMA: Can food allergies change over time? \\n\\nADORA LIN: They definitely can, but it depends on the food. So most kids with egg and milk allergy and a majority of kids with wheat allergy and soy allergies, they will outgrow their allergy and eventually be able to eat that food without any issues. But only about 10% of kids with a peanut allergy and about 10% of kids with a tree nut allergy will outgrow those allergies. \\n\\nAnd unfortunately, we dont understand yet why some kids outgrow their allergies and some dont. And we dont really have a way yet to predict who will and who wont outgrow their allergies. \\n\\nGEMMA: Are there treatments for kids with food allergies? \\n\\nADORA LIN: Yeah, there are treatments, but theres nothing yet that I would call a cure. I would say that theres three treatment strategies for food allergy. Ones just not eating the food that youre allergic to. Another is protecting against reactions in case someone accidentally eats the food. And then the third one is training the immune system not to react to the food. \\n\\nSo like I said, the first one is just simply not eating the food that youre allergic to. You can avoid having allergy symptoms simply by not eating the food. But this is something thats really hard to do perfectly, and so a lot of accidents happen. And people end up accidentally eating something theyre not supposed to, and then they can have symptoms. \\n\\nBut fortunately, symptoms of food allergies can be treated with medications like antihistamines and epinephrine. And thats the medicine thats inside EpiPens. \\n\\nMOLLY: Thats so cool. \\n\\nADORA LIN: The second treatment strategy is protecting against severe reactions in case someone accidentally eats the food. And so a medicine that was approved for food allergy earlier this year is called omalizumab, or Xolair. \\n\\nAnd this treatment binds up a lot of the antibodies that stick to the food. And without those antibodies around, the immune system isnt going to go haywire after a little bit of the food is eaten. But it is important to note that omalizumab isnt necessarily going to provide protection against eating more than just a little bit of an accidental exposure. \\n\\nAnd so the third treatment strategy I think is really cool, and thats by training the immune system not to react to the food anymore. And theres a lot of research thats looking into different ways to do that training. One way is by exposing the immune system to a small amount of the food that doesnt cause reaction and then gradually kind of building up to a bigger amount. \\n\\nGEMMA: Thats really cool. \\n\\nADORA LIN: And then theres some really cool research thats looking at training the immune system by showing it a version of the food thats changed just a tiny bit. And so with that, the immune system thinks its seeing the food, but that little changed part tells the immune system that the food isnt a bad guy, and the immune system doesnt need to fight it anymore. \\n\\nMOLLY: What are some things kids can do in the lunchroom to help other kids who have allergies? \\n\\nADORA LIN: Yeah, I think theres a few things. They can try to keep their eating space as neat and clean as possible, which is difficult in a busy lunchroom. But maybe helping them wipe it off before their friend with food allergy sits down. And then even just knowing what foods their friend is allergic to is a really big deal because then they can help their friend look out for foods that might not be safe for them. \\n\\nGEMMA: Those are really good tips for my friends, especially. Sometimes they dont really take a lot of precaution when theyre around me. \\n\\nADORA LIN: What do you do at lunch, Gemma? \\n\\nGEMMA: I usually ask my friends if they have a dessert to check the ingredients before they eat it around me so I can stay safe and just enjoy my lunch. \\n\\nADORA LIN: Yeah. \\n\\nMOLLY: And Dr. Lin, is there anything else that you would want kids to know on this topic? \\n\\nADORA LIN: I mean, I think its important for kids and parents to know that people with food allergies can live a normal, healthy life and achieve all the things that people without food allergies can do. They may have to move in the world a little bit differently or a little more carefully, but it doesnt really stop them from doing anything. \\n\\nGEMMA: Thank you so much for answering our questions. \\n\\nADORA LIN: Anytime. Thanks so much for having me. \\n\\nGEMMA: Bye. \\n\\nADORA LIN: Bye. \\n\\nMOLLY: Bye \\n\\nCHILDREN: B-- B-- Brains On! \\n\\nMOLLY: People can be allergic to all different kinds of foods, but some of the most common ones are eggs, milk, and peanuts. \\n\\nGEMMA: And food allergies are common. You might have a friend with one or notice kids at school who cant eat some foods. \\n\\nMOLLY: So Gemma, we talked a little about your food allergy earlier. What do you want people to know about what its like being allergic to different foods? \\n\\nGEMMA: Its a little scary to be allergic to different foods because you never really know if something that youre eating has the food that youre allergic to in it. And its just a constant reminder in your head that you cant have this, and its sometimes scary. \\n\\nMOLLY: So what would you say people can do to help you with your food allergy? \\n\\nGEMMA: Well, if you know that your friend has a food allergy, you can not pack the foods that they are allergic to to keep them safe so you can be around them at lunch and just be a good friend. \\n\\nMOLLY: Excellent advice. Well, food allergies are something a lot of schools have to plan for. Our friend Brains On! producer Ruby Guthrie visited a school lunchroom in Minnesota to talk with kids about their food allergies. \\n\\nMUSIC PLAYING \\n\\nRUBY GUTHRIE: Hey, this is Ruby. I am at Webster Elementary in Minneapolis, Minnesota, and were about to go talk to some kids eating lunch. And the lunchroom is probably going to be really noisy, but thats just how lunchrooms go. \\n\\nCHATTER \\n\\nYou said you have some allergies. Can you tell me your name? \\n\\nXAVIER: Xavier. Im 12. \\n\\nRUBY GUTHRIE: Very nice to meet you. And what kind of food allergies do you have? \\n\\nXAVIER: Im allergic to peanuts. One time, my friend gave me some popcorn and I didnt know he mixed it with peanuts. So I ate one, and I just started-- like, my body felt like-- I couldnt taste no more. It was like a weird taste in the back of my throat, so I had to get my EpiPen. \\n\\nRUBY GUTHRIE: Is there anything you wish kids who dont have allergies knew about having allergies? \\n\\nXAVIER: Its like, I want to have certain things, but I cant because I know I can flare up and stuff like that. \\n\\nRUBY GUTHRIE: Whats your name? \\n\\nGRACEN: Gracen. Im allergic to peanuts. It makes my throat swell up, and its hard for me to breathe. \\n\\nRUBY GUTHRIE: Do you remember when you found out you were allergic to peanuts? \\n\\nGRACEN: I was eating a bunch of candy-- I dont know which one-- and then my throat started to swell up. \\n\\nRUBY GUTHRIE: Was that scary? \\n\\nGRACEN: Yeah. \\n\\nRUBY GUTHRIE: When youre going to school, are there any special rules about if youre allergic to peanuts or if youre not? \\n\\nGRACEN: No. They dont sell any peanuts there at my school. \\n\\nRUBY GUTHRIE: Thats good. \\n\\nSERAI: Im Serai. Im nine years old. Im allergic to kiwi. It makes my tongue all itchy and everything. \\n\\nRUBY GUTHRIE: Is there anything you want other kids to know about having allergies. \\n\\nSERAI: Well, if you dont have allergies youre kind of lucky because other people cant eat other things that you can eat, so yeah. \\n\\nRUBY GUTHRIE: Thanks so much for talking with us. \\n\\nSERAI: Thank you. Bye! \\n\\nMOLLY: So Gemma, is there anything you heard from these kids that you relate to? \\n\\nGEMMA: Yeah, the first kid. I think his name was Xavier. I related to him by saying that you want to eat these things, but you really just cant. And I never knew someone could be allergic to kiwi. Thats something I just figured out. \\n\\nMOLLY: I didnt know that either. Theres lots of different foods people can be allergic to. I know someone whos allergic to tomatoes. \\n\\nGEMMA: Oh, that-- that is hard. \\n\\nMOLLY: So if someone just learned they had an allergy-- like, they just found out, oh my gosh, I cant eat tree nuts anymore-- what advice do you have for them? \\n\\nGEMMA: Well, its completely normal to be shocked when you realize you have an allergy because you feel like youre going to be missing out on a lot of stuff. But trust me, its not as bad as you think. Just, you cant have some of the good foods like most trail mixes or granola bars for kids with tree nut allergies. \\n\\nMOLLY: Mm-hmm. Well, lucky for us, there are so many different foods in the world. So if you cant eat some of them, there are lots of other ones to try. \\n\\nMUSIC PLAYING \\n\\nGEMMA: Lots of people are allergic to some foods like peanuts and dairy. \\n\\nMOLLY: An allergic reaction happens when the immune system in someones body responds to a new food like its a threat. \\n\\nGEMMA: Immune cells release histamine. \\n\\nMOLLY: Histamine can make a person feel itchy or sneezy, and sometimes it can cause more serious allergic reactions. \\n\\nGEMMA: But luckily, there are medicines out there to help, like EpiPens. \\n\\nMOLLY: Thats it for this episode of Brains On! \\n\\nGEMMA: This episode was written by-- \\n\\nMOLLY: --Shayla Farzan-- \\n\\nGEMMA: --with production help from-- \\n\\nMOLLY: --Beth Pearlman-- \\n\\nGEMMA: --and-- \\n\\nMOLLY: --Ruby Guthrie. \\n\\nGEMMA: It was edited by-- \\n\\nMOLLY: Molly Bloom. \\n\\nGEMMA: Fact checking by-- \\n\\nJESS MILLER: Jess Miller. \\n\\nMOLLY: We had engineering help from Nick Sibley and Derek Ramirez with sound design by-- \\n\\nRACHEL BREES: Rachel Brees. \\n\\nMOLLY: Original theme music by-- \\n\\nMARC SANCHEZ: Marc Sanchez. \\n\\nGEMMA: We had production help from the rest of the Brains On! Universe team. \\n\\nROSIE DUPONT: Rosie duPont. \\n\\nANNA GOLDFIELD: Anna Goldfield. \\n\\nNICO GONZALEZ WISLER: Nico Gonzalez Wisler. \\n\\nLAUREN HUMPERT: Lauren Humpert. \\n\\nJOSHUA RAY: Joshua Ray. \\n\\nMARC SANCHEZ: Marc Sanchez. \\n\\nSANDEN TOTTEN: Sanden Totton. \\n\\nCHARLOTTE TRAVER: Charlotte Traver. \\n\\nANNA WEGGEL: Anna Weggel. \\n\\nGEMMA: And-- \\n\\nARON WOLDESLASSIE: Aron Woldeslassie. \\n\\nMOLLY: Beth Pearlman is our executive producer, and the executives in charge of APM Studios are Chandra Kavati and Joanne Griffith. Special thanks to Heather Freeman, Elliot Delaney, Kellis, and Rosie. \\n\\nGEMMA: Brains On! is a nonprofit, public radio program. \\n\\nMOLLY: There are lots of ways to support the show. Subscribe to Brains On! Universe on YouTube, where you can watch animated versions of some of your favorite episodes or head to brains.on.org. \\n\\nGEMMA: While youre there, you can send us mystery sounds, drawings, and questions. \\n\\nMOLLY: All right, Gemma. Are you ready to hear the mystery sound again? \\n\\nGEMMA: Yes, I am. \\n\\nMOLLY: All right. I dont know what it is either. This is a tricky one, so lets hear it again. \\n\\nWET SMACKING \\n\\nAll right. Last time you thought shoveling gravel, shoveling snow, something like that. \\n\\nGEMMA: Yeah. Im going to stick with my answer. \\n\\nMOLLY: OK. Thats a great answer. Im going to say I think its someone eating a really big slushy. \\n\\nGEMMA: Yeah. \\n\\nMOLLY: Maybe? I dont maybe. Sticking a straw in a slushy a bunch of times. Im not sure. Lets hear the answer. \\n\\nELLIOT: My name is Elliot. I am from Winnipeg, Manitoba. That was the sound of me stomping on ice in my backyard. \\n\\nMOLLY: Oh! Stomping on ice! \\n\\nGEMMA: That close. \\n\\nMOLLY: You were so close. Ah! Well, we both heard ice. Im proud of us. Im proud of us. \\n\\nWET SMACKING \\n\\nNow its time for the Brains Honor Roll. These are the incredible kids who keep the show going with their questions, ideas, mystery sounds, drawings, and high fives. \\n\\nLISTING HONOR ROLL \\n\\nWell be back next week with an episode all about how the internet works. \\n\\nGEMMA: Thanks for listening! \},{\id\:\01J7CCHVP35SXMX1Z5BVY38HKG\,\origin\:\cody\,\title\:\Why do some of us have food allergies?\,\program\:\Brains On!\,\program_id\:\1QC7H172ZF13R6VY7C3FENRS14\,\description\:\About 1 out of 13 kids has a food allergy. Some are allergic to peanuts, others can’t eat dairy or shellfish or – you name it! So, why do some of us have food allergies and others don’t?\,\credit\:null,\downloadable\:true,\pub_dtim\:\2024-09-10T00:00:00-05:00\,\end_dtim\:null,\created_at\:\2024-09-09T16:55:35.000-05:00\,\updated_at\:\2024-09-09T16:59:40.000-05:00\,\encodings\:{\encoding_id\:\01J7CCHYMM5XEF7WQK20NCHNM7\,\media_type\:\audio/mpeg\,\format\:\mp3\,\filesize\:30786286,\bitrate\:128000,\publish_status\:\published\,\http_file_path\:\https://play.publicradio.org/unreplaced_ua/o/minnesota/podcasts/brains_on/2024/09/10/brainson_20240910_310_128.mp3\,\play_file_path\:\https://play.publicradio.org/%user_agent/o/minnesota/podcasts/brains_on/2024/09/10/brainson_20240910_310_128.mp3\,\duration_ms\:1922037,\duration_hms\:\00:32:02\,\filename\:\/minnesota/podcasts/brains_on/2024/09/10/brainson_20240910_310_128.mp3\,\locations\:{\location\:\streamguys-play\,\path\:\https://play.publicradio.org/%user_agent/o/minnesota/podcasts/brains_on/2024/09/10/brainson_20240910_310_128.mp3\},{\location\:\streamguys-http\,\path\:\https://play.publicradio.org/unreplaced_ua/o/minnesota/podcasts/brains_on/2024/09/10/brainson_20240910_310_128.mp3\}},\explicit\:false,\album\:\\,\artist\:\\,\genre\:\\,\release_year\:\2024\,\has_published_encode\:true,\preferred_location\:\streamguys\,\transcripts\:{\pdf\:{\media_type\:\application/pdf\,\url\:\https://codytranscripts.apmcdn.org/production/0b71c52ee1cd5bc3c6674f4637d1901c.pdf\},\text\:{\media_type\:\text/plain\,\url\:\https://codytranscripts.apmcdn.org/production/142af5d044d3bf5026949901b304d7f4.txt\}},\transcript_text\:\GEMMA: Youre listening to Brains On! where were serious about being curious. \\n\\nCHILD: Brains On! is supported in part by a grant from the National Science Foundation. \\n\\nMOLLY: Oof! Its so hot outside today, Gemma. I feel like were on the surface of the sun. \\n\\nGEMMA: I feel like an egg sizzling on a griddle. \\n\\nMOLLY: I feel like a marshmallow that someone toasted in the campfire too long. Im way past pleasingly brown and toasty. Im burning up! \\n\\nSANDEN: Lemonade! Get your lemonade here. Today and today only, quench your thirst with Sandens super satisfying handmade lemonade. \\n\\nGEMMA: Sanden? Since when do you have a lemonade stand? \\n\\nSANDEN: Oh, Ive always had this lemonade stand. I mean, since 10 minutes ago when I decided I was going to become the worlds first self-made lemonade kajillionaire. And this isnt just any lemonade stand. Its a lemonade stand for people with food allergies. \\n\\nMOLLY: You mean like people who cant eat certain foods because theyre allergic to them? \\n\\nSANDEN: Correctamundo, Molly. This lemonade is peanut-free, dairy-free, wheat-free, shellfish-free. Its free of everything and anything someone might be allergic to. \\n\\nGEMMA: Thats cool, but its probably not that hard to make shellfish-free lemonade. \\n\\nSANDEN: And thats not all. This lemonade isnt just free of stuff that causes food allergies. Oh, ho, no. Its also free range. Yeah, yeah, yeah. The lemons used to make it were free to wander all around the farm before being harvested. \\n\\nMOLLY: Uh-- \\n\\nSANDEN: And its also free thinking. Yeah, this lemonade loves to have deep conversations about the mysteries of the universe. \\n\\nGEMMA: The lemonade talks? \\n\\nSANDEN: And its a freeloader. Buy this cup of lemonade and itll move into your basement, never pay rent, and eat all your food forever. \\n\\nMOLLY: Actually, Gemma, want to just go get some root beer floats from the ice cream shop over there? \\n\\nGEMMA: Mm, sounds great. Sorry, Sanden. \\n\\nMOLLY: Yeah. This allergen-free, free-range, free-thinking, freeloader lemonade is just a little too much. \\n\\nSANDEN: Wait! I forgot to tell you the best part. This lemonade is also free. Like, it doesnt cost anything. \\n\\nMOLLY: Sanden, if it doesnt cost anything, how are you going to become the worlds first self-made lemonade kajillionaire? \\n\\nSANDEN: Ugh, I knew I was forgetting something. \\n\\nMUSIC PLAYING \\n\\nMOLLY: Youre listening to Brains On! from APM Studios. Im Molly Bloom, and my co-host today is Gemma from Springfield, Missouri. Hi, Gemma. \\n\\nGEMMA: Hi, Molly. \\n\\nMOLLY: Lots of us have allergies, like how pollen from plants can give us runny noses in the springtime when flowers are blooming. \\n\\nSNEEZES \\n\\nGEMMA: Or how some of us sneeze and sniffle when were around certain animals like dogs or cats. \\n\\nDOG BARKS \\n\\nCAT MEOWS \\n\\nMOLLY: I personally am allergic to dust, pollen, cats, and mold. So many things. But today, were just focusing on food allergies. These happen to some people when they eat or are near specific types of food. Weve gotten a lot of questions about food allergies from you over the years. \\n\\nMADDIE: Hi, my names Maddie, and Im from Stoneham, Massachusetts. My question is, why do we have food allergies? \\n\\nLOGAN: Hi. I am Logan, and I have a question. Why are people allergic to foods and some arent? \\n\\nGEMMA: My question is, why do some people develop food allergies, but some people dont? \\n\\nMOLLY: That last question was from you, Gemma. So why did you decide to send in this question? \\n\\nGEMMA: Well, Ive always wanted to know why, lets say, my friend does not have a food allergy, but I do. Im just curious about that. \\n\\nMOLLY: So what food allergies do you have? \\n\\nGEMMA: I have an anaphylactic allergy to tree nuts, which are like cashews, almonds, hazelnuts, et cetera. \\n\\nMOLLY: And anaphylactic. What does that mean? \\n\\nGEMMA: It means a very serious kind of allergy. Like, some people have food allergies where they just get, like, a stomach ache, but anaphylactic is really serious. \\n\\nMOLLY: Like it can make it hard for you to breathe and stuff. \\n\\nGEMMA: Yeah. \\n\\nMOLLY: And we need to breathe. \\n\\nGEMMA: LAUGHS \\n\\nMOLLY: So when did you or your parents first realize you had this tree nut allergy? \\n\\nGEMMA: When I was two years old, I was at my friends house. And I used to be able to eat cashews, and they were actually one of my favorite snacks. So I ate some of that, and then I took a nap. And when I woke up, my babysitter said that I was so puffy that if I didnt have the clothes on that she put on me that morning, she would not have recognized me. \\n\\nMOLLY: Oh my gosh. So your face got all puffy? \\n\\nGEMMA: Yeah. \\n\\nMOLLY: Wow. That sounds really scary. So they took you to the doctor then, Im guessing, to figure out what was going on? \\n\\nGEMMA: Yeah, and the doctor told my parents that I had an anaphylactic tree nut allergy. \\n\\nMOLLY: And so youve known that since you were two years old. How old are you now? \\n\\nGEMMA: I am 11 years old. \\n\\nMOLLY: So youve been living with this for a while. \\n\\nGEMMA: Yes. \\n\\nMOLLY: So what does it feel like in your body if you accidentally eat one of those foods? \\n\\nGEMMA: Well, I get hives all over my body, and my voice pipes, the lung pipe starts to close up so I cant breathe, and then I have to be rushed to the hospital. \\n\\nMOLLY: Oh my goodness. Thats really scary. And hives are like red kind of bumps on your skin? \\n\\nGEMMA: Yeah, and theyre pretty itchy as well. \\n\\nMOLLY: So how often has that happened to you over the last nine years where youve accidentally had a tree nut? \\n\\nGEMMA: Thankfully, Ive only had it once when I was two, but I have had a few close calls where I have eaten some tree nuts, but some medicine, I think Benadryl-- yeah-- helps clear that up in a few minutes. \\n\\nMOLLY: Nice. So like, when you have one of those accidental bites where youre not really expecting a cashew to be in that thing or something, how does it start to feel like? Do you start to feel, like, little scratchies in your throat, or how does your body know its happening? \\n\\nGEMMA: I usually start, like-- its getting harder to breathe. And then I tell my mom, and then she checks the ingredients. \\n\\nMOLLY: So youre like a detector. You can detect those things. \\n\\nGEMMA: Yes, I can. \\n\\nMOLLY: So youre like, nope, something in here is not right. And shes like, yep, and then gives you some Benadryl. \\n\\nGEMMA: Yes. \\n\\nMOLLY: Do you have an EpiPen too? \\n\\nGEMMA: Yes, I do. I carry it everywhere. Like, even if were not eating, I still have to bring it just in case. \\n\\nMOLLY: Have you had to use it? \\n\\nGEMMA: No, never. Well, except when I was two, but thankfully, no. \\n\\nMOLLY: Not yet. So what do you wish people knew about food allergies? \\n\\nGEMMA: Well, I wish people knew that were not that different from everybody else. You dont have to treat us that special. But if you know a kid with allergies, just be careful around them because what you think is annoying because they just cant have it, its really life-threatening and its pretty scary. \\n\\nMOLLY: Thats really good advice. Well, not everyone has a food allergy, but they are really common. About one out of every 13 kids has one, so chances are if your class has 26 kids in it, at least two of your classmates are allergic to a food. \\n\\nGEMMA: It could be eggs, milk, peanuts, or lots of other foods. \\n\\nMOLLY: But why do we have food allergies? Well, it has to do with a special system inside your body that helps keep you safe and healthy, your immune system. \\n\\nGEMMA: This system helps your body fight off germs. \\n\\nMUSIC PLAYING \\n\\nMOLLY: Your immune system is like a tiny army inside your body. Its made up of cells. \\n\\nGEMMA: Cells are the microscopic building blocks that make up all living things. \\n\\nMOLLY: Some cells in your immune system move around your body in your bloodstream. There are all different kinds, and each one has an important job. \\n\\nGEMMA: Some immune cells come to the rescue when you get hurt, like if you scrape your knee. \\n\\nMOLLY: These cells rush to the injured spot and help seal it up so it stops bleeding. \\n\\nGEMMA: Others watch out for intruders. \\n\\nMOLLY: These immune cells are always on alert, checking out everything they come across inside your body to make sure its something thats supposed to be there. \\n\\nIMMUNE CELL 1: Hmm, whats this? OK. Looks like a red blood cell. \\n\\nIMMUNE CELL 2: Oh, that checks out. \\n\\nGEMMA: Sometimes these immune cells come across something that they dont recognize, like a new germ or a virus. \\n\\nIMMUNE CELL 2: Hey, whats that over there? \\n\\nIMMUNE CELL 1: Uh, definitely never seen one of those before. \\n\\nIMMUNE CELL 2: Its a germ! Wee-a-wee-a-wee! This is not a drill. I repeat, this is not a drill! \\n\\nMOLLY: These cells have a special way of fighting off intruders inside your body. They pump out tons of tiny little proteins called antibodies. \\n\\nLASERS \\n\\nIMMUNE CELL 3: Antibodies assemble! Its go time! \\n\\nIMMUNE CELL 4: Dont even try to mess with us! \\n\\nIMMUNE CELL 6: (SINGING) I came in like a wrecking ball. \\n\\nGEMMA: The antibodies swarm around the intruder and stick to it so it can be destroyed. \\n\\nIMMUNE CELL 3: Woo-hoo! Take that and that and that! Ah! Ah! Ah! Ah! \\n\\nIMMUNE CELL 6: (SINGING) Another one bites the dust. \\n\\nSMACKING \\n\\nMOLLY: Our immune system is working hard all the time to keep us healthy. \\n\\nGEMMA: But Molly, were talking about food allergies today, not germs. \\n\\nMOLLY: The immune system is the whole reason why we have food allergies in the first place. \\n\\nDRAMATIC MUSIC \\n\\nGEMMA: Nice use of a dramatic sound effect. \\n\\nMOLLY: Thank you. Ive been practicing. \\n\\nGEMMA: OK, Im officially intrigued. Go on. \\n\\nMOLLY: Like we mentioned, your immune system is super duper important for fighting off germs and other things that could make you sick. And usually, it ignores other stuff inside your body like the foods you eat. But sometimes it gets a little overactive and responds to a new food as if it were a threat to you. \\n\\nGEMMA: Sort of how it responds to a germ or virus? \\n\\nMOLLY: Yeah. For a small number of people, it can start the first time they try certain foods. Like, say a person eats shrimp for the first time. After that person chews and swallows the shrimp, some immune cells find it in the body, and these cells might not recognize the shrimp as food. \\n\\nIMMUNE CELL 1: What in the what is that? \\n\\nIMMUNE CELL 2: Nope, nope, nope. That is definitely an intruder. \\n\\nIMMUNE CELL 1: Youve never steered us wrong before. Release the antibodies! \\n\\nLASERS \\n\\nIMMUNE CELL 5: Did somebody call for backup? \\n\\nIMMUNE CELL 6: (SINGING) Time to suit up and coming out. I want the world to know, going to let it show. Hoo, hoo, hoo-- \\n\\nIMMUNE CELL 2: Do you always have to sing? \\n\\nMOLLY: These shrimp-hating antibodies hang out in the blood even long after the shrimp is out of the persons system. So the next time that person eats shrimp, their immune system has been trained to see shrimp as a baddie. \\n\\nIMMUNE CELL 2: SHOUTS Its back! Its back! \\n\\nIMMUNE CELL 1: Get that shrimp! \\n\\nMOLLY: The immune cells jump into action and start releasing a special chemical called histamine. Histamine can make a person feel itchy or sneezy or cause other kinds of symptoms. \\n\\nGEMMA: Thats called an allergic reaction. \\n\\nMOLLY: Right. For some people like you, Gemma, an allergic reaction can be pretty serious. Eating a food theyre allergic to might make them start coughing or make it harder for them to breathe. \\n\\nGEMMA: Or we might get itchy hives on our skin, like a rash. \\n\\nMOLLY: But luckily, there are medicines a person can take when theyre having an allergic reaction. One medicine you might have heard of is an EpiPen. It helps a persons muscles relax so its easier for them to breathe when theyre having an allergic reaction. So Gemma, you carry an EpiPen with you, right? \\n\\nGEMMA: Yes. \\n\\nMOLLY: Can you describe what it looks like? \\n\\nGEMMA: So an EpiPen is a cylinder with a blue cap on the top. So if someones having a allergic reaction, you pull that blue cap off and then stab it into their muscle by their thigh. And then that sends the life-saving medicine into the persons bloodstream so it can calm them down while they get to the hospital. \\n\\nMOLLY: Excellent description. Thank you. So just to recap, an allergic reaction happens when a persons immune system mistakes a kind of food for a threat. That triggers the immune cells to start releasing histamine, a chemical that makes us sneezy and itchy. \\n\\nGEMMA: But not everyone has food allergies, right? So why do some people have them and others dont? \\n\\nMOLLY: Great question, and were going to get to it in just a bit. But first, its time for the-- shh! \\n\\nEERIE ALARM \\n\\nDING \\n\\nCHILD: (WHISPERING) Mystery sound. \\n\\nMOLLY: Are you ready for the mystery sound, Gemma? \\n\\nGEMMA: I am. \\n\\nMOLLY: Here it is. \\n\\nWET SMACKING \\n\\nHmm, what do you think? \\n\\nGEMMA: Oh. So at first, I thought it was someone hitting a bag full of water, but then it sort of sounded like someone shoveling snow or gravel. \\n\\nMOLLY: Hmm. Excellent guess. Do you want to hear it again? \\n\\nGEMMA: Yes, that would be nice. \\n\\nMOLLY: OK, here it is. \\n\\nWET SMACKING \\n\\nAll right. What do you think now? \\n\\nGEMMA: Im going to stick with my answer of, like, shoveling something maybe outside like gravel or snow. \\n\\nMOLLY: Excellent work. All right. Well, were going to hear it again. Get another chance to guess and hear the answer after the credits, so stick around. \\n\\nMUSIC PLAYING \\n\\nWe are working on an episode all about animal leadership, and we want to hear from you. What animal do you think would make an excellent leader, and why? In my opinion, I think sloths would be excellent leaders because theyre very chill, but very responsible beings. Thats my thought. So Gemma, what do you think? Which animal would you pick as a leader? \\n\\nGEMMA: I think I would pick a lion because theyre really good at leading their pack, and I think they would be maybe good at leading humans if they didnt eat some of them. \\n\\nMOLLY: LAUGHS Do you think theres anything our human leaders could learn from lions? I mean, not to eat us, obviously. But are there other things that-- like, traits that lions have that you think humans could learn from? \\n\\nGEMMA: Maybe sticking as a pack and not splitting up into groups and fighting with each other. Maybe just sticking in one group to lead their pack or country to success. \\n\\nMOLLY: Hmm, teamwork. I love that. Well, listeners, we want to hear from you. Record yourself describing which animal you think makes a good leader and why, and send it to us at brainson.org/contact. While youre there, send us your mystery sounds, drawings, and questions. \\n\\nGEMMA: Like this one. \\n\\nCHILD: What happens when parts of your body fall asleep? \\n\\nMOLLY: You can find answers to questions like these on the Moment of Um podcast, a short dose of facts and fun every weekday. Find Moment of Um more at brainson.org. \\n\\nGEMMA: So keep listening. \\n\\nMAN: Brains On! Universe is a family of podcasts for kids and their adults. Since youre a fan of Brains On!, we know youll love the other shows in our universe. Come on. Lets explore. \\n\\nWHIRRING \\n\\nROBOT 1: Here we are in Brains On! Universe, home to my favorite podcasts. \\n\\nROBOT 2: Brains On! Smash Boom Best. \\n\\nROBOT 1: Forever Ago. GASPS I found one. Smash Boom Best, the smart, funny debate show. \\n\\nMOLLY: Please give us the skinny on why seashells are superior. \\n\\nMAN: Ultimately, seashells are great because beach. \\n\\nLAUGHTER \\n\\nBUZZER \\n\\nROBOT 2: Ah! What a great show! \\n\\nBEEPING \\n\\nNeed more Smash Boom Best now! \\n\\nEXPLOSION \\n\\nMAN: Listen to Smash Boom Best wherever you get your podcasts. \\n\\nGROUP: (SINGING) Ba, ba, ba, ba, ba, ba, ba, ba, ba, ba, ba. Brains On! \\n\\nMOLLY: Youre listening to Brains On! Im Molly. \\n\\nGEMMA: And Im Gemma. Today, were talking all about food allergies. \\n\\nMOLLY: We just heard what happens in someones body when theyre allergic to a certain kind of food. \\n\\nGEMMA: It has to do with the immune system. \\n\\nMOLLY: The immune system helps fight off germs and keeps a person healthy, but sometimes it responds to a new food as if it were a threat. \\n\\nGEMMA: It releases tiny proteins called antibodies into a persons blood. \\n\\nMOLLY: And when that person eats a certain food, their immune cells pump out a special chemical called histamine. Histamine can make them feel itchy or sneezy. \\n\\nGEMMA: But why do some people like me have food allergies and others dont? I want to know. \\n\\nMOLLY: Excellent question. Here to help us is Dr. Adora Lin. Shes an expert on allergies. \\n\\nGEMMA: Hi, Dr. Lin. \\n\\nADORA LIN: Hi, Gemma. Hi, Molly. \\n\\nGEMMA: Why do some kids like me have food allergies? \\n\\nADORA LIN: Well, we dont really know yet. Theres a lot of different factors. We know that genetics can be a part of it. So if someones mom or dad has allergies, then that person has a slightly increased risk of having food allergies. \\n\\nAnd theres also some evidence to suggest that other things like having eczema when theyre a baby, or how old someone is when they first eat a food, or whether or not they grow up on a farm or in the city can have some effect on whether or not someone will develop food allergies. But we havent figured out how much all of these different factors fit together and whether or not they apply to all kids or just some kids. \\n\\nGEMMA: Can food allergies change over time? \\n\\nADORA LIN: They definitely can, but it depends on the food. So most kids with egg and milk allergy and a majority of kids with wheat allergy and soy allergies, they will outgrow their allergy and eventually be able to eat that food without any issues. But only about 10% of kids with a peanut allergy and about 10% of kids with a tree nut allergy will outgrow those allergies. \\n\\nAnd unfortunately, we dont understand yet why some kids outgrow their allergies and some dont. And we dont really have a way yet to predict who will and who wont outgrow their allergies. \\n\\nGEMMA: Are there treatments for kids with food allergies? \\n\\nADORA LIN: Yeah, there are treatments, but theres nothing yet that I would call a cure. I would say that theres three treatment strategies for food allergy. Ones just not eating the food that youre allergic to. Another is protecting against reactions in case someone accidentally eats the food. And then the third one is training the immune system not to react to the food. \\n\\nSo like I said, the first one is just simply not eating the food that youre allergic to. You can avoid having allergy symptoms simply by not eating the food. But this is something thats really hard to do perfectly, and so a lot of accidents happen. And people end up accidentally eating something theyre not supposed to, and then they can have symptoms. \\n\\nBut fortunately, symptoms of food allergies can be treated with medications like antihistamines and epinephrine. And thats the medicine thats inside EpiPens. \\n\\nMOLLY: Thats so cool. \\n\\nADORA LIN: The second treatment strategy is protecting against severe reactions in case someone accidentally eats the food. And so a medicine that was approved for food allergy earlier this year is called omalizumab, or Xolair. \\n\\nAnd this treatment binds up a lot of the antibodies that stick to the food. And without those antibodies around, the immune system isnt going to go haywire after a little bit of the food is eaten. But it is important to note that omalizumab isnt necessarily going to provide protection against eating more than just a little bit of an accidental exposure. \\n\\nAnd so the third treatment strategy I think is really cool, and thats by training the immune system not to react to the food anymore. And theres a lot of research thats looking into different ways to do that training. One way is by exposing the immune system to a small amount of the food that doesnt cause reaction and then gradually kind of building up to a bigger amount. \\n\\nGEMMA: Thats really cool. \\n\\nADORA LIN: And then theres some really cool research thats looking at training the immune system by showing it a version of the food thats changed just a tiny bit. And so with that, the immune system thinks its seeing the food, but that little changed part tells the immune system that the food isnt a bad guy, and the immune system doesnt need to fight it anymore. \\n\\nMOLLY: What are some things kids can do in the lunchroom to help other kids who have allergies? \\n\\nADORA LIN: Yeah, I think theres a few things. They can try to keep their eating space as neat and clean as possible, which is difficult in a busy lunchroom. But maybe helping them wipe it off before their friend with food allergy sits down. And then even just knowing what foods their friend is allergic to is a really big deal because then they can help their friend look out for foods that might not be safe for them. \\n\\nGEMMA: Those are really good tips for my friends, especially. Sometimes they dont really take a lot of precaution when theyre around me. \\n\\nADORA LIN: What do you do at lunch, Gemma? \\n\\nGEMMA: I usually ask my friends if they have a dessert to check the ingredients before they eat it around me so I can stay safe and just enjoy my lunch. \\n\\nADORA LIN: Yeah. \\n\\nMOLLY: And Dr. Lin, is there anything else that you would want kids to know on this topic? \\n\\nADORA LIN: I mean, I think its important for kids and parents to know that people with food allergies can live a normal, healthy life and achieve all the things that people without food allergies can do. They may have to move in the world a little bit differently or a little more carefully, but it doesnt really stop them from doing anything. \\n\\nGEMMA: Thank you so much for answering our questions. \\n\\nADORA LIN: Anytime. Thanks so much for having me. \\n\\nGEMMA: Bye. \\n\\nADORA LIN: Bye. \\n\\nMOLLY: Bye \\n\\nCHILDREN: B-- B-- Brains On! \\n\\nMOLLY: People can be allergic to all different kinds of foods, but some of the most common ones are eggs, milk, and peanuts. \\n\\nGEMMA: And food allergies are common. You might have a friend with one or notice kids at school who cant eat some foods. \\n\\nMOLLY: So Gemma, we talked a little about your food allergy earlier. What do you want people to know about what its like being allergic to different foods? \\n\\nGEMMA: Its a little scary to be allergic to different foods because you never really know if something that youre eating has the food that youre allergic to in it. And its just a constant reminder in your head that you cant have this, and its sometimes scary. \\n\\nMOLLY: So what would you say people can do to help you with your food allergy? \\n\\nGEMMA: Well, if you know that your friend has a food allergy, you can not pack the foods that they are allergic to to keep them safe so you can be around them at lunch and just be a good friend. \\n\\nMOLLY: Excellent advice. Well, food allergies are something a lot of schools have to plan for. Our friend Brains On! producer Ruby Guthrie visited a school lunchroom in Minnesota to talk with kids about their food allergies. \\n\\nMUSIC PLAYING \\n\\nRUBY GUTHRIE: Hey, this is Ruby. I am at Webster Elementary in Minneapolis, Minnesota, and were about to go talk to some kids eating lunch. And the lunchroom is probably going to be really noisy, but thats just how lunchrooms go. \\n\\nCHATTER \\n\\nYou said you have some allergies. Can you tell me your name? \\n\\nXAVIER: Xavier. Im 12. \\n\\nRUBY GUTHRIE: Very nice to meet you. And what kind of food allergies do you have? \\n\\nXAVIER: Im allergic to peanuts. One time, my friend gave me some popcorn and I didnt know he mixed it with peanuts. So I ate one, and I just started-- like, my body felt like-- I couldnt taste no more. It was like a weird taste in the back of my throat, so I had to get my EpiPen. \\n\\nRUBY GUTHRIE: Is there anything you wish kids who dont have allergies knew about having allergies? \\n\\nXAVIER: Its like, I want to have certain things, but I cant because I know I can flare up and stuff like that. \\n\\nRUBY GUTHRIE: Whats your name? \\n\\nGRACEN: Gracen. Im allergic to peanuts. It makes my throat swell up, and its hard for me to breathe. \\n\\nRUBY GUTHRIE: Do you remember when you found out you were allergic to peanuts? \\n\\nGRACEN: I was eating a bunch of candy-- I dont know which one-- and then my throat started to swell up. \\n\\nRUBY GUTHRIE: Was that scary? \\n\\nGRACEN: Yeah. \\n\\nRUBY GUTHRIE: When youre going to school, are there any special rules about if youre allergic to peanuts or if youre not? \\n\\nGRACEN: No. They dont sell any peanuts there at my school. \\n\\nRUBY GUTHRIE: Thats good. \\n\\nSERAI: Im Serai. Im nine years old. Im allergic to kiwi. It makes my tongue all itchy and everything. \\n\\nRUBY GUTHRIE: Is there anything you want other kids to know about having allergies. \\n\\nSERAI: Well, if you dont have allergies youre kind of lucky because other people cant eat other things that you can eat, so yeah. \\n\\nRUBY GUTHRIE: Thanks so much for talking with us. \\n\\nSERAI: Thank you. Bye! \\n\\nMOLLY: So Gemma, is there anything you heard from these kids that you relate to? \\n\\nGEMMA: Yeah, the first kid. I think his name was Xavier. I related to him by saying that you want to eat these things, but you really just cant. And I never knew someone could be allergic to kiwi. Thats something I just figured out. \\n\\nMOLLY: I didnt know that either. Theres lots of different foods people can be allergic to. I know someone whos allergic to tomatoes. \\n\\nGEMMA: Oh, that-- that is hard. \\n\\nMOLLY: So if someone just learned they had an allergy-- like, they just found out, oh my gosh, I cant eat tree nuts anymore-- what advice do you have for them? \\n\\nGEMMA: Well, its completely normal to be shocked when you realize you have an allergy because you feel like youre going to be missing out on a lot of stuff. But trust me, its not as bad as you think. Just, you cant have some of the good foods like most trail mixes or granola bars for kids with tree nut allergies. \\n\\nMOLLY: Mm-hmm. Well, lucky for us, there are so many different foods in the world. So if you cant eat some of them, there are lots of other ones to try. \\n\\nMUSIC PLAYING \\n\\nGEMMA: Lots of people are allergic to some foods like peanuts and dairy. \\n\\nMOLLY: An allergic reaction happens when the immune system in someones body responds to a new food like its a threat. \\n\\nGEMMA: Immune cells release histamine. \\n\\nMOLLY: Histamine can make a person feel itchy or sneezy, and sometimes it can cause more serious allergic reactions. \\n\\nGEMMA: But luckily, there are medicines out there to help, like EpiPens. \\n\\nMOLLY: Thats it for this episode of Brains On! \\n\\nGEMMA: This episode was written by-- \\n\\nMOLLY: --Shayla Farzan-- \\n\\nGEMMA: --with production help from-- \\n\\nMOLLY: --Beth Pearlman-- \\n\\nGEMMA: --and-- \\n\\nMOLLY: --Ruby Guthrie. \\n\\nGEMMA: It was edited by-- \\n\\nMOLLY: Molly Bloom. \\n\\nGEMMA: Fact checking by-- \\n\\nJESS MILLER: Jess Miller. \\n\\nMOLLY: We had engineering help from Nick Sibley and Derek Ramirez with sound design by-- \\n\\nRACHEL BREES: Rachel Brees. \\n\\nMOLLY: Original theme music by-- \\n\\nMARC SANCHEZ: Marc Sanchez. \\n\\nGEMMA: We had production help from the rest of the Brains On! Universe team. \\n\\nROSIE DUPONT: Rosie duPont. \\n\\nANNA GOLDFIELD: Anna Goldfield. \\n\\nNICO GONZALEZ WISLER: Nico Gonzalez Wisler. \\n\\nLAUREN HUMPERT: Lauren Humpert. \\n\\nJOSHUA RAY: Joshua Ray. \\n\\nMARC SANCHEZ: Marc Sanchez. \\n\\nSANDEN TOTTEN: Sanden Totton. \\n\\nCHARLOTTE TRAVER: Charlotte Traver. \\n\\nANNA WEGGEL: Anna Weggel. \\n\\nGEMMA: And-- \\n\\nARON WOLDESLASSIE: Aron Woldeslassie. \\n\\nMOLLY: Beth Pearlman is our executive producer, and the executives in charge of APM Studios are Chandra Kavati and Joanne Griffith. Special thanks to Heather Freeman, Elliot Delaney, Kellis, and Rosie. \\n\\nGEMMA: Brains On! is a nonprofit, public radio program. \\n\\nMOLLY: There are lots of ways to support the show. Subscribe to Brains On! Universe on YouTube, where you can watch animated versions of some of your favorite episodes or head to brains.on.org. \\n\\nGEMMA: While youre there, you can send us mystery sounds, drawings, and questions. \\n\\nMOLLY: All right, Gemma. Are you ready to hear the mystery sound again? \\n\\nGEMMA: Yes, I am. \\n\\nMOLLY: All right. I dont know what it is either. This is a tricky one, so lets hear it again. \\n\\nWET SMACKING \\n\\nAll right. Last time you thought shoveling gravel, shoveling snow, something like that. \\n\\nGEMMA: Yeah. Im going to stick with my answer. \\n\\nMOLLY: OK. Thats a great answer. Im going to say I think its someone eating a really big slushy. \\n\\nGEMMA: Yeah. \\n\\nMOLLY: Maybe? I dont maybe. Sticking a straw in a slushy a bunch of times. Im not sure. Lets hear the answer. \\n\\nELLIOT: My name is Elliot. I am from Winnipeg, Manitoba. That was the sound of me stomping on ice in my backyard. \\n\\nMOLLY: Oh! Stomping on ice! \\n\\nGEMMA: That close. \\n\\nMOLLY: You were so close. Ah! Well, we both heard ice. Im proud of us. Im proud of us. \\n\\nWET SMACKING \\n\\nNow its time for the Brains Honor Roll. These are the incredible kids who keep the show going with their questions, ideas, mystery sounds, drawings, and high fives. \\n\\nLISTING HONOR ROLL \\n\\nWell be back next week with an episode all about how the internet works. \\n\\nGEMMA: Thanks for listening! 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But sometimes they need a little help to see clearly. Enter: glasses! In this episode, well hear how eyes take in light and paint a picture of the world around us.\,\type\:\text\}}},descriptionText:Eyes are incredible. But sometimes they need a little help to see clearly. Enter: glasses! In this episode, well hear how eyes take in light and paint a picture of the world around us. ,embeddedAssetJson:{\images\:{\id\:\b8dd6891007462e609ce13274b696fe0fc389d9d\,\guid\:\b8dd6891007462e609ce13274b696fe0fc389d9d\,\slug\:\20240830-bo-eyeglasses\,\alt_text\:\eyeglasses\,\short_caption\:\eyeglasses\,\caption\:\Young girl, glasses and vision with frame and lens, eyewear shopping with eye care and optometry with kid in portrait. Eye health, prescription for eyes with child at optometrist office or store.\,\long_caption\:\Young girl, glasses and vision with frame and lens, eyewear shopping with eye care and optometry with kid in portrait. 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Africa\,\date_taken\:\2022-06-10\,\external_type\:null,\external_id\:null,\redistributable\:true},\audio\:{\id\:\01J6J4XY9TFAPH6BKXSKNFHTQ9\,\origin\:\cody\,\title\:\Why do some people need glasses?\,\program\:\Brains On!\,\program_id\:\1QC7H172ZF13R6VY7C3FENRS14\,\description\:\Brains On! Science podcast for kids\,\credit\:null,\downloadable\:true,\pub_dtim\:\2024-09-03T00:00:00-05:00\,\end_dtim\:null,\created_at\:\2024-08-30T12:22:07.000-05:00\,\updated_at\:\2024-09-09T10:42:11.000-05:00\,\encodings\:{\encoding_id\:\01J6J4Y0J50Z0DY33TQ2QC916R\,\media_type\:\audio/mpeg\,\format\:\mp3\,\filesize\:28322410,\bitrate\:128000,\publish_status\:\published\,\http_file_path\:\https://play.publicradio.org/unreplaced_ua/o/minnesota/podcasts/brains_on/2024/09/03/brainson_20240903_309_128.mp3\,\play_file_path\:\https://play.publicradio.org/%user_agent/o/minnesota/podcasts/brains_on/2024/09/03/brainson_20240903_309_128.mp3\,\duration_ms\:1768045,\duration_hms\:\00:29:28\,\filename\:\/minnesota/podcasts/brains_on/2024/09/03/brainson_20240903_309_128.mp3\,\locations\:{\location\:\streamguys-play\,\path\:\https://play.publicradio.org/%user_agent/o/minnesota/podcasts/brains_on/2024/09/03/brainson_20240903_309_128.mp3\},{\location\:\streamguys-http\,\path\:\https://play.publicradio.org/unreplaced_ua/o/minnesota/podcasts/brains_on/2024/09/03/brainson_20240903_309_128.mp3\}},\explicit\:false,\album\:\\,\artist\:\\,\genre\:\\,\release_year\:\2024\,\has_published_encode\:true,\preferred_location\:\streamguys\,\transcripts\:{\pdf\:{\media_type\:\application/pdf\,\url\:\https://codytranscripts.apmcdn.org/production/11ed0f717a76650011bb7d1dc261db21.pdf\},\text\:{\media_type\:\text/plain\,\url\:\https://codytranscripts.apmcdn.org/production/7db5b57ae2b065ef0a1b8c7cab22e069.txt\}},\transcript_text\:\CREW: Youre listening to Brains On!, where were serious about being curious. \\n\\nCREW: Brains on is supported in part by a grant from the National Science Foundation. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: I want to take you back to a time in the early 90s when I was in third grade. \\n\\nBELL RINGING \\n\\nThird grade Molly loved school. \\n\\nYOUNG MOLLY: I love school! \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: My teacher was the beloved Miss A, who made school fun. We got to keep pet rocks on our desks. Mine was named Rosie. \\n\\nYOUNG MOLLY: Good morning, Rosie. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: We read funny books out loud. \\n\\nYOUNG MOLLY: Once upon a time, there was a little old woman and a little old man who lived together in an old house. They were lonely. So the little old lady decided to make a man out of stinky cheese. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: And rotated through classroom jobs. My favorite classroom job was a weather reporter, where you got to announce the weather forecast to the class every morning. \\n\\nYOUNG MOLLY: Today will be cold with a 25% chance of snow. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: One day we switched desks. It was good, because I got to sit next to my friend Maggie, but our desks were as far away from the whiteboard as you could be, and still be in the classroom. One day Miss A was writing on the board with an orange marker, but I couldnt see anything. \\n\\nYOUNG MOLLY: Excuse me, Miss A, but I think your marker is out of ink. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: But the marker wasnt out of ink. It was working perfectly well. I just couldnt see it. Miss A told my parents that she thought I needed glasses, and she was right. I went to the eye doctor, got my prescription, and picked out some frames, and waited for the glasses to be ready. When I finally got to wear my glasses for the first time, I was amazed. \\n\\nYOUNG MOLLY: Wow! \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Everything was so crisp and clear. And I still remember how floored I was by the trees. \\n\\nYOUNG MOLLY: The trees, they have leaves! \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: I mean, I knew trees had leaves before I got glasses, but they had just looked like fuzzy greenness on top of a trunk. And I thought that was just how trees looked. But then I got glasses. \\n\\nYOUNG MOLLY: I can see each individual leaf. Theyre moving a little in the breeze. And theres a bird sitting on that branch, too! \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Getting glasses changed my life. And I cant wait to show you today how cool glasses are. \\n\\nYOUNG MOLLY: Because theyre really super, duper, extra cool! \\n\\nMUSIC PLAYING \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Youre listening to Brains On! from APM Studios. Im your host, Molly Bloom, and Im here with my co-host, Lucita, from Bellingham, Washington. Hi, Lucita. \\n\\n- Hi, Molly. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: And Lucita, you wrote in to us with a question. \\n\\nLUCITA: Yeah. I wrote, \\\Why do some people need glasses?\\\ \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: So, Lucita, are you part of the some people that need glasses? \\n\\nLUCITA: Yeah, I am. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: So how old were you when you got glasses? \\n\\nLUCITA: I was actually the same age as you, third grade. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Oh my gosh! So how did you know that you needed glasses? \\n\\nLUCITA: Well, I started getting really painful headaches after school, and the words started looking really like teensy weensy, but fuzzy when I looked at them really close. So I told my mom. And yeah. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: And so are things close up blurry or are things far away blurry to you when youre not wearing your glasses? \\n\\nLUCITA: Close up. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: OK. And so when you put your glasses on, how do they help? \\n\\nLUCITA: It makes it so I dont have really painful headaches when Im reading, and after I stop reading. And if I look really, really close at the paper, like if I looked at the script really close without my glasses, it would start to look kind of blurry. But with my glasses, it wouldnt. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Nice. And do you wear them all the time or just when you need to read something? \\n\\nLUCITA: I use them when I need to read something, but, like, I might get a stronger prescription. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Yeah. Thats the thing about getting glasses is that I remember when I was growing up, I had to go to the eye doctor every year and get my eyes checked. And pretty much every year, my eyes got a little bit worse. So I needed to change the prescription of my glasses. So what grade are you in now? \\n\\nLUCITA: Im going into fourth grade. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: OK. So youve had glasses for about a year now. \\n\\nLUCITA: Yeah. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: And what do your glasses look like? \\n\\nLUCITA: Well, my glasses are jade green around the lenses, and then going back, like, the part that connects-- goes on my ear is tortoiseshell cat. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Ooh, do you love them? \\n\\nLUCITA: I do. Specifically because my cat is tortoiseshell, so it reminds me of my kitty. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Ah, thats so cool. So before we can find out how glasses work and why some people need them, we need to talk about eyes. \\n\\nLUCITA: Those beautiful orbs right in the middle of our heads. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: And heres a hot drying tip. When youre drawing an oval for a face, the most realistic spot for the eyes is right in the middle, between the top and the bottom of the oval. \\n\\nLUCITA: Yeah, our foreheads are much bigger than we think. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Too true. But back to our eyeballs-- here are the basics of how we see. \\n\\nLUCITA: Light enters the eye, and it hits the back of the eyeball. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Then a nerve takes a message from there to the brain. \\n\\nLUCITA: And the brain reads that message. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Its pretty incredible. Light is bouncing off all the objects around me, and all that light travels into my eyeballs. Then my brain takes that information, and shows me the world. \\n\\nLUCITA: Its wild stuff. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: OK. So lets break down how all the parts of the eye work together. Lucita, can you describe what an eye looks like from the outside? \\n\\nLUCITA: Well, you have this white part, and then you have the color of your eyes. The iris, Im pretty sure, is what its called. And then you have your pupil, the black dot in the middle of your eye. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Nice. Yeah. So theres that white part, like you said, then the colored ring, and the black dot. And one of the most fun things about making Brains On! is that when were researching and finding answers to listener questions, sometimes I learn facts that help me see the world in a whole new way, like this one. That black part of your eye, Lucita, it isnt black at all. Its actually a hole. \\n\\nLUCITA: What the what? \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Yeah. Right? Thats what I said, too. It looks black because its dark inside your eye. So we see it as black. But that black part is the hole where light enters your eyeball. So cool. \\n\\nLUCITA: That hole is called the pupil, and the colored part is called the iris, like I said earlier. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Yes. And its the iriss job to make that hole in the middle, the pupil, bigger or smaller. \\n\\nLUCITA: That lets more or less light into your eye. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Right. So when Im in a dark room, my pupil gets bigger to get as much light to the back of my eye as possible. And when its really bright out, my pupil gets smaller. When I was younger, I would stand in front of a mirror and turn the light off and watch my pupil get bigger. And then I would turn the light back on and watch it shrink down again. \\n\\nLUCITA: You know how to have fun. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: I sure do! \\n\\nLUCITA: OK. Back to eyeballs, over the top of the colored iris and the black pupil is a clear dome. It protects the eye and focuses the light coming in on the back of the eyeball. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: That dome is called the cornea. And getting that light focused is so important that theres another clear layer behind the iris called the lens. \\n\\nLUCITA: The lens also helps focus the light in the right spot on the back of the eye. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: So to recap, theres the iris. \\n\\nLUCITA: The colored part. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: The pupil. \\n\\nLUCITA: Thats the hole that light gets in. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: The cornea. \\n\\nLUCITA: The clear dome on the top of the eye. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: And the lens. \\n\\nLUCITA: Thats behind the pupil. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: And then at the very back of the eyeball is a tissue paper thin layer called the retina. \\n\\nLUCITA: The retina takes all the light around you and turns it into a message that your brain can read. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: So if you dont need glasses, your eye works something like this. The cornea focuses the light through the pupil, through the lens, and it hits the retina at the back of your eye. \\n\\nLUCITA: Sometimes the light doesnt get focused in the right spot. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: This can happen for a bunch of reasons. It could be the shape of your cornea, your lens, or even the whole eyeball itself. \\n\\nLUCITA: The way these parts are shaped changes where the light is focused inside your eye. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Different people need glasses for different reasons. Heres one example. Light enters your eye. The cornea focuses the light through the pupil, through the lens, and it hits in front of your retina instead of on it. \\n\\nLUCITA: When that happens, things far away look blurry, but close up, things are clearer. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Thats called being nearsighted, because your near sight is strong. Im nearsighted, so its easy for me to read a book without glasses, but I need my glasses to see the whiteboard. \\n\\nLUCITA: There are other reasons why someone might need glasses. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Like the shape of your eye might cause the light to be focused behind your retina instead of on it. \\n\\nLUCITA: When that happens, things close up look blurry. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Thats called being farsighted, because your far sight is strong. \\n\\nLUCITA: So if you can see things far away well, but close up is blurry, thats farsighted. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Right. So the name for the way you see is named after your strength. \\n\\nLUCITA: I appreciate that. Focus on the positive. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Me too! So to recap, when things look blurry, thats because the light isnt being focused on the right spot on the back of the eye. So if thats the problem, how does blurry vision get fixed? \\n\\nLUCITA: Focusing the light in the right spot. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Exactly. And thats what glasses do. Since the lens in my eye and my cornea cant get the light focused on the right spot on their own, my glasses are here to help. \\n\\nLUCITA: The curve of my glasses focuses the light right where it needs to be so I can see clearly when I wear them. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Contacts work the same way. They add some extra curve so that light gets focused where it needs to go, the retina. \\n\\nLUCITA: Thats a very cool. But why do I need glasses and some of my friends dont? \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Great question. Were going to answer it in just a bit. But first, its time for us to focus on the-- \\n\\nSTRANGE NOISE \\n\\nLUCITA: Mystery sound. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Are you ready for the mystery sound? \\n\\nLUCITA: Honestly, not. \\n\\nLAUGHTER \\n\\nBut I will do it. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Do you find the mystery sound tricky? \\n\\nLUCITA: I-- yeah, its a lot of pressure. \\n\\nLAUGHTER \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: You know what I would say? Most listeners dont get them right. I hardly ever get them right, so I would not worry about it one little bit. But here it is. \\n\\nMYSTERY SOUND \\n\\nLUCITA: Like, I would say, like, a bee or something, or someone winding something up, and then letting it go. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Ooh, thats really good ears. Do you want to hear it again? I have no idea what this is either. \\n\\nLUCITA: Yeah. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: So like-- \\n\\nLUCITA: Its weird. It sounds like a bee robot thing, but I know thats not what it is. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: I mean, who knows? These mystery sounds are always so tricky. \\n\\nLUCITA: I mean, one time there was frozen hot dogs being banged together. \\n\\nLAUGHTER \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Exactly! You never know what its going to be. Lets hear it again. \\n\\nMYSTERY SOUND \\n\\nOK. What do you hear now? \\n\\nLUCITA: Someone pulling a trigger on one of those mini helicopter things that arent really helicopters, like those blades. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Totally. \\n\\nLUCITA: Like someone pulling the trigger, like rolling it back, and then letting it go. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Mhm. \\n\\nLUCITA: You know what Im talking about? \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Yeah, I totally do. Yeah, it does sound like a toy of some sort with something being wound up. \\n\\nLUCITA: Yeah, and then letting go. Or a robot bee. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Yeah, it could be a robot. We just dont know. Were going to-- were going to hear it again. We get another chance to guess, and hear the answer at the end of the show. So stick around. \\n\\nMUSIC PLAYING \\n\\nWere working on an episode all about animal leadership, and we want to hear from you. What animal do you think would make an excellent leader? What qualities do you think are important for a leader to have? What could our human leaders learn from this animal? Would you nominate a cheetah because they can move super fast or a blue whale because it has a loud voice everyone will want to listen to? So Lucita, what animal do you think would make a great leader? \\n\\nLUCITA: My cat, because shes just awesome. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Oh, I love that. So is she the leader of your family? \\n\\nLUCITA: She is very protective of me and follows me around everywhere. And shes loving. Honestly, she doesnt respect any of us, because no cats really do. But she loves us. And I think having self-esteem and loving the people youre taking care of is some qualities a leader needs to have. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Nice. Excellent answer. Well, listeners, we want to hear from you. Record your answer, and send it to us at brainson.org/contact. While youre there, send us your mystery sounds, drawings, and questions. \\n\\nLUCITA: Like this one. \\n\\nAUDIENCE: Why do we have tongues? \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: You can find the answer to this question on the Moment of Um podcast, a short dose of facts and fun every weekday. Find a Moment of Um and more at brainson.org. \\n\\nLUCITA: So keep listening. \\n\\nANNOUNCER: Brains On! Universe is a family of podcasts for kids and their adults. Since youre a fan of Brains On!, we know youll love the other shows in our universe. Come on, lets explore! \\n\\nROBOT: Entering Brains On! universe to find my favorite podcasts. Brains On!, Smash Boom Best, Forever Ago. Picking up signal! Forever ago, the history show hosted by Joy Dolo. \\n\\nJOY DOLO: Welcome to-- \\n\\nMUSIC PLAYING \\n\\nJoys Hall of Stalls. Every door in this hall leads to a different model of toilet from throughout history. You want to potty like its 1999? \\n\\nMUSIC PLAYING \\n\\nRight this way. \\n\\nROBOT: Zorp! Where did the signal go? Must find Forever Ago now! \\n\\nANNOUNCER: Listen to Forever Ago wherever you get your podcasts. \\n\\nROBOT: Brains On! On! On! \\n\\nLUCITA: Youre listening to Brains On! Im Lucita. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: And Im Molly. \\n\\nLUCITA: So far, weve learned that eyes take in light. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: And it gets focused on the back of the eyeball on the retina by the cornea and the lens. \\n\\nLUCITA: If that light isnt focused on the right spot, your vision will be blurry. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Glasses and contacts help by focusing the light in the right spot on the retina. But everyone who needs glasses has unique eyes, which means we need different kinds of help from our glasses. \\n\\nLUCITA: Like, I need help seeing things clearly close up. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: And I need help to see things clearly far away. So, Lucita, have you been to the eye doctor before? \\n\\nLUCITA: Yes, I have been twice. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: And what do you remember about your eye exam? \\n\\nLUCITA: Well, the first time I looked at a weird house through a lensy mob-- a lensy ma-bob-- thingy-ma-bobber. I dont know what theyre called. And-- \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Yeah, thats OK. \\n\\nLUCITA: I didnt need glasses the first time, but then the second time, I looked at a bunch of letters on a board, and the smaller they got, they looked blurry. Like, I thought the O was a random blob, and the Q, too, and some of the Ks. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Yeah. So a lot of times you go to the eye doctor, you have to look at those letters and try to read them, and sometimes they are blurry if you need glasses. You know, I know weve had a lot of listener questions about going to the eye doctor. Like, why do you have to get special drops? What are those letters? What-- how does it work? So to help get answers to all these questions, I hung out with Dr. Sasha Strul from the University of Minnesota while she was with a patient. \\n\\nSASHA STRUL: Its Dr. Strul. Do you remember me? \\n\\nALLIE: No. \\n\\nCREW: Its been a while. \\n\\nSASHA STRUL: Thats OK. Its been a long time. Youve grown up so much. Im your eye doctor. Im going to be taking a look at your beautiful eyes. I see you already met my friend Molly. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Heres Dr. Strul while she was with her patient, seven-year-old Allie from Minnesota. \\n\\nSASHA STRUL: Why dont I take a look, and we can talk about your eyes, and answer any questions you have? Would that be OK? Do you remember how we do that? Its super easy. Im going to take a look with a flashlight. I wear it on my head, and I look with a magnifying glass. And thats the last thing we got to do. Does that sound OK? \\n\\nALLIE: Wheres the magnifying glass? \\n\\nSASHA STRUL: Im going to show it to you. Thats a great question. So I have a couple. Im going to use this one here today, and take a look at your eyes. So if you look at me through it, I might look upside down. Isnt that silly? Isnt that so weird? Yeah. So it helps me make everything thats inside the eyes look a little bit bigger. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: So, Lucita, when you went to the eye doctor, did you have to get your eyes dilated? \\n\\nLUCITA: Yeah, I did. It was ouchie. It stung a lot. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Yeah. So those are special eye drops that open your pupil really big, even when the lights are on. Its probably the biggest youll ever see your pupil. And you said, yeah, it feels kind of stingy and ouchie. Just for a second though, right? And do you remember what it felt like after the stinging ouchie wore off? \\n\\nLUCITA: It felt like my eyes were super wide open. I couldnt close them. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Yeah, its like you can see all the-- its like all the light is going in your eyes. And its almost like things feel a little bit blurry, and so your eyes are a little bit sensitive to the light. \\n\\nLUCITA: Yeah. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: So they often give you sunglasses to wear, which is kind of cool. \\n\\nLUCITA: They didnt give me sunglasses at all. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Oh, oh man. \\n\\nLUCITA: So it was just blurry. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Well, thats the pro tip for people who need glasses. Bring your own sunglasses, just in case. So did you have to go back to school after you got your eyes dilated? \\n\\nLUCITA: No. My eye doctors appointment was after school, so-- \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Perfect. Sometimes Ive had my eyes dilated and I have to go back to school or work afterwards. And I have to wear sunglasses because, otherwise, that light kind of hurts your eyes, because its kind of sensitive, and things look a little blurry. But it does wear off by the next day totally. And sometimes it can wear off in just a few hours. \\n\\nLUCITA: So why do you have to get your eyes dilated anyway? \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Eye doctors like Dr. Strul do this so they can see whats going on inside your eye. \\n\\nSASHA STRUL: The back wall of the eye is called the retina. But what it is, its basically a screen thats almost as thin, almost thinner, really, than tissue paper. So if you imagine, it is wallpaper lining the back of the eye. And what it is is an electrical board. So it takes the light that hits the back of the eye, and turns it into an electric signal. And then its carried along into the nerve of the eye, and then to the back of the brain. And thats how the brain sees. It has to have all that info. So everything along the way has to work. \\n\\nSo when Im looking for is, does that film part of the eye, the retina, look healthy? Do the blood vessels that are supplying the nutrients and oxygen to the retina look healthy? Does the nerve that I can see the start of, the cable connecting the eye to the brain look healthy? And is there anything thats causing this kid to have a harder time seeing, or things that we can address to help them improve seeing? \\n\\nLUCITA: Besides making sure all the parts of your eye are healthy, your eye doctor will also check if you need glasses. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: So do you remember what that eye exam was like? You talked a bit about it before, looking at the letters, and looking at the house. Did they also do the thing where they showed you different lenses and asked if one looked clearer than the other? \\n\\nLUCITA: Yeah, they did about two lenses. They gave me one, and I was like, this one looks a little blurry. And theyre like, OK. And then they showed me a different one, and I was like, more blurry. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: OK. Yeah, they often ask you to compare them. So theyll look at each eye separately first. And so when I was at the clinic, I met Kim Merrill. Shes an orthoptist, which means she does things like eye exams. And during the exam, Kim asked seven-year-old patient Allie to cover up one of her eyes. \\n\\nKIM MERRILL: You look like a cute pirate. What does the pirate say? \\n\\nALLIE: Arrr! \\n\\nKIM MERRILL: Thats it. And then look way down here. Can you do those for me? What do you see on there? \\n\\nALLIE: A, Z, N, L, O. \\n\\nKIM MERRILL: Nice job. How about those? \\n\\nALLIE: Too tiny! \\n\\nKIM MERRILL: Try them. Theres no right or wrong, remember? You can do your best. What do you think they are? \\n\\nALLIE: P, X, P, A, U. \\n\\nKIM MERRILL: Very good. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Then Kim had Allie look through different lenses to see if they helped things look more clear for her. \\n\\nKIM MERRILL: OK. Look way down at my TV down there again. Do you see those letters? \\n\\nALLIE: A, B, S, H. \\n\\nKIM MERRILL: Look at the first letter again. Whats that first one? \\n\\nALLIE: E-- I mean, F. \\n\\nKIM MERRILL: F, yeah. Look at them again. Does this make it better or does that make it look smaller? \\n\\nALLIE: That makes it look smaller. \\n\\nKIM MERRILL: All right. What about with this one? Is that any better or does that look smaller? \\n\\nALLIE: Bigger. \\n\\nKIM MERRILL: Better? \\n\\nALLIE: A, B, S, H. \\n\\nKIM MERRILL: Yeah, good work. \\n\\nLUCITA: So the eye doctor has you tell them when the letters look blurry, and when they look clear. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Right. Thats a test they use to figure out if you need glasses. \\n\\nLUCITA: OK. But why do I need glasses and my friends dont? \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: I asked Dr. Strul about that, and heres what she said. \\n\\nSASHA STRUL: Why some of us do and some of us dont is mostly genetics. So I always joke that my sons going to be getting glasses at some point, because both my husband and I wear it. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: When she says genetics, shes talking about genes. These control a lot of your features, like eye color and hair color. If you got your genes from someone who needed glasses, then its more likely youll need them, too. \\n\\nSASHA STRUL: But were also learning a lot about the environment. So with online schooling that became so common during the initial start of the COVID pandemic, we actually have seen studies come out that showed that nearsightedness, where you cant see far without your glasses, increased. And we think part of it is because we were all on screens and doing a lot more of what we call near work, or reading up close, rather than looking far away on a board like you would when youre in school. \\n\\nLUCITA: So staring at screens all day can actually make your vision worse? \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Yes, it affects nearsightedness, so when things close up are clear, but things far away are blurry. Looking at screens doesnt seem to affect farsightedness, though, but there are things you can do to help keep your vision focused. \\n\\nSASHA STRUL: The first is get outdoors, even if you are reading or on a screen. Theyve shown in societies where they spend like two hours a day or more outside, they have a lot less need for glasses, especially nearsightedness. \\n\\nThe other thing that you can do is hold things a little bit farther away. So just not having the screen or the book right up against your nose. Holding it about arms length. So that can help as well, or even just taking breaks. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: But doctors are still learning a lot about how our environments and genetics affect our eyesight. \\n\\nLUCITA: OK. So why do so many grownups have glasses? \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: When adults get to be in their 40s and older, their eyes become more stiff, and it makes it harder for them to switch between looking far away and close up. So they start to need glasses to see things close to them, even if they never needed them before. \\n\\nLUCITA: So kids are more flexible? \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Just another kid superpower. I asked Dr. Strul about this. \\n\\nSASHA STRUL: So if kids get a scratch on the surface of their eye, they usually can heal it within a day to three days. Adults, it can take up to 3 to 5 days, and so sometimes even longer. So kids have superhuman ability to heal up really fast. They also just have very resilient eyes. And unlike adults, where if we lose vision, we cant really gain it back, if there was something that caused us not to see, well, for whatever reason, kids brains are still growing. So if we catch something, and we can fix it in childhood, they can actually regain brain, which is how we regain vision, which is amazing. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Kids are so cool! \\n\\nLUCITA: Yeah, we are! \\n\\nMUSIC PLAYING \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Eyes take in light, and turn that light into a message that gets sent to the brain. \\n\\nLUCITA: If that light doesnt get focused on the right spot, things will look blurry to you. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: But glasses or contacts can help focus the light coming into your eye so it hits the retina at the back of your eye. \\n\\nLUCITA: Eye doctors can help you figure out if you need glasses, whether youre a baby or an adult. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Thats it for this episode of Brains On! \\n\\nLUCITA: This episode was written and produced by-- \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Molly Bloom. \\n\\nLUCITA: It was also produced by-- \\n\\nROSE DUPONT: Rose Dupont. \\n\\nLUCITA: Our editors are-- \\n\\nSANDEN TOTTEN: Sanden Totten. \\n\\nLUCITA: And-- \\n\\nSHAHLA FARZAN: Shahla Farzan. \\n\\nLUCITA: Fact checking by-- \\n\\nJESS MILLER: Jess Miller. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: We had engineering help from Alex Simpson and Bill Simpkins with sound design by-- \\n\\nRACHEL BREES: Rachel Brees. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Original theme music by-- \\n\\nMARC SANCHEZ: Marc Sanchez. \\n\\nLUCITA: We had production help from the rest of the Brains On! Universe team. \\n\\nANNA GOLDFIELD: Anna Goldfield. \\n\\nNICO WISLER: Nico Gonzalez Wisler \\n\\nRUBY GUTHRIE: Ruby Guthrie. \\n\\nLAUREN HUMPERT: Lauren Humpert. \\n\\nJOSHUA RAY: Joshua Ray. \\n\\nMARC SANCHEZ: Marc Sanchez. \\n\\nCHARLOTTE TRAVER: Charlotte Traver. \\n\\nANNA WEGGEL: Anna Weggel. \\n\\nLUCITA: And-- \\n\\nARON WOLDESLASSIE: Aron Woldeslassie. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Beth Pearlman is our executive producer, and the executives in charge of APM Studios are Chandra Kavati and Joanne Griffith. Special thanks to Jesse Lou Galbreath. \\n\\nLUCITA: Brains On! is a nonprofit, public radio program. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: There are lots of ways to support the show. Subscribe to Brains On! Universe on YouTube, where you can watch animated versions of some of your favorite episodes, or head to brainson.org. \\n\\nLUCITA: While youre there, you can send us mystery sounds, drawings, and questions. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: OK, Lucita. Are you ready to hear the mystery sound again? \\n\\nLUCITA: Uh, honestly, no. But I will. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: OK, great. Thank you so much. Here it is. \\n\\nMYSTERY SOUND \\n\\nLUCITA: Im going to stick with my guesses. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: OK. \\n\\nLUCITA: A bee, a wind-up toy, or one of those, like, helicopter toys where you twist it back, and then like this. And then it goes. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: I love that. \\n\\nLUCITA: And-- or a robot bee. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: OK. I love that idea. I think both are great. Im pulling for the robot bee, though. OK, lets see what the answer is. \\n\\nBO: Hi. My names Bo. \\n\\nTAY: Hi. My names Tay. And were from Papamoa, New Zealand. \\n\\nBO: And that was the sound of a toy motorbike running on the ground. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Hey! \\n\\nLUCITA: I knew it. I knew it was something like winding up, and then going. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Yeah. You were totally right on. Yeah, it was a toy winding up. \\n\\nLUCITA: Yes! \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Very good. Now, I hope you wont be scared of mystery sounds anymore. \\n\\nTOY MOTORBIKE RUNNING \\n\\nNow its time for the Brains honor roll. These are the incredible kids who keep the show going with their questions, ideas, mystery sounds, drawings, and high fives. \\n\\nLISTING HONOR ROLL \\n\\nMUSIC PLAYING \\n\\nWell be back next week with an episode about why some of us have food allergies. \\n\\nLUCITA: Thanks for listening! \},{\id\:\01J6J4XY9TFAPH6BKXSKNFHTQ9\,\origin\:\cody\,\title\:\Why do some people need glasses?\,\program\:\Brains On!\,\program_id\:\1QC7H172ZF13R6VY7C3FENRS14\,\description\:\Brains On! Science podcast for kids\,\credit\:null,\downloadable\:true,\pub_dtim\:\2024-09-03T00:00:00-05:00\,\end_dtim\:null,\created_at\:\2024-08-30T12:22:07.000-05:00\,\updated_at\:\2024-09-09T10:42:11.000-05:00\,\encodings\:{\encoding_id\:\01J6J4Y0J50Z0DY33TQ2QC916R\,\media_type\:\audio/mpeg\,\format\:\mp3\,\filesize\:28322410,\bitrate\:128000,\publish_status\:\published\,\http_file_path\:\https://play.publicradio.org/unreplaced_ua/o/minnesota/podcasts/brains_on/2024/09/03/brainson_20240903_309_128.mp3\,\play_file_path\:\https://play.publicradio.org/%user_agent/o/minnesota/podcasts/brains_on/2024/09/03/brainson_20240903_309_128.mp3\,\duration_ms\:1768045,\duration_hms\:\00:29:28\,\filename\:\/minnesota/podcasts/brains_on/2024/09/03/brainson_20240903_309_128.mp3\,\locations\:{\location\:\streamguys-play\,\path\:\https://play.publicradio.org/%user_agent/o/minnesota/podcasts/brains_on/2024/09/03/brainson_20240903_309_128.mp3\},{\location\:\streamguys-http\,\path\:\https://play.publicradio.org/unreplaced_ua/o/minnesota/podcasts/brains_on/2024/09/03/brainson_20240903_309_128.mp3\}},\explicit\:false,\album\:\\,\artist\:\\,\genre\:\\,\release_year\:\2024\,\has_published_encode\:true,\preferred_location\:\streamguys\,\transcripts\:{\pdf\:{\media_type\:\application/pdf\,\url\:\https://codytranscripts.apmcdn.org/production/11ed0f717a76650011bb7d1dc261db21.pdf\},\text\:{\media_type\:\text/plain\,\url\:\https://codytranscripts.apmcdn.org/production/7db5b57ae2b065ef0a1b8c7cab22e069.txt\}},\transcript_text\:\CREW: Youre listening to Brains On!, where were serious about being curious. \\n\\nCREW: Brains on is supported in part by a grant from the National Science Foundation. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: I want to take you back to a time in the early 90s when I was in third grade. \\n\\nBELL RINGING \\n\\nThird grade Molly loved school. \\n\\nYOUNG MOLLY: I love school! \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: My teacher was the beloved Miss A, who made school fun. We got to keep pet rocks on our desks. Mine was named Rosie. \\n\\nYOUNG MOLLY: Good morning, Rosie. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: We read funny books out loud. \\n\\nYOUNG MOLLY: Once upon a time, there was a little old woman and a little old man who lived together in an old house. They were lonely. So the little old lady decided to make a man out of stinky cheese. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: And rotated through classroom jobs. My favorite classroom job was a weather reporter, where you got to announce the weather forecast to the class every morning. \\n\\nYOUNG MOLLY: Today will be cold with a 25% chance of snow. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: One day we switched desks. It was good, because I got to sit next to my friend Maggie, but our desks were as far away from the whiteboard as you could be, and still be in the classroom. One day Miss A was writing on the board with an orange marker, but I couldnt see anything. \\n\\nYOUNG MOLLY: Excuse me, Miss A, but I think your marker is out of ink. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: But the marker wasnt out of ink. It was working perfectly well. I just couldnt see it. Miss A told my parents that she thought I needed glasses, and she was right. I went to the eye doctor, got my prescription, and picked out some frames, and waited for the glasses to be ready. When I finally got to wear my glasses for the first time, I was amazed. \\n\\nYOUNG MOLLY: Wow! \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Everything was so crisp and clear. And I still remember how floored I was by the trees. \\n\\nYOUNG MOLLY: The trees, they have leaves! \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: I mean, I knew trees had leaves before I got glasses, but they had just looked like fuzzy greenness on top of a trunk. And I thought that was just how trees looked. But then I got glasses. \\n\\nYOUNG MOLLY: I can see each individual leaf. Theyre moving a little in the breeze. And theres a bird sitting on that branch, too! \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Getting glasses changed my life. And I cant wait to show you today how cool glasses are. \\n\\nYOUNG MOLLY: Because theyre really super, duper, extra cool! \\n\\nMUSIC PLAYING \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Youre listening to Brains On! from APM Studios. Im your host, Molly Bloom, and Im here with my co-host, Lucita, from Bellingham, Washington. Hi, Lucita. \\n\\n- Hi, Molly. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: And Lucita, you wrote in to us with a question. \\n\\nLUCITA: Yeah. I wrote, \\\Why do some people need glasses?\\\ \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: So, Lucita, are you part of the some people that need glasses? \\n\\nLUCITA: Yeah, I am. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: So how old were you when you got glasses? \\n\\nLUCITA: I was actually the same age as you, third grade. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Oh my gosh! So how did you know that you needed glasses? \\n\\nLUCITA: Well, I started getting really painful headaches after school, and the words started looking really like teensy weensy, but fuzzy when I looked at them really close. So I told my mom. And yeah. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: And so are things close up blurry or are things far away blurry to you when youre not wearing your glasses? \\n\\nLUCITA: Close up. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: OK. And so when you put your glasses on, how do they help? \\n\\nLUCITA: It makes it so I dont have really painful headaches when Im reading, and after I stop reading. And if I look really, really close at the paper, like if I looked at the script really close without my glasses, it would start to look kind of blurry. But with my glasses, it wouldnt. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Nice. And do you wear them all the time or just when you need to read something? \\n\\nLUCITA: I use them when I need to read something, but, like, I might get a stronger prescription. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Yeah. Thats the thing about getting glasses is that I remember when I was growing up, I had to go to the eye doctor every year and get my eyes checked. And pretty much every year, my eyes got a little bit worse. So I needed to change the prescription of my glasses. So what grade are you in now? \\n\\nLUCITA: Im going into fourth grade. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: OK. So youve had glasses for about a year now. \\n\\nLUCITA: Yeah. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: And what do your glasses look like? \\n\\nLUCITA: Well, my glasses are jade green around the lenses, and then going back, like, the part that connects-- goes on my ear is tortoiseshell cat. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Ooh, do you love them? \\n\\nLUCITA: I do. Specifically because my cat is tortoiseshell, so it reminds me of my kitty. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Ah, thats so cool. So before we can find out how glasses work and why some people need them, we need to talk about eyes. \\n\\nLUCITA: Those beautiful orbs right in the middle of our heads. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: And heres a hot drying tip. When youre drawing an oval for a face, the most realistic spot for the eyes is right in the middle, between the top and the bottom of the oval. \\n\\nLUCITA: Yeah, our foreheads are much bigger than we think. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Too true. But back to our eyeballs-- here are the basics of how we see. \\n\\nLUCITA: Light enters the eye, and it hits the back of the eyeball. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Then a nerve takes a message from there to the brain. \\n\\nLUCITA: And the brain reads that message. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Its pretty incredible. Light is bouncing off all the objects around me, and all that light travels into my eyeballs. Then my brain takes that information, and shows me the world. \\n\\nLUCITA: Its wild stuff. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: OK. So lets break down how all the parts of the eye work together. Lucita, can you describe what an eye looks like from the outside? \\n\\nLUCITA: Well, you have this white part, and then you have the color of your eyes. The iris, Im pretty sure, is what its called. And then you have your pupil, the black dot in the middle of your eye. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Nice. Yeah. So theres that white part, like you said, then the colored ring, and the black dot. And one of the most fun things about making Brains On! is that when were researching and finding answers to listener questions, sometimes I learn facts that help me see the world in a whole new way, like this one. That black part of your eye, Lucita, it isnt black at all. Its actually a hole. \\n\\nLUCITA: What the what? \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Yeah. Right? Thats what I said, too. It looks black because its dark inside your eye. So we see it as black. But that black part is the hole where light enters your eyeball. So cool. \\n\\nLUCITA: That hole is called the pupil, and the colored part is called the iris, like I said earlier. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Yes. And its the iriss job to make that hole in the middle, the pupil, bigger or smaller. \\n\\nLUCITA: That lets more or less light into your eye. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Right. So when Im in a dark room, my pupil gets bigger to get as much light to the back of my eye as possible. And when its really bright out, my pupil gets smaller. When I was younger, I would stand in front of a mirror and turn the light off and watch my pupil get bigger. And then I would turn the light back on and watch it shrink down again. \\n\\nLUCITA: You know how to have fun. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: I sure do! \\n\\nLUCITA: OK. Back to eyeballs, over the top of the colored iris and the black pupil is a clear dome. It protects the eye and focuses the light coming in on the back of the eyeball. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: That dome is called the cornea. And getting that light focused is so important that theres another clear layer behind the iris called the lens. \\n\\nLUCITA: The lens also helps focus the light in the right spot on the back of the eye. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: So to recap, theres the iris. \\n\\nLUCITA: The colored part. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: The pupil. \\n\\nLUCITA: Thats the hole that light gets in. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: The cornea. \\n\\nLUCITA: The clear dome on the top of the eye. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: And the lens. \\n\\nLUCITA: Thats behind the pupil. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: And then at the very back of the eyeball is a tissue paper thin layer called the retina. \\n\\nLUCITA: The retina takes all the light around you and turns it into a message that your brain can read. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: So if you dont need glasses, your eye works something like this. The cornea focuses the light through the pupil, through the lens, and it hits the retina at the back of your eye. \\n\\nLUCITA: Sometimes the light doesnt get focused in the right spot. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: This can happen for a bunch of reasons. It could be the shape of your cornea, your lens, or even the whole eyeball itself. \\n\\nLUCITA: The way these parts are shaped changes where the light is focused inside your eye. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Different people need glasses for different reasons. Heres one example. Light enters your eye. The cornea focuses the light through the pupil, through the lens, and it hits in front of your retina instead of on it. \\n\\nLUCITA: When that happens, things far away look blurry, but close up, things are clearer. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Thats called being nearsighted, because your near sight is strong. Im nearsighted, so its easy for me to read a book without glasses, but I need my glasses to see the whiteboard. \\n\\nLUCITA: There are other reasons why someone might need glasses. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Like the shape of your eye might cause the light to be focused behind your retina instead of on it. \\n\\nLUCITA: When that happens, things close up look blurry. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Thats called being farsighted, because your far sight is strong. \\n\\nLUCITA: So if you can see things far away well, but close up is blurry, thats farsighted. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Right. So the name for the way you see is named after your strength. \\n\\nLUCITA: I appreciate that. Focus on the positive. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Me too! So to recap, when things look blurry, thats because the light isnt being focused on the right spot on the back of the eye. So if thats the problem, how does blurry vision get fixed? \\n\\nLUCITA: Focusing the light in the right spot. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Exactly. And thats what glasses do. Since the lens in my eye and my cornea cant get the light focused on the right spot on their own, my glasses are here to help. \\n\\nLUCITA: The curve of my glasses focuses the light right where it needs to be so I can see clearly when I wear them. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Contacts work the same way. They add some extra curve so that light gets focused where it needs to go, the retina. \\n\\nLUCITA: Thats a very cool. But why do I need glasses and some of my friends dont? \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Great question. Were going to answer it in just a bit. But first, its time for us to focus on the-- \\n\\nSTRANGE NOISE \\n\\nLUCITA: Mystery sound. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Are you ready for the mystery sound? \\n\\nLUCITA: Honestly, not. \\n\\nLAUGHTER \\n\\nBut I will do it. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Do you find the mystery sound tricky? \\n\\nLUCITA: I-- yeah, its a lot of pressure. \\n\\nLAUGHTER \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: You know what I would say? Most listeners dont get them right. I hardly ever get them right, so I would not worry about it one little bit. But here it is. \\n\\nMYSTERY SOUND \\n\\nLUCITA: Like, I would say, like, a bee or something, or someone winding something up, and then letting it go. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Ooh, thats really good ears. Do you want to hear it again? I have no idea what this is either. \\n\\nLUCITA: Yeah. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: So like-- \\n\\nLUCITA: Its weird. It sounds like a bee robot thing, but I know thats not what it is. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: I mean, who knows? These mystery sounds are always so tricky. \\n\\nLUCITA: I mean, one time there was frozen hot dogs being banged together. \\n\\nLAUGHTER \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Exactly! You never know what its going to be. Lets hear it again. \\n\\nMYSTERY SOUND \\n\\nOK. What do you hear now? \\n\\nLUCITA: Someone pulling a trigger on one of those mini helicopter things that arent really helicopters, like those blades. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Totally. \\n\\nLUCITA: Like someone pulling the trigger, like rolling it back, and then letting it go. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Mhm. \\n\\nLUCITA: You know what Im talking about? \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Yeah, I totally do. Yeah, it does sound like a toy of some sort with something being wound up. \\n\\nLUCITA: Yeah, and then letting go. Or a robot bee. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Yeah, it could be a robot. We just dont know. Were going to-- were going to hear it again. We get another chance to guess, and hear the answer at the end of the show. So stick around. \\n\\nMUSIC PLAYING \\n\\nWere working on an episode all about animal leadership, and we want to hear from you. What animal do you think would make an excellent leader? What qualities do you think are important for a leader to have? What could our human leaders learn from this animal? Would you nominate a cheetah because they can move super fast or a blue whale because it has a loud voice everyone will want to listen to? So Lucita, what animal do you think would make a great leader? \\n\\nLUCITA: My cat, because shes just awesome. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Oh, I love that. So is she the leader of your family? \\n\\nLUCITA: She is very protective of me and follows me around everywhere. And shes loving. Honestly, she doesnt respect any of us, because no cats really do. But she loves us. And I think having self-esteem and loving the people youre taking care of is some qualities a leader needs to have. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Nice. Excellent answer. Well, listeners, we want to hear from you. Record your answer, and send it to us at brainson.org/contact. While youre there, send us your mystery sounds, drawings, and questions. \\n\\nLUCITA: Like this one. \\n\\nAUDIENCE: Why do we have tongues? \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: You can find the answer to this question on the Moment of Um podcast, a short dose of facts and fun every weekday. Find a Moment of Um and more at brainson.org. \\n\\nLUCITA: So keep listening. \\n\\nANNOUNCER: Brains On! Universe is a family of podcasts for kids and their adults. Since youre a fan of Brains On!, we know youll love the other shows in our universe. Come on, lets explore! \\n\\nROBOT: Entering Brains On! universe to find my favorite podcasts. Brains On!, Smash Boom Best, Forever Ago. Picking up signal! Forever ago, the history show hosted by Joy Dolo. \\n\\nJOY DOLO: Welcome to-- \\n\\nMUSIC PLAYING \\n\\nJoys Hall of Stalls. Every door in this hall leads to a different model of toilet from throughout history. You want to potty like its 1999? \\n\\nMUSIC PLAYING \\n\\nRight this way. \\n\\nROBOT: Zorp! Where did the signal go? Must find Forever Ago now! \\n\\nANNOUNCER: Listen to Forever Ago wherever you get your podcasts. \\n\\nROBOT: Brains On! On! On! \\n\\nLUCITA: Youre listening to Brains On! Im Lucita. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: And Im Molly. \\n\\nLUCITA: So far, weve learned that eyes take in light. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: And it gets focused on the back of the eyeball on the retina by the cornea and the lens. \\n\\nLUCITA: If that light isnt focused on the right spot, your vision will be blurry. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Glasses and contacts help by focusing the light in the right spot on the retina. But everyone who needs glasses has unique eyes, which means we need different kinds of help from our glasses. \\n\\nLUCITA: Like, I need help seeing things clearly close up. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: And I need help to see things clearly far away. So, Lucita, have you been to the eye doctor before? \\n\\nLUCITA: Yes, I have been twice. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: And what do you remember about your eye exam? \\n\\nLUCITA: Well, the first time I looked at a weird house through a lensy mob-- a lensy ma-bob-- thingy-ma-bobber. I dont know what theyre called. And-- \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Yeah, thats OK. \\n\\nLUCITA: I didnt need glasses the first time, but then the second time, I looked at a bunch of letters on a board, and the smaller they got, they looked blurry. Like, I thought the O was a random blob, and the Q, too, and some of the Ks. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Yeah. So a lot of times you go to the eye doctor, you have to look at those letters and try to read them, and sometimes they are blurry if you need glasses. You know, I know weve had a lot of listener questions about going to the eye doctor. Like, why do you have to get special drops? What are those letters? What-- how does it work? So to help get answers to all these questions, I hung out with Dr. Sasha Strul from the University of Minnesota while she was with a patient. \\n\\nSASHA STRUL: Its Dr. Strul. Do you remember me? \\n\\nALLIE: No. \\n\\nCREW: Its been a while. \\n\\nSASHA STRUL: Thats OK. Its been a long time. Youve grown up so much. Im your eye doctor. Im going to be taking a look at your beautiful eyes. I see you already met my friend Molly. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Heres Dr. Strul while she was with her patient, seven-year-old Allie from Minnesota. \\n\\nSASHA STRUL: Why dont I take a look, and we can talk about your eyes, and answer any questions you have? Would that be OK? Do you remember how we do that? Its super easy. Im going to take a look with a flashlight. I wear it on my head, and I look with a magnifying glass. And thats the last thing we got to do. Does that sound OK? \\n\\nALLIE: Wheres the magnifying glass? \\n\\nSASHA STRUL: Im going to show it to you. Thats a great question. So I have a couple. Im going to use this one here today, and take a look at your eyes. So if you look at me through it, I might look upside down. Isnt that silly? Isnt that so weird? Yeah. So it helps me make everything thats inside the eyes look a little bit bigger. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: So, Lucita, when you went to the eye doctor, did you have to get your eyes dilated? \\n\\nLUCITA: Yeah, I did. It was ouchie. It stung a lot. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Yeah. So those are special eye drops that open your pupil really big, even when the lights are on. Its probably the biggest youll ever see your pupil. And you said, yeah, it feels kind of stingy and ouchie. Just for a second though, right? And do you remember what it felt like after the stinging ouchie wore off? \\n\\nLUCITA: It felt like my eyes were super wide open. I couldnt close them. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Yeah, its like you can see all the-- its like all the light is going in your eyes. And its almost like things feel a little bit blurry, and so your eyes are a little bit sensitive to the light. \\n\\nLUCITA: Yeah. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: So they often give you sunglasses to wear, which is kind of cool. \\n\\nLUCITA: They didnt give me sunglasses at all. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Oh, oh man. \\n\\nLUCITA: So it was just blurry. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Well, thats the pro tip for people who need glasses. Bring your own sunglasses, just in case. So did you have to go back to school after you got your eyes dilated? \\n\\nLUCITA: No. My eye doctors appointment was after school, so-- \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Perfect. Sometimes Ive had my eyes dilated and I have to go back to school or work afterwards. And I have to wear sunglasses because, otherwise, that light kind of hurts your eyes, because its kind of sensitive, and things look a little blurry. But it does wear off by the next day totally. And sometimes it can wear off in just a few hours. \\n\\nLUCITA: So why do you have to get your eyes dilated anyway? \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Eye doctors like Dr. Strul do this so they can see whats going on inside your eye. \\n\\nSASHA STRUL: The back wall of the eye is called the retina. But what it is, its basically a screen thats almost as thin, almost thinner, really, than tissue paper. So if you imagine, it is wallpaper lining the back of the eye. And what it is is an electrical board. So it takes the light that hits the back of the eye, and turns it into an electric signal. And then its carried along into the nerve of the eye, and then to the back of the brain. And thats how the brain sees. It has to have all that info. So everything along the way has to work. \\n\\nSo when Im looking for is, does that film part of the eye, the retina, look healthy? Do the blood vessels that are supplying the nutrients and oxygen to the retina look healthy? Does the nerve that I can see the start of, the cable connecting the eye to the brain look healthy? And is there anything thats causing this kid to have a harder time seeing, or things that we can address to help them improve seeing? \\n\\nLUCITA: Besides making sure all the parts of your eye are healthy, your eye doctor will also check if you need glasses. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: So do you remember what that eye exam was like? You talked a bit about it before, looking at the letters, and looking at the house. Did they also do the thing where they showed you different lenses and asked if one looked clearer than the other? \\n\\nLUCITA: Yeah, they did about two lenses. They gave me one, and I was like, this one looks a little blurry. And theyre like, OK. And then they showed me a different one, and I was like, more blurry. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: OK. Yeah, they often ask you to compare them. So theyll look at each eye separately first. And so when I was at the clinic, I met Kim Merrill. Shes an orthoptist, which means she does things like eye exams. And during the exam, Kim asked seven-year-old patient Allie to cover up one of her eyes. \\n\\nKIM MERRILL: You look like a cute pirate. What does the pirate say? \\n\\nALLIE: Arrr! \\n\\nKIM MERRILL: Thats it. And then look way down here. Can you do those for me? What do you see on there? \\n\\nALLIE: A, Z, N, L, O. \\n\\nKIM MERRILL: Nice job. How about those? \\n\\nALLIE: Too tiny! \\n\\nKIM MERRILL: Try them. Theres no right or wrong, remember? You can do your best. What do you think they are? \\n\\nALLIE: P, X, P, A, U. \\n\\nKIM MERRILL: Very good. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Then Kim had Allie look through different lenses to see if they helped things look more clear for her. \\n\\nKIM MERRILL: OK. Look way down at my TV down there again. Do you see those letters? \\n\\nALLIE: A, B, S, H. \\n\\nKIM MERRILL: Look at the first letter again. Whats that first one? \\n\\nALLIE: E-- I mean, F. \\n\\nKIM MERRILL: F, yeah. Look at them again. Does this make it better or does that make it look smaller? \\n\\nALLIE: That makes it look smaller. \\n\\nKIM MERRILL: All right. What about with this one? Is that any better or does that look smaller? \\n\\nALLIE: Bigger. \\n\\nKIM MERRILL: Better? \\n\\nALLIE: A, B, S, H. \\n\\nKIM MERRILL: Yeah, good work. \\n\\nLUCITA: So the eye doctor has you tell them when the letters look blurry, and when they look clear. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Right. Thats a test they use to figure out if you need glasses. \\n\\nLUCITA: OK. But why do I need glasses and my friends dont? \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: I asked Dr. Strul about that, and heres what she said. \\n\\nSASHA STRUL: Why some of us do and some of us dont is mostly genetics. So I always joke that my sons going to be getting glasses at some point, because both my husband and I wear it. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: When she says genetics, shes talking about genes. These control a lot of your features, like eye color and hair color. If you got your genes from someone who needed glasses, then its more likely youll need them, too. \\n\\nSASHA STRUL: But were also learning a lot about the environment. So with online schooling that became so common during the initial start of the COVID pandemic, we actually have seen studies come out that showed that nearsightedness, where you cant see far without your glasses, increased. And we think part of it is because we were all on screens and doing a lot more of what we call near work, or reading up close, rather than looking far away on a board like you would when youre in school. \\n\\nLUCITA: So staring at screens all day can actually make your vision worse? \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Yes, it affects nearsightedness, so when things close up are clear, but things far away are blurry. Looking at screens doesnt seem to affect farsightedness, though, but there are things you can do to help keep your vision focused. \\n\\nSASHA STRUL: The first is get outdoors, even if you are reading or on a screen. Theyve shown in societies where they spend like two hours a day or more outside, they have a lot less need for glasses, especially nearsightedness. \\n\\nThe other thing that you can do is hold things a little bit farther away. So just not having the screen or the book right up against your nose. Holding it about arms length. So that can help as well, or even just taking breaks. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: But doctors are still learning a lot about how our environments and genetics affect our eyesight. \\n\\nLUCITA: OK. So why do so many grownups have glasses? \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: When adults get to be in their 40s and older, their eyes become more stiff, and it makes it harder for them to switch between looking far away and close up. So they start to need glasses to see things close to them, even if they never needed them before. \\n\\nLUCITA: So kids are more flexible? \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Just another kid superpower. I asked Dr. Strul about this. \\n\\nSASHA STRUL: So if kids get a scratch on the surface of their eye, they usually can heal it within a day to three days. Adults, it can take up to 3 to 5 days, and so sometimes even longer. So kids have superhuman ability to heal up really fast. They also just have very resilient eyes. And unlike adults, where if we lose vision, we cant really gain it back, if there was something that caused us not to see, well, for whatever reason, kids brains are still growing. So if we catch something, and we can fix it in childhood, they can actually regain brain, which is how we regain vision, which is amazing. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Kids are so cool! \\n\\nLUCITA: Yeah, we are! \\n\\nMUSIC PLAYING \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Eyes take in light, and turn that light into a message that gets sent to the brain. \\n\\nLUCITA: If that light doesnt get focused on the right spot, things will look blurry to you. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: But glasses or contacts can help focus the light coming into your eye so it hits the retina at the back of your eye. \\n\\nLUCITA: Eye doctors can help you figure out if you need glasses, whether youre a baby or an adult. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Thats it for this episode of Brains On! \\n\\nLUCITA: This episode was written and produced by-- \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Molly Bloom. \\n\\nLUCITA: It was also produced by-- \\n\\nROSE DUPONT: Rose Dupont. \\n\\nLUCITA: Our editors are-- \\n\\nSANDEN TOTTEN: Sanden Totten. \\n\\nLUCITA: And-- \\n\\nSHAHLA FARZAN: Shahla Farzan. \\n\\nLUCITA: Fact checking by-- \\n\\nJESS MILLER: Jess Miller. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: We had engineering help from Alex Simpson and Bill Simpkins with sound design by-- \\n\\nRACHEL BREES: Rachel Brees. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Original theme music by-- \\n\\nMARC SANCHEZ: Marc Sanchez. \\n\\nLUCITA: We had production help from the rest of the Brains On! Universe team. \\n\\nANNA GOLDFIELD: Anna Goldfield. \\n\\nNICO WISLER: Nico Gonzalez Wisler \\n\\nRUBY GUTHRIE: Ruby Guthrie. \\n\\nLAUREN HUMPERT: Lauren Humpert. \\n\\nJOSHUA RAY: Joshua Ray. \\n\\nMARC SANCHEZ: Marc Sanchez. \\n\\nCHARLOTTE TRAVER: Charlotte Traver. \\n\\nANNA WEGGEL: Anna Weggel. \\n\\nLUCITA: And-- \\n\\nARON WOLDESLASSIE: Aron Woldeslassie. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Beth Pearlman is our executive producer, and the executives in charge of APM Studios are Chandra Kavati and Joanne Griffith. Special thanks to Jesse Lou Galbreath. \\n\\nLUCITA: Brains On! is a nonprofit, public radio program. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: There are lots of ways to support the show. Subscribe to Brains On! Universe on YouTube, where you can watch animated versions of some of your favorite episodes, or head to brainson.org. \\n\\nLUCITA: While youre there, you can send us mystery sounds, drawings, and questions. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: OK, Lucita. Are you ready to hear the mystery sound again? \\n\\nLUCITA: Uh, honestly, no. But I will. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: OK, great. Thank you so much. Here it is. \\n\\nMYSTERY SOUND \\n\\nLUCITA: Im going to stick with my guesses. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: OK. \\n\\nLUCITA: A bee, a wind-up toy, or one of those, like, helicopter toys where you twist it back, and then like this. And then it goes. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: I love that. \\n\\nLUCITA: And-- or a robot bee. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: OK. I love that idea. I think both are great. Im pulling for the robot bee, though. OK, lets see what the answer is. \\n\\nBO: Hi. My names Bo. \\n\\nTAY: Hi. My names Tay. And were from Papamoa, New Zealand. \\n\\nBO: And that was the sound of a toy motorbike running on the ground. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Hey! \\n\\nLUCITA: I knew it. I knew it was something like winding up, and then going. \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Yeah. You were totally right on. Yeah, it was a toy winding up. \\n\\nLUCITA: Yes! \\n\\nMOLLY BLOOM: Very good. Now, I hope you wont be scared of mystery sounds anymore. \\n\\nTOY MOTORBIKE RUNNING \\n\\nNow its time for the Brains honor roll. These are the incredible kids who keep the show going with their questions, ideas, mystery sounds, drawings, and high fives. \\n\\nLISTING HONOR ROLL \\n\\nMUSIC PLAYING \\n\\nWell be back next week with an episode about why some of us have food allergies. \\n\\nLUCITA: Thanks for listening! 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And if you provide your address, you can even get some fun stuff in the mail.You must be a parent or teacher to sign up!,fanClubCardText:When you sign up, youll also get a printable Fan Club membership card for your curious kid!,soundboardAudio:{title:1 night,src:/soundboard-audio/brainson/1-night.mp3},{title:20,src:/soundboard-audio/brainson/20.mp3},{title:aagghoo,src:/soundboard-audio/brainson/aagghoo.mp3},{title:aliens,src:/soundboard-audio/brainson/aliens.mp3},{title:Australia,src:/soundboard-audio/brainson/australia.mp3},{title:dinosaurs,src:/soundboard-audio/brainson/dinosaurs.mp3},{title:do it,src:/soundboard-audio/brainson/do-it.mp3},{title:how are you,src:/soundboard-audio/brainson/how-are-you.mp3},{title:hungry,src:/soundboard-audio/brainson/hungry.mp3},{title:no deal,src:/soundboard-audio/brainson/no-deal.mp3},{title:refund,src:/soundboard-audio/brainson/refund.mp3},{title:what,src:/soundboard-audio/brainson/what.mp3},{title:why not,src:/soundboard-audio/brainson/why-not.mp3},footerLogo:APMStudiosLogo.png}}},page:/,query:{},buildId:h3WHZD8hNRuFri4YgjhJo,isFallback:false,gip:true,appGip:true,scriptLoader:}/script>/body>/html>
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Date
Domain
IP
www.brainson.org
2023-08-25
18.161.6.43
origin-www.brainson.org
2024-09-18
23.23.168.112
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