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HTTP/1.1 200 OKDate: Wed, 23 Oct 2024 21:33:06 GMTServer: ApacheUpgrade: h2,h2cConnection: UpgradeLast-Modified: Tue, 23 Apr 2024 17:09:46 GMTAccept-Ranges: bytesContent-Length: 43010Vary: Accept-EncodingContent-Type: text/html !doctype html public -//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en>html>head> meta http-equivContent-Type contenttext/html; charsetiso-8859-1> meta nameAuthor contentWilliam Hillman> meta nameGENERATOR contentMozilla/4.79 en (WinNT; U) Netscape> title>John Tyman Photo Journals/title>/head>body text#000000 bgcolor#FFCC99 link#000066 vlink#000066 alink#000066 backgroundbkpapyru.gif>center>font color#FFCC99>font size-2>./font>/font>/center>center>table BORDER8 WIDTH100% BGCOLOR#FFFFFF >tr>td BGCOLOR#999999>center>font color#999999>font size-2>./font>/font>a hrefhttps://www.johntyman.com/tyman02.jpg>img SRCtyman02s.jpg height360 width317>/a>br>b>font size-1>Dr. John Langton Tyman/font>/b>/center>/td>td>center>img SRClnclassic.gif height31 width223>br>b>font color#000099>font size+3>Dr. John Langton Tyman/font>/font>/b>br>b>font color#000099>font size+1>a hrefhttps://www.johntyman.com>www.johntyman.com/a>/font>/font>/b>br>b>font color#CC0000>font size+4>Cultures in Context/font>/font>/b>br>b>font color#000000>font size+1>a hrefhttps://www.johntyman.com/arctic/>ARCTIC/a>| a hrefhttps://www.johntyman.com/sawos/>NEW GUINEA/a> | a hrefhttps://www.johntyman.com/africa/>AFRICA/a>/font>/font>/b>br>b>font color#000000>font size+1>a hrefhttps://www.johntyman.com/nepal/>NEPAL/a>| a hrefhttps://www.johntyman.com/sahara/>SAHARA/a> | a hrefhttps://www.johntyman.com/bali/>BALI/a>| a hrefhttps://www.johntyman.com/peru>PERU/a>/font>/font>/b>p>b>font color#000099>font size+2>Photo Journals/font>/font>/b>br>b>i>font color#000066>font size+1>Inuit: People of the Arctic/font>/font>/i>/b>br>b>i>font color#003300>font size+1>Sawos: People of New Guinea/font>/font>/i>/b>br>b>i>font color#000066>font size+1>African Habitats: Forest,Grassland and Slum/font>/font>/i>/b>br>b>i>font color#000066>font size+1>Nepal: Environments and Traditions/font>/font>/i>/b>br>b>i>font color#000066>font size+1>Egypt and the Sahara/font>/font>/i>/b>br>b>i>font color#000066>font size+1>Bali: Ancient and Modern/font>/font>/i>/b>br>b>i>font color#000066>font size+1>Peru: Incas and PrehistoricCultures/font>/font>/i>/b>/center>/td>/tr>/table>/center>center>font color#FFCC99>./font>a hrefhttps://www.johntyman.com/oamb.jpg>img SRCoams.jpg height281 width437>/a>br>b>i>font color#000000>font size+1>a hrefhttps://www.johntyman.com/oamb.jpg>Clickfor full-size article HERE/a>/font>/font>/i>/b>/center>center>table BORDER5 COLS1 WIDTH80% BGCOLOR#FFFFFF >tr>td>center>b>font color#CC0000>font size+3>PAGE CONTENTS/font>/font>/b>br>b>font color#000066>font size+2>1. a href#purpose>CopyrightIssues and the Purpose of this Archive/a>/font>/font>/b>br>b>font color#000066>font size+2>2. a href#inuit>Portal One:Inuit, People of the Arctic/a>/font>/font>/b>br>b>font color#000066>font size+2>3. a href#sawos>Portal Two:Sawos, People of New Guinea/a>/font>/font>/b>br>b>font color#000066>font size+2>4. a href#africa>PortalThree: African Habitats/a>/font>/font>/b>br>b>font color#000066>font size+2>5. a href#nepal>Portal Four:Nepal Environments and Traditions/a>/font>/font>/b>br>b>font color#000066>font size+2>5. a href#sahara>PortalFive: Egypt and the Sahara/a>/font>/font>/b>br>b>font color#000066>font size+2>6. a href#6>Bali: Ancientand Modern/a>/font>/font>/b>br>b>font color#000066>font size+2>7. a href#peru>Peru: Incasand Prehistoric Cultures/a>/font>/font>/b>br>b>font color#000066>font size+2>8. a href#bio>John Tyman:Biography/a>/font>/font>/b>/center>/td>/tr>/table>/center>center>font color#FFCC99>../font>/center>center>table BORDER COLS1 WIDTH90% BGCOLOR#FFFFFF >tr>td>blockquote>center>font color#FFFFFF>font size-2>./font>/font>br>a NAMEpurpose>/a>b>font size+2>Copyright Issues and the Purposeof this Archive/font>/b>/center>font size+1>These studies are part of a series of units to be releasedprogressively. Most will consist of several hundred photos, a wide rangeof sound effects, recorded interviews, and in some cases video clips. Postedon the World Wide Web this material is free of any restriction as to copyrightwhen used in schools. /font>p>font size+1>Having completed his first school assignments on slates,the author is mindful of how things have changed and aims now to provideraw materials free of copyright restrictions which students can use world-widein the preparation of the power point presentations which are a featureof classrooms in the 21st Century./font>p>font size+1>He hopes that in the process of so doing, students willnot only value more highly the diversity of environments and peoples inthe wider world, but also learn to tolerate, even affirm, cultural differenceswithin their own community -- together with the need to reduce their environmentalfootprint. /font>p>font size+1>He hopes, too, that they will be able to produce assignmentsof which they can be justifiably proud. Photographs can of course be obtainedfrom a variety of sources: what makes this archive unique is the provisionof sounds to match. It is hoped that the sound effects will be of particularassistance in programs developed for b>visually impaired students/b>:and additional sound bites can be downloaded from the video extracts./font>p>font size+1>The only condition attached to the use of this materialin the classroom is the same as that which applies to any assignment whichdraws upon material produced by someone else – namely that students footnotetheir sources. /font>p>font size+1>Since the originals of the photographs taken in the Arcticand in New Guinea are now lodged in the Pitt Rivers Museum at Oxford, andthe low resolution copies included in this project are reproduced courtesyof the museum, a correct citation should read:/font>center>p>b>font size+1>Tyman, John. Inuit: People of the Arctic, /font>/b>br>b>font size+1>(or Tyman, John. Sawos: People of New Guinea,)/font>/b>br>b>font size+1>Bill Hillmans EduTech Research Project, atBrandon University, Canada, 2009. /font>/b>br>b>font size+1>Copyright the Pitt Rivers Museum at the Universityof Oxford. /font>/b>p>font size+1>Citations for the other units should identify the author(John Tyman), the title, /font>br>font size+1>and the Bill Hillmans Research Project, plus date,as above. /font>p>font size+1>Though schools and the like do not need permission touse any of this material, /font>br>font size+1>the author would be delighted to hear (via a hrefmailto:johntyman2@gmail.com>gmail/a>)from anyone who found it useful or has further questions./font>p>font size+1>Anyone interested in the commercial use of this materialshould contact: /font>br>font size+1>a hrefmailto:rights@prm.ox.ac.uk>rights@prm.ox.ac.uk/a>for photos of the Inuit and the Sawos and /font>br>font size+1> a hrefmailto:johntyman2@gmail.com>johntyman2@gmail.com/a> for all other materials./font>br>font size+1>Additional cultural material can be sourced easily viathe internet from a hrefhttp://www.prm.ox.ac.uk>www.prm.ox.ac.uk/a>/font>/center>/blockquote>/td>/tr>/table>/center>div alignright>b>a href#top>Top of the Page/a>/b>/div>center>font color#FFCC99>./font>br>a NAMEinuit>/a>b>font color#CC0000>font size+1>a hrefhttp://www.johntyman.com/arctic/>PortalOne/a>/font>/font>/b>br>b>font color#CC0000>font size+2>a hrefhttp://www.johntyman.com/arctic/>Inuit:People of the Arctic/a>/font>/font>/b>/center>center>table BORDER COLS1 WIDTH90% BGCOLOR#FFFFCC >tr>td>blockquote>center>font color#FFFFCC>font size-2>./font>/font>b>font size+3>Introductionto Inuit Portal/font>/b>/center>p>a hrefhttp://www.johntyman.com/arctic/>img SRCjlt01h2.jpg height144 width169 alignLEFT>/a>font size+1>Dr.Tyman lived with an Inuit family at what was then Spence Bay in the CanadianArctic for three periods, of between two and three months each, in 1988,1989 and 1990 – in spring, summer and winter. (To have lived there for9 months straight would have placed an unreasonable burden on his hosts,since looking after geriatric academics on the ice can be tiring if nottiresome!) He was fortunate enough to live with the family of Alookee andhis wife Anaoyok, both of whom are remarkably gifted. Alookee was not onlya great hunter, he was also celebrated as an artist, photographer, licensedlay preacher, church organist, and chairman of the local council. Anaoyokwas a gifted designer of Arctic clothing and had previously managed a co-operativethat received national acclaim for its production of the uniforms for Canada’sWinter Olympics. She was an expert practitioner of a variety of crafts,co-author of a book on Inuit Dolls, a pillar of the local church, an activemember of a range of community groups, and a generous host. This program,accordingly, is dedicated to them both, with thanksgiving. Hitherto theirstory has been shared only with children in Australia: now it can be appreciatedworldwide./font>p>font size+1>Since these materials were collected 20 years ago thepicture they present is necessarily dated, at least in part: so studentsare encouraged to use the Internet to ensure their presentations are upto date. Previously part of Canada’s Northwest Territories, the BoothiaPeninsula over which Alookee hunted is now part of a separate Inuit territoryknown as Nunavut, meaning “Our Land,” and the town of Spence Bay is nowknown as Taloyoak. With the change in government, the way services aredelivered has changed in part, and this has had a particular impact onthe quality of education. /font>p>a hrefhttp://www.johntyman.com/pics/tyman1.jpg>img SRCtyman1h2.jpg height144 width183 alignLEFT>/a>font size+1>Ofyet greater significance in the long-term have been the results of industrialexpansion further south and the impact of temperature changes world-wide.Global warming has resulted in thinner ice and more lives and vehicleslost. The clothes drying in frame 68 of the unit on Clothing and Shelterwere soaked when Alookee fell through the ice at a point where in yearsgone by it had always been safe to travel. While the thinning of riverice and the early break-up of pack ice at sea has interfered appreciablywith Inuit hunting in spring, it has had a devastating effect on the migrationof polar bears then. In addition the melting of the frozen subsoil (or“permafrost”) has left great scars on the tundra wherever heavy vehicleshave been used during the warmer months (destroying the plant cover), andhouses have collapsed in town when their foundations dissolved in mud.Pollutants generated by factories in North America, Europe and Asia havealso led to a dramatic increase in the contamination of Arctic waters;and both fish and seals are now so high in toxins that are a threat topublic health. /font>p>font size+1>And so it goes on! It is a perfect demonstration of thefact that we share just one earth and one atmosphere. We can no longerassume we can live in isolation from our neighbours. What they doaffects us, and what we do can have a disastrous impact on their way oflife – especially in an environment where the forces working for and againstthe survival of plants and animals, as well as human beings, have alwaysbeen delicately balanced. /font>center>font size+1> b>a hrefhttp://www.johntyman.com/arctic/>www.johntyman.com/arctic/a>/b>/font>/center>/blockquote>/td>/tr>/table>/center>div alignright>b>a href#top>Top of the Page/a>/b>/div>center>font color#FFCC99>./font>br>a NAMEsawos>/a>b>font color#CC0000>font size+1>a hrefhttp://www.johntyman.com/sawos/>PortalTwo/a>/font>/font>/b>br>b>font color#CC0000>font size+3>a hrefhttp://www.johntyman.com/sawos/>Sawos:People of New Guinea/a>/font>/font>/b>/center>center>table BORDER COLS1 WIDTH90% BGCOLOR#FFFFCC >tr>td>center>b>font size+2>Introduction to New Guinea Portal/font>/b>/center>blockquote>a hrefhttp://www.johntyman.com/tyman03.jpg>img SRCtyman03a.jpg height216 width177 alignLEFT>/a>font size+1>Ilived in the village of Torembi in north-western PNG for six months orso in total. I went there first in December-January of 1980-81 and returnedfor a similar period in 1981-82. I travelled there with a friend, an ethnomusicologist,staying in the haus kiap-- a building provided for visiting officials.The latter visited Torembi regularly in colonial days, but since independencethe governments representative has rarely been able to leave his officein Wewak. As a result the haus kiap was in urgent need of repair./font>p>font size+1>The people among whom we lived were hospitable and generousin the extreme, sharing with us food items of which they had only a limitedsupply. They also demonstrated a wonderful openness, and great patience,in sharing their stories with us (and ignoring my camera and tape recorder).Special thanks are due to Antonia Mungun, whom I hounded for days-on-endnon-stop -- from her bedside at dawn to her sago swamp, garden or marketplace; and back again! Lucas Mapat was my companion, guard and guide inthe bush in 1980-81 and 1981-82. And Norbert Tapi was our man in Torembiin 1994 … and later, in that he collected the original drafts of the legends. /font>p>font size+1>The highlight of our first visit was the dedication ofa new Spirit House in Torembi 2 (a once-in-a-lifetime experience) andthe photos of its opening all date from this time. Most of the photos ofdaily life were taken in December/January of 1980-81 and 1981-82. Additionalstill images were collected in 1994: and the videos were all taken in Juneof that year. All photos and recordings were taken in and around Torembi.The video images were captured using a borrowed Hi8 camera: the qualityis less than perfect but some of the sequences are unique. /font>p>a hrefhttp://www.johntyman.com/tyman04.jpg>img SRCtyman04a.jpg height216 width191 alignLEFT>/a>font size+1>Thepurpose of the return trip in 1994 was to resolve questions raised duringearlier trips: but it was also an opportunity to observe changes that hadtaken place. The saddest thing was the death in the meantime of severalof the big men we had come to know. (The life expectancy of men in PNGis just 54 years!) They were the custodians of much tribal tradition, includingmusic, and the community was impoverished by their loss -- since few youngmen had been properly initiated. /font>p>font size+1>Faster transport, with the bridging of the creeks to thenorth and the availability of a road open intermittently to 4WD vehicles,had allowed the importation of the beer which has undermined the socialfabric of communities elsewhere. Torembi is unlikely to suffer the degreeof violence experienced in the cities of PNG, but signs of stress wereobvious even then. I was not aware in 1994 of any cases of HIV infection,but there may well be some now, for in recent years the number of peoplewith AIDS in PNG has increased dramatically. /font>p>font size+1>There had also been occasions when a generator was broughtup-river on a motorized canoe, to allow for the presentation of moviesand TV shows on DVD. They, too, are bound to have an impact on traditionalvalues and culture. And these processes are likely to continue. /font>/blockquote>center>b>font size+1>View 600 photos illustrative of Village Life inNew Guinea/font>/b>br>b>font size+1>Listen to 100 Sound Recordings/font>/b>br>b>font size+1>And Study the Legends of the Sawos/font>/b>br>b>at /b>br>b>font size+1>a hrefhttp://www.johntyman.com/sawos/>www.johntyman.com/sawos/a>/font>/b>/center>/td>/tr>/table>/center>font color#FFCC99>./font>div alignright>b>a href#top>Top of the Page/a>/b>/div>font color#FFCC99>./font>center>a NAMEafrica>/a>b>font color#CC0000>font size+1>a hrefhttp://www.johntyman.com/africa/>PortalThree/a>/font>/font>/b>br>b>font color#000066>font size+2>a hrefhttp://www.johntyman.com/africa/>AfricanHabitats: Forest, Grassland and Slum/a>/font>/font>/b>/center>center>table BORDER COLS1 WIDTH90% BGCOLOR#FFFFCC >tr>td>center>b>font size+3>Introduction to Africa Portal/font>/b>br>b>i>font color#000000>font size+1>Studies of the Maasai, theLuhya, and Nairobis Urban Fringe/font>/font>/i>/b>/center>blockquote>center>a hrefhttp://www.johntyman.com/africa/john.jpg>img SRCjohnh3.jpg height216 width325>/a>/center>font size+1>This study of three different habitats in East Africa is,at one and the same time, the most dated and the most recent of the studiesof Cultures in Context posted on the World Wide Web. This is becausealthough almost all of the Samburu images, most photos of the Luyha, andall of the sound recordings, were collected in 1982, their story has beenupdated using photos and emailed information provided by faithful friends.My notes on the Luhya were checked and updated by Charles Mudanyi (nowliving in Busia) who has been a source of valuable information since Istayed with his family in 1982. He has also provided photos illustratingchanges that have been made since then./font>p>font size+1>The unit detailing life on the urban fringe of Nairobiis essentially the work of Olita Ogonjo. He took all the photos and laterexplained them to me. All I contributed was a camera or two and a listof the images I needed. The photographs he was able to collect reflectthe community’s trust in one who had long since identified himself withtheir just desire for improved living conditions. As a visitor from a verydifferent world I could not have taken them myself. And Olita was alsoable to update my coverage of conditions in northern Kenya among the Samburuand their neighbours – and provide additional pictures./font>p>font size+1>I flew to Kenya in August 1982 -- when the residencesof my university in Brisbane were commandeered for athletes competing inthe Commonwealth Games. I spent two months among pastoral tribes in thenorth, courtesy of the Rural Development Centre at Maralal, and visiteda number of Samburu settlements within walking distance of the town. Inthe account that follows the lines between the cultures of the Samburuin the north and the Maasai in the south have been blurred because theyhave so much in common./font>p>font size+1>I followed this up with two months in the Western Districtcourtesy of Richard Onganda, principal of the school at Ingotse and aformer student of mine in Canada. With his home as my base I was able tospend time with several different families, notably the Mudanyis. Afterthat I invested several rolls of film and a great deal of energy in documentingthe zonation of vegetation types on Mount Kenya (from tropical forest tosnow-capped peaks) before I left Kenya for the Sahara./font>center>p>b>font size+1>View 700 high resolution photos, each with descriptivetext. /font>/b>br>b>font size+1>Plus /font>/b>br>b>font size+1>KENYAN SOUND EFFECTS: 108 sound bytes with accompanyingtext./font>/b>br>b>font size+1>KENYAN FOLK TALES: Nine Traditional Stories/font>/b>br>b>font size+1>KENYAN COUNTRY FOODS /font>/b>br>b>font size+1>a hrefhttp://www.johntyman.com/africa/>www.johntyman.com/africa/a>/font>/b>/center>/blockquote>/td>/tr>/table>/center>div alignright>b>a href#top>Top of the Page/a>/b>/div>font color#FFCC99>./font>center>a NAMEnepal>/a>b>font color#000000>font size+1>Portal4/font>/font>/b>br>b>font color#000000>font size+2>a hrefhttp://www.johntyman.com/nepal/>NEPAL/a>/font>/font>/b>br>b>font color#000000>font size+2>a hrefhttp://www.johntyman.com/nepal/>Environmentsand Traditions/a>/font>/font>/b>/center>center>table BORDER COLS1 WIDTH90% BGCOLOR#FFFFCC >tr>td>blockquote>center>b>font size+3>Introduction to Nepal Portal/font>/b>p>img SRCn779s3.jpg height216 width324>/center>font size+1>This unit on Nepal is based on material collected duringtwo expeditions -- in 1986 and 1996 -- and on communications maintainedfor 25 years with a friend I met on my first trip./font>p>font size+1>In 1986 I joined a group of trekkers and, in the courseof a month’s walking, followed the valley of the Marsyangdi from Dumreon the road east of Pokhara to the river’s source at Phedi; then over theThorung La pass to Muktinath and the gorge of the Kaligandaki River whichwe followed as far as Tatopani. Here we left the gorge and, following tributariesof the Kaligandaki, cut across country via Ghorepani and Lumle tothe lake at Pokhara./font>p>font size+1>Most of the photos in included in b>“Part Two : Lifein the High Country”/b>, were taken during this period. So too were myearliest photos of land use in the Midlands and in the Kathmandu Valley,where I spent some time before I left the country. I had chosen to trekin November and December, when the summer monsoon was long past, visibilityhad improved, and rice and other summer crops were being harvested. Ourswas the last group to cross the Thorung La that year: it was snowing heavilyand the pass was closed by snow throughout the winter./font>p>font size+1> In the course of that trek I encountered a youngman walking beside the Kaligandaki with a gigantic copy of “Fowler’s EnglishUsage” under his arm. As is my wont I struck up a conversation with him,learning that he was then teaching English at a local high school-- and we have been friends ever since. When I returned to Nepal I livedwith him and his family -- first in the Midlands, then on the Plains./font>p>font size+1>My friend’s name is Gopal Sharma; and my coverage of b>“Lifein the Midlands”/b> and b>“Life on the Plains”/b> would not have beenpossible without his help and direction. He opened many doors and madeit possible for me to film conditions and events which I could never havedone on my own -- including the exercise of religious faith in a Hindusociety. I was there in the spring, at the time of the Little Dasain festival;and was able to attend religious ceremonies where I was the onlyperson who was not a member of the local community. I was able therebyto obtain photographs of events which are seen by few “outsiders” -- with /font>br>font size+1>Gopal serving sometimes as my cameraman. The sound recordingsand video clips all date from this second trip, that is from 1996./font>p>font size+1>The 33 video clips provide a varied (and in several cases,I believe, unique) window upon life in Nepal at a time when its era asa Hindu kingdom was drawing to a close. But there were (andare) inevitable limitations. My coverage of family life is detailed butmakes no claim to be comprehensive. My friend is a Brahman, and the behavioursI observed are, therefore, representative of just one of the many culturalgroups, and sub-groups, which make up the population of Nepal. In otherwords, in this study I have, inevitably, done no more than scratch thesurface of reality in a country which must surely rate as one of the world’srichest countries culturally ... as well as the most beautiful!/font>center>p>b>font size+1>View 778 high resolution photos, each with descriptivetext./font>/b>br>b>font size+1>Plus /font>/b>br>b>font size+1>33 Videos and 103 Sound Effects/font>/b>br>b>font size+1>a hrefhttp://www.johntyman.com/nepal/>www.johntyman.com/nepal/a>/font>/b>/center>/blockquote>/td>/tr>/table>/center>div alignright>b>a href#top>Top of the Page/a>/b>/div>center>p>br>a NAMEsahara>/a>b>font size+1>Portal 5/font>/b>br>b>font color#663300>font size+2>a hrefhttp://www.johntyman.com/sahara/>EGYPTand the SAHARA/a>/font>/font>/b>/center>center>table BORDER COLS1 WIDTH90% BGCOLOR#FFFFCC >tr>td>blockquote>center>b>font size+3>Introduction to Sahara Portal/font>/b>br>a hrefhttp://www.johntyman.com/sahara/>img SRCs238s3.jpg height216 width324>/a>/center>font size+1>This unit is based on material collected in the course ofexpeditions twenty years apart ... the first in the (northern) winter of1982/83 and the second in the winter of 2003 ... supplemented by internetimages of people and events which the author was not able to witness. Inboth cases he was fortunate enough to be traveling at times of relativestability, in a region which in recent years has been wracked by politicalunrest and terrorist attacks./font>p>font size+1>Travel in hot deserts is, of course, best scheduled inthe cooler part of the year. It is also something which few people do alone.The greater bulk of the Saharan images were collected in 1982/83, whenthe author joined an expedition organized by an English company. They usedan old 4WD truck that had seen service in the British Army during the war... plus sand mats! At that time Libya was closed (also Mali forall intents and purposes) but both Tunisia and Algeria were open. The expeditiontravelled (mostly overland) from north to south across Algeria roughlyparallel to the Libyan border as far as Djanet and the Tuareg. They nextheaded west to Tamanrasset, and then followed the road north via In Salahand Ghardaia to the departure lounge of the airport in Tunis. Negotiatingborder crossings was always an occasion for concern on the part of travelersbut not physically dangerous then./font>p>font size+1>The author’s visit to Egypt was arranged through “ImaginativeTraveller” in the UK, in 2003. The terrorist attack on tourists atKarnak some years before had reduced the flow of tourists to a trickle.There were armed police everywhere but it was possible to travel the lengthand breadth of the country. The author joined a small group as before,but was able to leave them for a few days in the Sinai to live in the Bedouincommunity at Ain Khudra. Since then, of course, travel in Egypt has beennext to impossible -- with the return to political instability and terrorism./font>p>font size+1>The author’s North African experience differs from thatillustrated in previous Web Page units in that Islamic provisions regardingthe separation of women made it impossible for him to live within familiesas before. Activities outside a family’s house or tent were open for inclusionin a photographic record, but nothing inside. Hospitality is still a functionof life in the desert but there are limits to what a man may witness and/orrecord on film./font>p>font size+1>Lastly, since many of the settlements visited are toosmall to appear in atlases, maps have been provided showing the locationof places visited and illustrated in the photographic record that follows./font>center>p>font size+1> b>a hrefhttp://www.johntyman.com/sahara/>www.johntyman.com/sahara/a>/b>/font>/center>/blockquote>/td>/tr>/table>/center>div alignright>b>a href#top>Top of the Page/a>/b>/div>center>a NAME6>/a>b>font size+1>Portal 6/font>/b>br>b>font size+3>a hrefhttp://www.johntyman.com/peru>Bali: Ancientand Modern/a>/font>/b>/center>center>table BORDER5 COLS1 WIDTH90% BGCOLOR#FFFFCC >tr>td>blockquote>center>b>font size+3>Introduction to Bali Portal/font>/b>br>a hrefhttp://www.johntyman.com/bali/johnbali.jpg>img SRCjohnbalih5.jpg height360 width276>/a>/center>b>font size+1>This study of a traditional lifestyle under threat is,at one and the same time, one of the most dated and the most recent ofthe studies of Cultures in Context posted on the World Wide Web. Thisis because all of the images were collected during a short holiday in 1984.They were used during my visits to schools, but were not scanned for internetuse till recently./font>/b>p>b>font size+1> In recent years Bali has sometimes received negativetreatment in news broadcasts. Ash clouds from its volcanoes have shut downthe airport. People carrying drugs have been executed (by the Indonesiangovernment). And in the minds of many travellers there remains still thememory of the “Bali Bombings” of 2002 … in the tourist district of Kuta,when 202 people were killed and 209 injured. And while these deaths werestill fresh in the minds of survivors, a further 20 people were killedand more than a hundred injured in suicide bomb attacks in 2005. Such atrocitieshad nothing whatever to do with the traditional values of Bali, but werethe work of Islamic terrorists from elsewhere in Indonesia. The numberof tourists dropped significantly in the following years but soon recovered,and includes a rapidly expanding group from China./font>/b>p>b>font size+1> In recent decades Bali has received an influxof Muslims from other parts of Indonesia. In the year 2000 scarcely morethan 10% of the island’s permanent population were Muslims. By 2010 itwas 15%, and in some districts much higher. Such a change is bound to influencethe way of life of Bali’s people, and generate tensions between Hindu andMuslim residents./font>/b>p>b>font size+1> The economy depends almost wholly on tourism,and tourist numbers are highly sensitive to social unrest. Muslims are,nevertheless, the biggest single category of visitors to the island, andthe great Muslim holiday of Eid al-Fitr is Balis busiest time, with visitorsfrom Java and elsewhere jamming the islands accommodation. In addition,a lot of management expertise and investment in tourist infrastructureis in the hands of Muslims … and the profits accordingly moved off-shore./font>/b>p>b>font size+1> In 1984 when I was there such developments wouldhave been unimaginable. There were sizeable hotels and night clubsat beach resorts, but inland from the coast the day-to-day life of thepeople had much in common still with the values and practices of theirancestors. Today the greatest threat to their traditional life style isnot the number of Muslim residents but the massive influx of tourists,and the alien practices of the five-star world, and a totally differentvalue system … highlighted now by the development of a “Trump” golf courseand six star resort overlooking one of Bali’s holiest shrines … Tanah Lot./font>/b>p>b>font size+1> I personally have no wish to return to Bali butI’m sure it is still worth a visit./font>/b>center>p>b>font size+1>a hrefhttp://www.johntyman.com/bali>www.johntyman.com/bali/a>/font>/b>/center>/blockquote>/td>/tr>/table>/center>div alignright>b>a href#top>Top of the Page/a>/b>/div>center>a NAMEperu>/a>b>font size+2>Portal 7/font>/b>br>b>font size+3>a hrefhttp://www.johntyman.com/peru>PERU/a>/font>/b>br>b>font size+3>a hrefhttp://www.johntyman.com/peru>Incas andPrehistoric Cultures/a>/font>/b>/center>center>table BORDER5 COLS1 WIDTH90% BGCOLOR#FFFFCC >tr>td>blockquote>center>b>font size+3>Introduction to Peru Portal/font>/b>br>a hrefhttp://www.johntyman.com/johnpennyperu.jpg>img SRCjohnpennyperu5.jpg height360 width498>/a>br>b>At 5,300 metres on Chacaltaya/b>/center>b>font size+1>In 2007 my wife and I travelled by 4WD (with a guide anda driver) throughout the greater part of Peru: and this unit is a productof the materials I collected then … some of them anyway! Though I did takethousands of photographs there were inevitable gaps in my coverage. Accordingly,I have had to use a variety of images from other sources under CreativeCommons arrangements, particularly so in the case of the Moche. Where Ihave used photos taken by others I have acknowledged each one. I own norights to such photos, whereas the rest, taken by myself, can be downloadedfree of charge for non-commercial use./font>/b>p>b>font size+1>In preparing the notes to accompany the text I havemade much use of:/font>/b>p>b>font size+1>Guaman Poma; “New Chronicle and Good Government”, reflectingconditions in South America following the Spanish conquest. Printed in2005 by Andean World, copyright CRC Productions, Cuzco. (i>Poma himself,who lived between 1535 & 1615, said of his work: “On reading this book,some will weep, some will laugh, some will commit it to God, others throughfury will want to destroy it. A few will want to have it in their hands”./i>)/font>/b>p>b>font size+1>Justo Caceres Macedo, “Prehispanic Cultures of Peru”.Lima, 2007./font>/b>p>b>font size+1>Rebecca Stone-Miller, “Art of the Andes”. London: Thamesand Hudson, 1995. ISBN 0-500-20363-6./font>/b>p>b>font size+1>Adriana von Hagen & Craig Morris, “The Cities ofthe Ancient Andes”. London: Thames and Hudson, 1998. ISBN 0-500-05086-4./font>/b>p>b>font size+1>Federico Kaufmann Doig, “Ancestors of the Incas”. Printedin Peru by Serinsa, 2005. ISBN 9972-33-165-2./font>/b>p>b>font size+1>Garcilaso Inca de la Vega, “The Royal Commentariesof the Inca”. New York: Harper Collins, 1964. ISBN 1-85902-397-4./font>/b>p>b>font size+1>Association Amigos del Museo de Sipan, “Museo TumbasReales de Sipan”. i>A guidebook to the museum/i>, 2005./font>/b>center>p>b>font size+2>a hrefhttp://www.johntyman.com/peru>www.johntyman.com/peru/a>/font>/b>/center>/blockquote>/td>/tr>/table>/center>div alignright>b>a href#top>Top of the Page/a>/b>/div>br> center>table BORDER5 WIDTH90% BGCOLOR#FFFFCC >tr>td>blockquote>center>font color#FFFFCC>.a NAMEbio>/a>/font>b>font size+3>JohnTyman Biography /font>/b>br>a hrefhttp://www.johntyman.com/tyman01.jpg>img SRCtyman01a.jpg height216 width178>/a>/center>font size+1>John Tyman was born in England and after service in the Britisharmy and study at Oxford University he moved to Canada in 1959, first toMcGill University in Montreal and then to Brandon, Manitoba, where he establishedthe Department of Geography in 1962. His particular academic interest thenwas historical and cultural geography, and his doctoral thesis at Oxfordexamined processes at work in pioneer settlement, on the Prairies in generaland Western Manitoba in particular. Serving as Dean of Science in 1974and 1975 he then moved to Australia, which he had visited previously ona post-doctoral fellowship from the Canada Council (lecturing at universitiesin Perth and Townsville)./font>p>font size+1>In Australia John was employed initially as PrincipalLecturer in Social Studies and Head of the Division of Humanities at theMount Gravatt Campus of the Brisbane College of Advanced Education. Hewas later appointed associate professor of education at Griffith University,and between 1976 and 1990 was involved in the training of teachers -- sharingwith trainees his enthusiasm both for the study of other cultures and forways to communicate this enthusiasm in the classroom. During this timehe indulged his interest in indigenous societies by living for extendedperiods of time with ordinary families in a range of environments – fromthe snowy wastes of the Arctic to the Equatorial rainforests of Papua NewGuinea, and from the snow-capped peaks of the Himalayas to windswept saltpans (below sea level) in the Sahara. In so doing he wanted to experiencefirst-hand the realities of daily living under often difficult conditionsand, using a variety of cameras and tape recorders, to produce “snapshots”of evolving societies at a particular point in time. The aim of these portals,in consequence, is to provide both students and teachers with samples drawnfrom the enormous volume of material he collected during those years, andto do so in a form which they can actually use./font>p>font size+1>John “retired” from Griffith University in December 1990,and thereafter toured schools in Queensland and New South Wales for 15years. He was employed initially as a Religious Education Consultant, andinvested much energy in improving the status of faiths other than Christianityin the classrooms of a multicultural society. Frustrated by red tape anda plethora of committee meetings, however, he left the Department of Educationa year later. He was then licensed to tour schools with an independentresource program aimed at bridging racial and religious divides and developingcross-cultural understanding. Drawing upon the audio-visual material hehad collected over the years and a vast collection of artifacts, he offeredprograms that were both interactive and multi-sensory -- demonstratingthe principle he had expounded at teacher’s college, that the best lessonsare always orgies … in which all the senses are involved!/font>p>font size+1>He was on the road for 14 years with a van crammed withteaching materials. During that time he drove over half a million kilometresand taught 300,000 children. Schools were invited to chose from a repertoireof “Cultures in Context” (Inuit, Maasai, Bedouin etc.) but the underlyingmessage was always the same: /font>blockquote>font size+1>1. That people differ in the way they order theirlives and in the things they value most;/font>br>font size+1>2. That there is usually a good reason why people indifferent natural and human settings do things differently. For example,the term Eskimo, meaning eater of raw flesh, was invented by Indiantribes living in forests further south. Most of us would also considereating raw meat a trifle bizarre: but if you have no firewood because itis too cold for trees (as it is in the Arctic) it makes sense./font>br>font size+1>3. Ones capacity for tolerance, therefore, grows inaccordance with one’s depth of understanding; whereas prejudice is nourishedby ignorance and fear of the unknown./font>br>font size+1>4. All people, regardless of how different they may appearto be, actually have much in common. We are all human beings, living onthe self-same planet, and we must learn to live together./font>/blockquote>font size+1>A radical lay preacher for 40 years (vilified in Brandonfor championing the cause of its Indian and Metis peoples) he was ordainedan Anglican priest some years back and has charge of a country church innorthern New South Wales, where he is again trying to bridge divides betweendifferent faiths. Between times now he struggles to identify the thousandsof photos he is cataloguing for inclusion in Professor Hillmans archive… before he loses his mind completely! When he was appointed Dean of Scienceat Brandon long ago, he was warned by his predecessor that old deans neverdie, they just lose their faculties./font>/blockquote>/td>/tr>/table>/center>div alignright>font color#FFCC99>../font>b>a href#top>Top ofthe Page/a>/b>/div>center>font color#FFCC99>./font>img SRClnclassic.gif height31 width223>br>b>font color#CC0000>font size+2>Cultures in Context Contents/font>/font>/b>br>b>font color#000000>font size+2>a hrefhttps://www.johntyman.com/arctic/>ARCTIC/a>| a hrefhttps://www.johntyman.com/sawos/>NEW GUINEA/a> | a hrefhttps://www.johntyman.com/africa/>AFRICA/a>| a hrefhttps://www.johntyman.com/nepal/>NEPAL/a> | a hrefhttps://www.johntyman.com/sahara/>SAHARA/a>| a hrefhttps://www.johntyman.com/bali/>BALI/a> | a hrefhttps://www.johntyman.com/peru/>PERU/a>/font>/font>/b>p>a hrefhttp://www.tes.co.uk/teaching-resources>img SRCtes.jpg height85 width159>/a>br>b>a hrefhttp://www.tes.co.uk/teaching-resources>www.tes.co.uk/teaching-resources/a>/b>br>font color#FFCC99>./font>br>a hrefhttps://www.hillmanweb.com/>img SRCbackbam6.jpg height43 width64>/a>a hrefhttp://www.hillmanweb.com/bu/research/>img SRChomebam8.jpg height58 width86>/a>a hrefhttps://www.johntyman.com/arctic/>img SRCnextbam6.jpg height43 width65>/a>p>img SRClnprim.gif height36 width479>br>b>font color#000066>font size-1>Text, photos and recordingsby John Tyman/font>/font>/b>br>b>font color#000066>font size-1>Intended for Educational UseOnly./font>/font>/b>br>b>font color#000066>font size-1>Copyright Pitt Rivers Museum,Oxford University, 2011/2014/2023/font>/font>/b>br>b>font color#000066>font size+1>Contact a hrefmailto:johntyman2@gmail.com>Dr.John Tyman/a> for information regarding public or commercial use./font>/font>/b>br>img SRClnprim.gif height36 width479>br>b>font color#CC0000>font size-2>Photo processing, Web page layout,formatting, and complementary research by/font>/font>/b>br>b>font color#CC0000>font size-2>a hrefmailto:hillmans@wcgwave.ca>WilliamHillman/a> ~ a hrefhttps://www.hillmanweb.com/>www.hillmanweb.com/a>/font>/font>/b>br>b>font color#CC0000>font size-2>Faculty of Education ~ BrandonUniversity ~ Brandon, Manitoba ~ Canada/font>/font>/b>/center>p>br>/body>/html>
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HTTP/1.1 200 OKDate: Wed, 23 Oct 2024 21:33:06 GMTServer: ApacheUpgrade: h2,h2cConnection: UpgradeLast-Modified: Tue, 23 Apr 2024 17:09:46 GMTAccept-Ranges: bytesContent-Length: 43010Vary: Accept-EncodingContent-Type: text/html !doctype html public -//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en>html>head> meta http-equivContent-Type contenttext/html; charsetiso-8859-1> meta nameAuthor contentWilliam Hillman> meta nameGENERATOR contentMozilla/4.79 en (WinNT; U) Netscape> title>John Tyman Photo Journals/title>/head>body text#000000 bgcolor#FFCC99 link#000066 vlink#000066 alink#000066 backgroundbkpapyru.gif>center>font color#FFCC99>font size-2>./font>/font>/center>center>table BORDER8 WIDTH100% BGCOLOR#FFFFFF >tr>td BGCOLOR#999999>center>font color#999999>font size-2>./font>/font>a hrefhttps://www.johntyman.com/tyman02.jpg>img SRCtyman02s.jpg height360 width317>/a>br>b>font size-1>Dr. John Langton Tyman/font>/b>/center>/td>td>center>img SRClnclassic.gif height31 width223>br>b>font color#000099>font size+3>Dr. John Langton Tyman/font>/font>/b>br>b>font color#000099>font size+1>a hrefhttps://www.johntyman.com>www.johntyman.com/a>/font>/font>/b>br>b>font color#CC0000>font size+4>Cultures in Context/font>/font>/b>br>b>font color#000000>font size+1>a hrefhttps://www.johntyman.com/arctic/>ARCTIC/a>| a hrefhttps://www.johntyman.com/sawos/>NEW GUINEA/a> | a hrefhttps://www.johntyman.com/africa/>AFRICA/a>/font>/font>/b>br>b>font color#000000>font size+1>a hrefhttps://www.johntyman.com/nepal/>NEPAL/a>| a hrefhttps://www.johntyman.com/sahara/>SAHARA/a> | a hrefhttps://www.johntyman.com/bali/>BALI/a>| a hrefhttps://www.johntyman.com/peru>PERU/a>/font>/font>/b>p>b>font color#000099>font size+2>Photo Journals/font>/font>/b>br>b>i>font color#000066>font size+1>Inuit: People of the Arctic/font>/font>/i>/b>br>b>i>font color#003300>font size+1>Sawos: People of New Guinea/font>/font>/i>/b>br>b>i>font color#000066>font size+1>African Habitats: Forest,Grassland and Slum/font>/font>/i>/b>br>b>i>font color#000066>font size+1>Nepal: Environments and Traditions/font>/font>/i>/b>br>b>i>font color#000066>font size+1>Egypt and the Sahara/font>/font>/i>/b>br>b>i>font color#000066>font size+1>Bali: Ancient and Modern/font>/font>/i>/b>br>b>i>font color#000066>font size+1>Peru: Incas and PrehistoricCultures/font>/font>/i>/b>/center>/td>/tr>/table>/center>center>font color#FFCC99>./font>a hrefhttps://www.johntyman.com/oamb.jpg>img SRCoams.jpg height281 width437>/a>br>b>i>font color#000000>font size+1>a hrefhttps://www.johntyman.com/oamb.jpg>Clickfor full-size article HERE/a>/font>/font>/i>/b>/center>center>table BORDER5 COLS1 WIDTH80% BGCOLOR#FFFFFF >tr>td>center>b>font color#CC0000>font size+3>PAGE CONTENTS/font>/font>/b>br>b>font color#000066>font size+2>1. a href#purpose>CopyrightIssues and the Purpose of this Archive/a>/font>/font>/b>br>b>font color#000066>font size+2>2. a href#inuit>Portal One:Inuit, People of the Arctic/a>/font>/font>/b>br>b>font color#000066>font size+2>3. a href#sawos>Portal Two:Sawos, People of New Guinea/a>/font>/font>/b>br>b>font color#000066>font size+2>4. a href#africa>PortalThree: African Habitats/a>/font>/font>/b>br>b>font color#000066>font size+2>5. a href#nepal>Portal Four:Nepal Environments and Traditions/a>/font>/font>/b>br>b>font color#000066>font size+2>5. a href#sahara>PortalFive: Egypt and the Sahara/a>/font>/font>/b>br>b>font color#000066>font size+2>6. a href#6>Bali: Ancientand Modern/a>/font>/font>/b>br>b>font color#000066>font size+2>7. a href#peru>Peru: Incasand Prehistoric Cultures/a>/font>/font>/b>br>b>font color#000066>font size+2>8. a href#bio>John Tyman:Biography/a>/font>/font>/b>/center>/td>/tr>/table>/center>center>font color#FFCC99>../font>/center>center>table BORDER COLS1 WIDTH90% BGCOLOR#FFFFFF >tr>td>blockquote>center>font color#FFFFFF>font size-2>./font>/font>br>a NAMEpurpose>/a>b>font size+2>Copyright Issues and the Purposeof this Archive/font>/b>/center>font size+1>These studies are part of a series of units to be releasedprogressively. Most will consist of several hundred photos, a wide rangeof sound effects, recorded interviews, and in some cases video clips. Postedon the World Wide Web this material is free of any restriction as to copyrightwhen used in schools. /font>p>font size+1>Having completed his first school assignments on slates,the author is mindful of how things have changed and aims now to provideraw materials free of copyright restrictions which students can use world-widein the preparation of the power point presentations which are a featureof classrooms in the 21st Century./font>p>font size+1>He hopes that in the process of so doing, students willnot only value more highly the diversity of environments and peoples inthe wider world, but also learn to tolerate, even affirm, cultural differenceswithin their own community -- together with the need to reduce their environmentalfootprint. /font>p>font size+1>He hopes, too, that they will be able to produce assignmentsof which they can be justifiably proud. Photographs can of course be obtainedfrom a variety of sources: what makes this archive unique is the provisionof sounds to match. It is hoped that the sound effects will be of particularassistance in programs developed for b>visually impaired students/b>:and additional sound bites can be downloaded from the video extracts./font>p>font size+1>The only condition attached to the use of this materialin the classroom is the same as that which applies to any assignment whichdraws upon material produced by someone else – namely that students footnotetheir sources. /font>p>font size+1>Since the originals of the photographs taken in the Arcticand in New Guinea are now lodged in the Pitt Rivers Museum at Oxford, andthe low resolution copies included in this project are reproduced courtesyof the museum, a correct citation should read:/font>center>p>b>font size+1>Tyman, John. Inuit: People of the Arctic, /font>/b>br>b>font size+1>(or Tyman, John. Sawos: People of New Guinea,)/font>/b>br>b>font size+1>Bill Hillmans EduTech Research Project, atBrandon University, Canada, 2009. /font>/b>br>b>font size+1>Copyright the Pitt Rivers Museum at the Universityof Oxford. /font>/b>p>font size+1>Citations for the other units should identify the author(John Tyman), the title, /font>br>font size+1>and the Bill Hillmans Research Project, plus date,as above. /font>p>font size+1>Though schools and the like do not need permission touse any of this material, /font>br>font size+1>the author would be delighted to hear (via a hrefmailto:johntyman2@gmail.com>gmail/a>)from anyone who found it useful or has further questions./font>p>font size+1>Anyone interested in the commercial use of this materialshould contact: /font>br>font size+1>a hrefmailto:rights@prm.ox.ac.uk>rights@prm.ox.ac.uk/a>for photos of the Inuit and the Sawos and /font>br>font size+1> a hrefmailto:johntyman2@gmail.com>johntyman2@gmail.com/a> for all other materials./font>br>font size+1>Additional cultural material can be sourced easily viathe internet from a hrefhttp://www.prm.ox.ac.uk>www.prm.ox.ac.uk/a>/font>/center>/blockquote>/td>/tr>/table>/center>div alignright>b>a href#top>Top of the Page/a>/b>/div>center>font color#FFCC99>./font>br>a NAMEinuit>/a>b>font color#CC0000>font size+1>a hrefhttp://www.johntyman.com/arctic/>PortalOne/a>/font>/font>/b>br>b>font color#CC0000>font size+2>a hrefhttp://www.johntyman.com/arctic/>Inuit:People of the Arctic/a>/font>/font>/b>/center>center>table BORDER COLS1 WIDTH90% BGCOLOR#FFFFCC >tr>td>blockquote>center>font color#FFFFCC>font size-2>./font>/font>b>font size+3>Introductionto Inuit Portal/font>/b>/center>p>a hrefhttp://www.johntyman.com/arctic/>img SRCjlt01h2.jpg height144 width169 alignLEFT>/a>font size+1>Dr.Tyman lived with an Inuit family at what was then Spence Bay in the CanadianArctic for three periods, of between two and three months each, in 1988,1989 and 1990 – in spring, summer and winter. (To have lived there for9 months straight would have placed an unreasonable burden on his hosts,since looking after geriatric academics on the ice can be tiring if nottiresome!) He was fortunate enough to live with the family of Alookee andhis wife Anaoyok, both of whom are remarkably gifted. Alookee was not onlya great hunter, he was also celebrated as an artist, photographer, licensedlay preacher, church organist, and chairman of the local council. Anaoyokwas a gifted designer of Arctic clothing and had previously managed a co-operativethat received national acclaim for its production of the uniforms for Canada’sWinter Olympics. She was an expert practitioner of a variety of crafts,co-author of a book on Inuit Dolls, a pillar of the local church, an activemember of a range of community groups, and a generous host. This program,accordingly, is dedicated to them both, with thanksgiving. Hitherto theirstory has been shared only with children in Australia: now it can be appreciatedworldwide./font>p>font size+1>Since these materials were collected 20 years ago thepicture they present is necessarily dated, at least in part: so studentsare encouraged to use the Internet to ensure their presentations are upto date. Previously part of Canada’s Northwest Territories, the BoothiaPeninsula over which Alookee hunted is now part of a separate Inuit territoryknown as Nunavut, meaning “Our Land,” and the town of Spence Bay is nowknown as Taloyoak. With the change in government, the way services aredelivered has changed in part, and this has had a particular impact onthe quality of education. /font>p>a hrefhttp://www.johntyman.com/pics/tyman1.jpg>img SRCtyman1h2.jpg height144 width183 alignLEFT>/a>font size+1>Ofyet greater significance in the long-term have been the results of industrialexpansion further south and the impact of temperature changes world-wide.Global warming has resulted in thinner ice and more lives and vehicleslost. The clothes drying in frame 68 of the unit on Clothing and Shelterwere soaked when Alookee fell through the ice at a point where in yearsgone by it had always been safe to travel. While the thinning of riverice and the early break-up of pack ice at sea has interfered appreciablywith Inuit hunting in spring, it has had a devastating effect on the migrationof polar bears then. In addition the melting of the frozen subsoil (or“permafrost”) has left great scars on the tundra wherever heavy vehicleshave been used during the warmer months (destroying the plant cover), andhouses have collapsed in town when their foundations dissolved in mud.Pollutants generated by factories in North America, Europe and Asia havealso led to a dramatic increase in the contamination of Arctic waters;and both fish and seals are now so high in toxins that are a threat topublic health. /font>p>font size+1>And so it goes on! It is a perfect demonstration of thefact that we share just one earth and one atmosphere. We can no longerassume we can live in isolation from our neighbours. What they doaffects us, and what we do can have a disastrous impact on their way oflife – especially in an environment where the forces working for and againstthe survival of plants and animals, as well as human beings, have alwaysbeen delicately balanced. /font>center>font size+1> b>a hrefhttp://www.johntyman.com/arctic/>www.johntyman.com/arctic/a>/b>/font>/center>/blockquote>/td>/tr>/table>/center>div alignright>b>a href#top>Top of the Page/a>/b>/div>center>font color#FFCC99>./font>br>a NAMEsawos>/a>b>font color#CC0000>font size+1>a hrefhttp://www.johntyman.com/sawos/>PortalTwo/a>/font>/font>/b>br>b>font color#CC0000>font size+3>a hrefhttp://www.johntyman.com/sawos/>Sawos:People of New Guinea/a>/font>/font>/b>/center>center>table BORDER COLS1 WIDTH90% BGCOLOR#FFFFCC >tr>td>center>b>font size+2>Introduction to New Guinea Portal/font>/b>/center>blockquote>a hrefhttp://www.johntyman.com/tyman03.jpg>img SRCtyman03a.jpg height216 width177 alignLEFT>/a>font size+1>Ilived in the village of Torembi in north-western PNG for six months orso in total. I went there first in December-January of 1980-81 and returnedfor a similar period in 1981-82. I travelled there with a friend, an ethnomusicologist,staying in the haus kiap-- a building provided for visiting officials.The latter visited Torembi regularly in colonial days, but since independencethe governments representative has rarely been able to leave his officein Wewak. As a result the haus kiap was in urgent need of repair./font>p>font size+1>The people among whom we lived were hospitable and generousin the extreme, sharing with us food items of which they had only a limitedsupply. They also demonstrated a wonderful openness, and great patience,in sharing their stories with us (and ignoring my camera and tape recorder).Special thanks are due to Antonia Mungun, whom I hounded for days-on-endnon-stop -- from her bedside at dawn to her sago swamp, garden or marketplace; and back again! Lucas Mapat was my companion, guard and guide inthe bush in 1980-81 and 1981-82. And Norbert Tapi was our man in Torembiin 1994 … and later, in that he collected the original drafts of the legends. /font>p>font size+1>The highlight of our first visit was the dedication ofa new Spirit House in Torembi 2 (a once-in-a-lifetime experience) andthe photos of its opening all date from this time. Most of the photos ofdaily life were taken in December/January of 1980-81 and 1981-82. Additionalstill images were collected in 1994: and the videos were all taken in Juneof that year. All photos and recordings were taken in and around Torembi.The video images were captured using a borrowed Hi8 camera: the qualityis less than perfect but some of the sequences are unique. /font>p>a hrefhttp://www.johntyman.com/tyman04.jpg>img SRCtyman04a.jpg height216 width191 alignLEFT>/a>font size+1>Thepurpose of the return trip in 1994 was to resolve questions raised duringearlier trips: but it was also an opportunity to observe changes that hadtaken place. The saddest thing was the death in the meantime of severalof the big men we had come to know. (The life expectancy of men in PNGis just 54 years!) They were the custodians of much tribal tradition, includingmusic, and the community was impoverished by their loss -- since few youngmen had been properly initiated. /font>p>font size+1>Faster transport, with the bridging of the creeks to thenorth and the availability of a road open intermittently to 4WD vehicles,had allowed the importation of the beer which has undermined the socialfabric of communities elsewhere. Torembi is unlikely to suffer the degreeof violence experienced in the cities of PNG, but signs of stress wereobvious even then. I was not aware in 1994 of any cases of HIV infection,but there may well be some now, for in recent years the number of peoplewith AIDS in PNG has increased dramatically. /font>p>font size+1>There had also been occasions when a generator was broughtup-river on a motorized canoe, to allow for the presentation of moviesand TV shows on DVD. They, too, are bound to have an impact on traditionalvalues and culture. And these processes are likely to continue. /font>/blockquote>center>b>font size+1>View 600 photos illustrative of Village Life inNew Guinea/font>/b>br>b>font size+1>Listen to 100 Sound Recordings/font>/b>br>b>font size+1>And Study the Legends of the Sawos/font>/b>br>b>at /b>br>b>font size+1>a hrefhttp://www.johntyman.com/sawos/>www.johntyman.com/sawos/a>/font>/b>/center>/td>/tr>/table>/center>font color#FFCC99>./font>div alignright>b>a href#top>Top of the Page/a>/b>/div>font color#FFCC99>./font>center>a NAMEafrica>/a>b>font color#CC0000>font size+1>a hrefhttp://www.johntyman.com/africa/>PortalThree/a>/font>/font>/b>br>b>font color#000066>font size+2>a hrefhttp://www.johntyman.com/africa/>AfricanHabitats: Forest, Grassland and Slum/a>/font>/font>/b>/center>center>table BORDER COLS1 WIDTH90% BGCOLOR#FFFFCC >tr>td>center>b>font size+3>Introduction to Africa Portal/font>/b>br>b>i>font color#000000>font size+1>Studies of the Maasai, theLuhya, and Nairobis Urban Fringe/font>/font>/i>/b>/center>blockquote>center>a hrefhttp://www.johntyman.com/africa/john.jpg>img SRCjohnh3.jpg height216 width325>/a>/center>font size+1>This study of three different habitats in East Africa is,at one and the same time, the most dated and the most recent of the studiesof Cultures in Context posted on the World Wide Web. This is becausealthough almost all of the Samburu images, most photos of the Luyha, andall of the sound recordings, were collected in 1982, their story has beenupdated using photos and emailed information provided by faithful friends.My notes on the Luhya were checked and updated by Charles Mudanyi (nowliving in Busia) who has been a source of valuable information since Istayed with his family in 1982. He has also provided photos illustratingchanges that have been made since then./font>p>font size+1>The unit detailing life on the urban fringe of Nairobiis essentially the work of Olita Ogonjo. He took all the photos and laterexplained them to me. All I contributed was a camera or two and a listof the images I needed. The photographs he was able to collect reflectthe community’s trust in one who had long since identified himself withtheir just desire for improved living conditions. As a visitor from a verydifferent world I could not have taken them myself. And Olita was alsoable to update my coverage of conditions in northern Kenya among the Samburuand their neighbours – and provide additional pictures./font>p>font size+1>I flew to Kenya in August 1982 -- when the residencesof my university in Brisbane were commandeered for athletes competing inthe Commonwealth Games. I spent two months among pastoral tribes in thenorth, courtesy of the Rural Development Centre at Maralal, and visiteda number of Samburu settlements within walking distance of the town. Inthe account that follows the lines between the cultures of the Samburuin the north and the Maasai in the south have been blurred because theyhave so much in common./font>p>font size+1>I followed this up with two months in the Western Districtcourtesy of Richard Onganda, principal of the school at Ingotse and aformer student of mine in Canada. With his home as my base I was able tospend time with several different families, notably the Mudanyis. Afterthat I invested several rolls of film and a great deal of energy in documentingthe zonation of vegetation types on Mount Kenya (from tropical forest tosnow-capped peaks) before I left Kenya for the Sahara./font>center>p>b>font size+1>View 700 high resolution photos, each with descriptivetext. /font>/b>br>b>font size+1>Plus /font>/b>br>b>font size+1>KENYAN SOUND EFFECTS: 108 sound bytes with accompanyingtext./font>/b>br>b>font size+1>KENYAN FOLK TALES: Nine Traditional Stories/font>/b>br>b>font size+1>KENYAN COUNTRY FOODS /font>/b>br>b>font size+1>a hrefhttp://www.johntyman.com/africa/>www.johntyman.com/africa/a>/font>/b>/center>/blockquote>/td>/tr>/table>/center>div alignright>b>a href#top>Top of the Page/a>/b>/div>font color#FFCC99>./font>center>a NAMEnepal>/a>b>font color#000000>font size+1>Portal4/font>/font>/b>br>b>font color#000000>font size+2>a hrefhttp://www.johntyman.com/nepal/>NEPAL/a>/font>/font>/b>br>b>font color#000000>font size+2>a hrefhttp://www.johntyman.com/nepal/>Environmentsand Traditions/a>/font>/font>/b>/center>center>table BORDER COLS1 WIDTH90% BGCOLOR#FFFFCC >tr>td>blockquote>center>b>font size+3>Introduction to Nepal Portal/font>/b>p>img SRCn779s3.jpg height216 width324>/center>font size+1>This unit on Nepal is based on material collected duringtwo expeditions -- in 1986 and 1996 -- and on communications maintainedfor 25 years with a friend I met on my first trip./font>p>font size+1>In 1986 I joined a group of trekkers and, in the courseof a month’s walking, followed the valley of the Marsyangdi from Dumreon the road east of Pokhara to the river’s source at Phedi; then over theThorung La pass to Muktinath and the gorge of the Kaligandaki River whichwe followed as far as Tatopani. Here we left the gorge and, following tributariesof the Kaligandaki, cut across country via Ghorepani and Lumle tothe lake at Pokhara./font>p>font size+1>Most of the photos in included in b>“Part Two : Lifein the High Country”/b>, were taken during this period. So too were myearliest photos of land use in the Midlands and in the Kathmandu Valley,where I spent some time before I left the country. I had chosen to trekin November and December, when the summer monsoon was long past, visibilityhad improved, and rice and other summer crops were being harvested. Ourswas the last group to cross the Thorung La that year: it was snowing heavilyand the pass was closed by snow throughout the winter./font>p>font size+1> In the course of that trek I encountered a youngman walking beside the Kaligandaki with a gigantic copy of “Fowler’s EnglishUsage” under his arm. As is my wont I struck up a conversation with him,learning that he was then teaching English at a local high school-- and we have been friends ever since. When I returned to Nepal I livedwith him and his family -- first in the Midlands, then on the Plains./font>p>font size+1>My friend’s name is Gopal Sharma; and my coverage of b>“Lifein the Midlands”/b> and b>“Life on the Plains”/b> would not have beenpossible without his help and direction. He opened many doors and madeit possible for me to film conditions and events which I could never havedone on my own -- including the exercise of religious faith in a Hindusociety. I was there in the spring, at the time of the Little Dasain festival;and was able to attend religious ceremonies where I was the onlyperson who was not a member of the local community. I was able therebyto obtain photographs of events which are seen by few “outsiders” -- with /font>br>font size+1>Gopal serving sometimes as my cameraman. The sound recordingsand video clips all date from this second trip, that is from 1996./font>p>font size+1>The 33 video clips provide a varied (and in several cases,I believe, unique) window upon life in Nepal at a time when its era asa Hindu kingdom was drawing to a close. But there were (andare) inevitable limitations. My coverage of family life is detailed butmakes no claim to be comprehensive. My friend is a Brahman, and the behavioursI observed are, therefore, representative of just one of the many culturalgroups, and sub-groups, which make up the population of Nepal. In otherwords, in this study I have, inevitably, done no more than scratch thesurface of reality in a country which must surely rate as one of the world’srichest countries culturally ... as well as the most beautiful!/font>center>p>b>font size+1>View 778 high resolution photos, each with descriptivetext./font>/b>br>b>font size+1>Plus /font>/b>br>b>font size+1>33 Videos and 103 Sound Effects/font>/b>br>b>font size+1>a hrefhttp://www.johntyman.com/nepal/>www.johntyman.com/nepal/a>/font>/b>/center>/blockquote>/td>/tr>/table>/center>div alignright>b>a href#top>Top of the Page/a>/b>/div>center>p>br>a NAMEsahara>/a>b>font size+1>Portal 5/font>/b>br>b>font color#663300>font size+2>a hrefhttp://www.johntyman.com/sahara/>EGYPTand the SAHARA/a>/font>/font>/b>/center>center>table BORDER COLS1 WIDTH90% BGCOLOR#FFFFCC >tr>td>blockquote>center>b>font size+3>Introduction to Sahara Portal/font>/b>br>a hrefhttp://www.johntyman.com/sahara/>img SRCs238s3.jpg height216 width324>/a>/center>font size+1>This unit is based on material collected in the course ofexpeditions twenty years apart ... the first in the (northern) winter of1982/83 and the second in the winter of 2003 ... supplemented by internetimages of people and events which the author was not able to witness. Inboth cases he was fortunate enough to be traveling at times of relativestability, in a region which in recent years has been wracked by politicalunrest and terrorist attacks./font>p>font size+1>Travel in hot deserts is, of course, best scheduled inthe cooler part of the year. It is also something which few people do alone.The greater bulk of the Saharan images were collected in 1982/83, whenthe author joined an expedition organized by an English company. They usedan old 4WD truck that had seen service in the British Army during the war... plus sand mats! At that time Libya was closed (also Mali forall intents and purposes) but both Tunisia and Algeria were open. The expeditiontravelled (mostly overland) from north to south across Algeria roughlyparallel to the Libyan border as far as Djanet and the Tuareg. They nextheaded west to Tamanrasset, and then followed the road north via In Salahand Ghardaia to the departure lounge of the airport in Tunis. Negotiatingborder crossings was always an occasion for concern on the part of travelersbut not physically dangerous then./font>p>font size+1>The author’s visit to Egypt was arranged through “ImaginativeTraveller” in the UK, in 2003. The terrorist attack on tourists atKarnak some years before had reduced the flow of tourists to a trickle.There were armed police everywhere but it was possible to travel the lengthand breadth of the country. The author joined a small group as before,but was able to leave them for a few days in the Sinai to live in the Bedouincommunity at Ain Khudra. Since then, of course, travel in Egypt has beennext to impossible -- with the return to political instability and terrorism./font>p>font size+1>The author’s North African experience differs from thatillustrated in previous Web Page units in that Islamic provisions regardingthe separation of women made it impossible for him to live within familiesas before. Activities outside a family’s house or tent were open for inclusionin a photographic record, but nothing inside. Hospitality is still a functionof life in the desert but there are limits to what a man may witness and/orrecord on film./font>p>font size+1>Lastly, since many of the settlements visited are toosmall to appear in atlases, maps have been provided showing the locationof places visited and illustrated in the photographic record that follows./font>center>p>font size+1> b>a hrefhttp://www.johntyman.com/sahara/>www.johntyman.com/sahara/a>/b>/font>/center>/blockquote>/td>/tr>/table>/center>div alignright>b>a href#top>Top of the Page/a>/b>/div>center>a NAME6>/a>b>font size+1>Portal 6/font>/b>br>b>font size+3>a hrefhttp://www.johntyman.com/peru>Bali: Ancientand Modern/a>/font>/b>/center>center>table BORDER5 COLS1 WIDTH90% BGCOLOR#FFFFCC >tr>td>blockquote>center>b>font size+3>Introduction to Bali Portal/font>/b>br>a hrefhttp://www.johntyman.com/bali/johnbali.jpg>img SRCjohnbalih5.jpg height360 width276>/a>/center>b>font size+1>This study of a traditional lifestyle under threat is,at one and the same time, one of the most dated and the most recent ofthe studies of Cultures in Context posted on the World Wide Web. Thisis because all of the images were collected during a short holiday in 1984.They were used during my visits to schools, but were not scanned for internetuse till recently./font>/b>p>b>font size+1> In recent years Bali has sometimes received negativetreatment in news broadcasts. Ash clouds from its volcanoes have shut downthe airport. People carrying drugs have been executed (by the Indonesiangovernment). And in the minds of many travellers there remains still thememory of the “Bali Bombings” of 2002 … in the tourist district of Kuta,when 202 people were killed and 209 injured. And while these deaths werestill fresh in the minds of survivors, a further 20 people were killedand more than a hundred injured in suicide bomb attacks in 2005. Such atrocitieshad nothing whatever to do with the traditional values of Bali, but werethe work of Islamic terrorists from elsewhere in Indonesia. The numberof tourists dropped significantly in the following years but soon recovered,and includes a rapidly expanding group from China./font>/b>p>b>font size+1> In recent decades Bali has received an influxof Muslims from other parts of Indonesia. In the year 2000 scarcely morethan 10% of the island’s permanent population were Muslims. By 2010 itwas 15%, and in some districts much higher. Such a change is bound to influencethe way of life of Bali’s people, and generate tensions between Hindu andMuslim residents./font>/b>p>b>font size+1> The economy depends almost wholly on tourism,and tourist numbers are highly sensitive to social unrest. Muslims are,nevertheless, the biggest single category of visitors to the island, andthe great Muslim holiday of Eid al-Fitr is Balis busiest time, with visitorsfrom Java and elsewhere jamming the islands accommodation. In addition,a lot of management expertise and investment in tourist infrastructureis in the hands of Muslims … and the profits accordingly moved off-shore./font>/b>p>b>font size+1> In 1984 when I was there such developments wouldhave been unimaginable. There were sizeable hotels and night clubsat beach resorts, but inland from the coast the day-to-day life of thepeople had much in common still with the values and practices of theirancestors. Today the greatest threat to their traditional life style isnot the number of Muslim residents but the massive influx of tourists,and the alien practices of the five-star world, and a totally differentvalue system … highlighted now by the development of a “Trump” golf courseand six star resort overlooking one of Bali’s holiest shrines … Tanah Lot./font>/b>p>b>font size+1> I personally have no wish to return to Bali butI’m sure it is still worth a visit./font>/b>center>p>b>font size+1>a hrefhttp://www.johntyman.com/bali>www.johntyman.com/bali/a>/font>/b>/center>/blockquote>/td>/tr>/table>/center>div alignright>b>a href#top>Top of the Page/a>/b>/div>center>a NAMEperu>/a>b>font size+2>Portal 7/font>/b>br>b>font size+3>a hrefhttp://www.johntyman.com/peru>PERU/a>/font>/b>br>b>font size+3>a hrefhttp://www.johntyman.com/peru>Incas andPrehistoric Cultures/a>/font>/b>/center>center>table BORDER5 COLS1 WIDTH90% BGCOLOR#FFFFCC >tr>td>blockquote>center>b>font size+3>Introduction to Peru Portal/font>/b>br>a hrefhttp://www.johntyman.com/johnpennyperu.jpg>img SRCjohnpennyperu5.jpg height360 width498>/a>br>b>At 5,300 metres on Chacaltaya/b>/center>b>font size+1>In 2007 my wife and I travelled by 4WD (with a guide anda driver) throughout the greater part of Peru: and this unit is a productof the materials I collected then … some of them anyway! Though I did takethousands of photographs there were inevitable gaps in my coverage. Accordingly,I have had to use a variety of images from other sources under CreativeCommons arrangements, particularly so in the case of the Moche. Where Ihave used photos taken by others I have acknowledged each one. I own norights to such photos, whereas the rest, taken by myself, can be downloadedfree of charge for non-commercial use./font>/b>p>b>font size+1>In preparing the notes to accompany the text I havemade much use of:/font>/b>p>b>font size+1>Guaman Poma; “New Chronicle and Good Government”, reflectingconditions in South America following the Spanish conquest. Printed in2005 by Andean World, copyright CRC Productions, Cuzco. (i>Poma himself,who lived between 1535 & 1615, said of his work: “On reading this book,some will weep, some will laugh, some will commit it to God, others throughfury will want to destroy it. A few will want to have it in their hands”./i>)/font>/b>p>b>font size+1>Justo Caceres Macedo, “Prehispanic Cultures of Peru”.Lima, 2007./font>/b>p>b>font size+1>Rebecca Stone-Miller, “Art of the Andes”. London: Thamesand Hudson, 1995. ISBN 0-500-20363-6./font>/b>p>b>font size+1>Adriana von Hagen & Craig Morris, “The Cities ofthe Ancient Andes”. London: Thames and Hudson, 1998. ISBN 0-500-05086-4./font>/b>p>b>font size+1>Federico Kaufmann Doig, “Ancestors of the Incas”. Printedin Peru by Serinsa, 2005. ISBN 9972-33-165-2./font>/b>p>b>font size+1>Garcilaso Inca de la Vega, “The Royal Commentariesof the Inca”. New York: Harper Collins, 1964. ISBN 1-85902-397-4./font>/b>p>b>font size+1>Association Amigos del Museo de Sipan, “Museo TumbasReales de Sipan”. i>A guidebook to the museum/i>, 2005./font>/b>center>p>b>font size+2>a hrefhttp://www.johntyman.com/peru>www.johntyman.com/peru/a>/font>/b>/center>/blockquote>/td>/tr>/table>/center>div alignright>b>a href#top>Top of the Page/a>/b>/div>br> center>table BORDER5 WIDTH90% BGCOLOR#FFFFCC >tr>td>blockquote>center>font color#FFFFCC>.a NAMEbio>/a>/font>b>font size+3>JohnTyman Biography /font>/b>br>a hrefhttp://www.johntyman.com/tyman01.jpg>img SRCtyman01a.jpg height216 width178>/a>/center>font size+1>John Tyman was born in England and after service in the Britisharmy and study at Oxford University he moved to Canada in 1959, first toMcGill University in Montreal and then to Brandon, Manitoba, where he establishedthe Department of Geography in 1962. His particular academic interest thenwas historical and cultural geography, and his doctoral thesis at Oxfordexamined processes at work in pioneer settlement, on the Prairies in generaland Western Manitoba in particular. Serving as Dean of Science in 1974and 1975 he then moved to Australia, which he had visited previously ona post-doctoral fellowship from the Canada Council (lecturing at universitiesin Perth and Townsville)./font>p>font size+1>In Australia John was employed initially as PrincipalLecturer in Social Studies and Head of the Division of Humanities at theMount Gravatt Campus of the Brisbane College of Advanced Education. Hewas later appointed associate professor of education at Griffith University,and between 1976 and 1990 was involved in the training of teachers -- sharingwith trainees his enthusiasm both for the study of other cultures and forways to communicate this enthusiasm in the classroom. During this timehe indulged his interest in indigenous societies by living for extendedperiods of time with ordinary families in a range of environments – fromthe snowy wastes of the Arctic to the Equatorial rainforests of Papua NewGuinea, and from the snow-capped peaks of the Himalayas to windswept saltpans (below sea level) in the Sahara. In so doing he wanted to experiencefirst-hand the realities of daily living under often difficult conditionsand, using a variety of cameras and tape recorders, to produce “snapshots”of evolving societies at a particular point in time. The aim of these portals,in consequence, is to provide both students and teachers with samples drawnfrom the enormous volume of material he collected during those years, andto do so in a form which they can actually use./font>p>font size+1>John “retired” from Griffith University in December 1990,and thereafter toured schools in Queensland and New South Wales for 15years. He was employed initially as a Religious Education Consultant, andinvested much energy in improving the status of faiths other than Christianityin the classrooms of a multicultural society. Frustrated by red tape anda plethora of committee meetings, however, he left the Department of Educationa year later. He was then licensed to tour schools with an independentresource program aimed at bridging racial and religious divides and developingcross-cultural understanding. Drawing upon the audio-visual material hehad collected over the years and a vast collection of artifacts, he offeredprograms that were both interactive and multi-sensory -- demonstratingthe principle he had expounded at teacher’s college, that the best lessonsare always orgies … in which all the senses are involved!/font>p>font size+1>He was on the road for 14 years with a van crammed withteaching materials. During that time he drove over half a million kilometresand taught 300,000 children. Schools were invited to chose from a repertoireof “Cultures in Context” (Inuit, Maasai, Bedouin etc.) but the underlyingmessage was always the same: /font>blockquote>font size+1>1. That people differ in the way they order theirlives and in the things they value most;/font>br>font size+1>2. That there is usually a good reason why people indifferent natural and human settings do things differently. For example,the term Eskimo, meaning eater of raw flesh, was invented by Indiantribes living in forests further south. Most of us would also considereating raw meat a trifle bizarre: but if you have no firewood because itis too cold for trees (as it is in the Arctic) it makes sense./font>br>font size+1>3. Ones capacity for tolerance, therefore, grows inaccordance with one’s depth of understanding; whereas prejudice is nourishedby ignorance and fear of the unknown./font>br>font size+1>4. All people, regardless of how different they may appearto be, actually have much in common. We are all human beings, living onthe self-same planet, and we must learn to live together./font>/blockquote>font size+1>A radical lay preacher for 40 years (vilified in Brandonfor championing the cause of its Indian and Metis peoples) he was ordainedan Anglican priest some years back and has charge of a country church innorthern New South Wales, where he is again trying to bridge divides betweendifferent faiths. Between times now he struggles to identify the thousandsof photos he is cataloguing for inclusion in Professor Hillmans archive… before he loses his mind completely! When he was appointed Dean of Scienceat Brandon long ago, he was warned by his predecessor that old deans neverdie, they just lose their faculties./font>/blockquote>/td>/tr>/table>/center>div alignright>font color#FFCC99>../font>b>a href#top>Top ofthe Page/a>/b>/div>center>font color#FFCC99>./font>img SRClnclassic.gif height31 width223>br>b>font color#CC0000>font size+2>Cultures in Context Contents/font>/font>/b>br>b>font color#000000>font size+2>a hrefhttps://www.johntyman.com/arctic/>ARCTIC/a>| a hrefhttps://www.johntyman.com/sawos/>NEW GUINEA/a> | a hrefhttps://www.johntyman.com/africa/>AFRICA/a>| a hrefhttps://www.johntyman.com/nepal/>NEPAL/a> | a hrefhttps://www.johntyman.com/sahara/>SAHARA/a>| a hrefhttps://www.johntyman.com/bali/>BALI/a> | a hrefhttps://www.johntyman.com/peru/>PERU/a>/font>/font>/b>p>a hrefhttp://www.tes.co.uk/teaching-resources>img SRCtes.jpg height85 width159>/a>br>b>a hrefhttp://www.tes.co.uk/teaching-resources>www.tes.co.uk/teaching-resources/a>/b>br>font color#FFCC99>./font>br>a hrefhttps://www.hillmanweb.com/>img SRCbackbam6.jpg height43 width64>/a>a hrefhttp://www.hillmanweb.com/bu/research/>img SRChomebam8.jpg height58 width86>/a>a hrefhttps://www.johntyman.com/arctic/>img SRCnextbam6.jpg height43 width65>/a>p>img SRClnprim.gif height36 width479>br>b>font color#000066>font size-1>Text, photos and recordingsby John Tyman/font>/font>/b>br>b>font color#000066>font size-1>Intended for Educational UseOnly./font>/font>/b>br>b>font color#000066>font size-1>Copyright Pitt Rivers Museum,Oxford University, 2011/2014/2023/font>/font>/b>br>b>font color#000066>font size+1>Contact a hrefmailto:johntyman2@gmail.com>Dr.John Tyman/a> for information regarding public or commercial use./font>/font>/b>br>img SRClnprim.gif height36 width479>br>b>font color#CC0000>font size-2>Photo processing, Web page layout,formatting, and complementary research by/font>/font>/b>br>b>font color#CC0000>font size-2>a hrefmailto:hillmans@wcgwave.ca>WilliamHillman/a> ~ a hrefhttps://www.hillmanweb.com/>www.hillmanweb.com/a>/font>/font>/b>br>b>font color#CC0000>font size-2>Faculty of Education ~ BrandonUniversity ~ Brandon, Manitoba ~ Canada/font>/font>/b>/center>p>br>/body>/html>
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