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Domain > column.global-labour-university.org
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Date
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2016-08-16
173.194.193.214
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2024-08-06
142.251.215.243
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cont$cont0;$cont.data(cycle.opts,opts);opts.$cont$cont;opts.stopCountcont.cycleStop;opts.elementsels;opts.beforeopts.before?opts.before:;opts.afteropts.after?opts.after:;opts.after.unshift(function(){opts.busy0;});if(!$.support.opacity&&opts.cleartype){opts.after.push(function(){removeFilter(this,opts);});}if(opts.continuous){opts.after.push(function(){go(els,opts,0,(!opts.rev&&!opts.backwards));});}saveOriginalOpts(opts);if(!$.support.opacity&&opts.cleartype&&!opts.cleartypeNoBg){clearTypeFix($slides);}if($cont.css(position)static){$cont.css(position,relative);}if(opts.width){$cont.width(opts.width);}if(opts.height&&opts.height!auto){$cont.height(opts.height);}if(opts.startingSlide){opts.startingSlideparseInt(opts.startingSlide);}else{if(opts.backwards){opts.startingSlideels.length-1;}}if(opts.random){opts.randomMap;for(var i0;iels.length;i++){opts.randomMap.push(i);}opts.randomMap.sort(function(a,b){return Math.random()-0.5;});opts.randomIndex1;opts.startingSlideopts.randomMap1;}else{if(opts.startingSlide>els.length){opts.startingSlide0;}}opts.currSlideopts.startingSlide||0;var firstopts.startingSlide;$slides.css({position:absolute,top:0,left:0}).hide().each(function(i){var z;if(opts.backwards){zfirst?ifirst?els.length+(i-first):first-i:els.length-i;}else{zfirst?i>first?els.length-(i-first):first-i:els.length-i;}$(this).css(z-index,z);});$(elsfirst).css(opacity,1).show();removeFilter(elsfirst,opts);if(opts.fit&&opts.width){$slides.width(opts.width);}if(opts.fit&&opts.height&&opts.height!auto){$slides.height(opts.height);}var reshapeopts.containerResize&&!$cont.innerHeight();if(reshape){var maxw0,maxh0;for(var j0;jels.length;j++){var $e$(elsj),e$e0,w$e.outerWidth(),h$e.outerHeight();if(!w){we.offsetWidth||e.width||$e.attr(width);}if(!h){he.offsetHeight||e.height||$e.attr(height);}maxww>maxw?w:maxw;maxhh>maxh?h:maxh;}if(maxw>0&&maxh>0){$cont.css({width:maxw+px,height:maxh+px});}}if(opts.pause){$cont.hover(function(){this.cyclePause++;},function(){this.cyclePause--;});}if(supportMultiTransitions(opts)false){return false;}var requeuefalse;options.requeueAttemptsoptions.requeueAttempts||0;$slides.each(function(){var $el$(this);this.cycleH(opts.fit&&opts.height)?opts.height:($el.height()||this.offsetHeight||this.height||$el.attr(height)||0);this.cycleW(opts.fit&&opts.width)?opts.width:($el.width()||this.offsetWidth||this.width||$el.attr(width)||0);if($el.is(img)){var loadingIE($.browser.msie&&this.cycleW28&&this.cycleH30&&!this.complete);var loadingFF($.browser.mozilla&&this.cycleW34&&this.cycleH19&&!this.complete);var loadingOp($.browser.opera&&((this.cycleW42&&this.cycleH19)||(this.cycleW37&&this.cycleH17))&&!this.complete);var loadingOther(this.cycleH0&&this.cycleW0&&!this.complete);if(loadingIE||loadingFF||loadingOp||loadingOther){if(o.s&&opts.requeueOnImageNotLoaded&&++options.requeueAttempts100){log(options.requeueAttempts, - img slide not loaded, requeuing slideshow: ,this.src,this.cycleW,this.cycleH);setTimeout(function(){$(o.s,o.c).cycle(options);},opts.requeueTimeout);requeuetrue;return false;}else{log(could not determine size of image: +this.src,this.cycleW,this.cycleH);}}}return true;});if(requeue){return false;}opts.cssBeforeopts.cssBefore||{};opts.animInopts.animIn||{};opts.animOutopts.animOut||{};$slides.not(:eq(+first+)).css(opts.cssBefore);if(opts.cssFirst){$($slidesfirst).css(opts.cssFirst);}if(opts.timeout){opts.timeoutparseInt(opts.timeout);if(opts.speed.constructorString){opts.speed$.fx.speedsopts.speed||parseInt(opts.speed);}if(!opts.sync){opts.speedopts.speed/2;}var bufferopts.fxshuffle?500:250;while((opts.timeout-opts.speed)buffer){opts.timeout+opts.speed;}}if(opts.easing){opts.easeInopts.easeOutopts.easing;}if(!opts.speedIn){opts.speedInopts.speed;}if(!opts.speedOut){opts.speedOutopts.speed;}opts.slideCountels.length;opts.currSlideopts.lastSlidefirst;if(opts.random){if(++opts.randomIndexels.length){opts.randomIndex0;}opts.nextSlideopts.randomMapopts.randomIndex;}else{if(opts.backwards){opts.nextSlideopts.startingSlide0?(els.length-1):opts.startingSlide-1;}else{opts.nextSlideopts.startingSlide>(els.length-1)?0:opts.startingSlide+1;}}if(!opts.multiFx){var init$.fn.cycle.transitionsopts.fx;if($.isFunction(init)){init($cont,$slides,opts);}else{if(opts.fx!custom&&!opts.multiFx){log(unknown transition: +opts.fx,; slideshow terminating);return false;}}}var e0$slidesfirst;if(opts.before.length){opts.before0.apply(e0,e0,e0,opts,true);}if(opts.after.length>1){opts.after1.apply(e0,e0,e0,opts,true);}if(opts.next){$(opts.next).bind(opts.prevNextEvent,function(){return advance(opts,opts.rev?-1:1);});}if(opts.prev){$(opts.prev).bind(opts.prevNextEvent,function(){return advance(opts,opts.rev?1:-1);});}if(opts.pager||opts.pagerAnchorBuilder){buildPager(els,opts);}exposeAddSlide(opts,els);return opts;}function saveOriginalOpts(opts){opts.original{before:,after:};opts.original.cssBefore$.extend({},opts.cssBefore);opts.original.cssAfter$.extend({},opts.cssAfter);opts.original.animIn$.extend({},opts.animIn);opts.original.animOut$.extend({},opts.animOut);$.each(opts.before,function(){opts.original.before.push(this);});$.each(opts.after,function(){opts.original.after.push(this);});}function supportMultiTransitions(opts){var i,tx,txs$.fn.cycle.transitions;if(opts.fx.indexOf(,)>0){opts.multiFxtrue;opts.fxsopts.fx.replace(/\s*/g,).split(,);for(i0;iopts.fxs.length;i++){var fxopts.fxsi;txtxsfx;if(!tx||!txs.hasOwnProperty(fx)||!$.isFunction(tx)){log(discarding unknown transition: ,fx);opts.fxs.splice(i,1);i--;}}if(!opts.fxs.length){log(No valid transitions named; slideshow terminating.);return false;}}else{if(opts.fxall){opts.multiFxtrue;opts.fxs;for(p in txs){txtxsp;if(txs.hasOwnProperty(p)&&$.isFunction(tx)){opts.fxs.push(p);}}}}if(opts.multiFx&&opts.randomizeEffects){var r1Math.floor(Math.random()*20)+30;for(i0;ir1;i++){var r2Math.floor(Math.random()*opts.fxs.length);opts.fxs.push(opts.fxs.splice(r2,1)0);}debug(randomized fx sequence: ,opts.fxs);}return true;}function exposeAddSlide(opts,els){opts.addSlidefunction(newSlide,prepend){var $s$(newSlide),s$s0;if(!opts.autostopCount){opts.countdown++;}elsprepend?unshift:push(s);if(opts.els){opts.elsprepend?unshift:push(s);}opts.slideCountels.length;$s.css(position,absolute);$sprepend?prependTo:appendTo(opts.$cont);if(prepend){opts.currSlide++;opts.nextSlide++;}if(!$.support.opacity&&opts.cleartype&&!opts.cleartypeNoBg){clearTypeFix($s);}if(opts.fit&&opts.width){$s.width(opts.width);}if(opts.fit&&opts.height&&opts.height!auto){$slides.height(opts.height);}s.cycleH(opts.fit&&opts.height)?opts.height:$s.height();s.cycleW(opts.fit&&opts.width)?opts.width:$s.width();$s.css(opts.cssBefore);if(opts.pager||opts.pagerAnchorBuilder){$.fn.cycle.createPagerAnchor(els.length-1,s,$(opts.pager),els,opts);}if($.isFunction(opts.onAddSlide)){opts.onAddSlide($s);}else{$s.hide();}};}$.fn.cycle.resetStatefunction(opts,fx){fxfx||opts.fx;opts.before;opts.after;opts.cssBefore$.extend({},opts.original.cssBefore);opts.cssAfter$.extend({},opts.original.cssAfter);opts.animIn$.extend({},opts.original.animIn);opts.animOut$.extend({},opts.original.animOut);opts.fxFnnull;$.each(opts.original.before,function(){opts.before.push(this);});$.each(opts.original.after,function(){opts.after.push(this);});var init$.fn.cycle.transitionsfx;if($.isFunction(init)){init(opts.$cont,$(opts.elements),opts);}};function go(els,opts,manual,fwd){if(manual&&opts.busy&&opts.manualTrump){debug(manualTrump in go(), stopping active transition);$(els).stop(true,true);opts.busyfalse;}if(opts.busy){debug(transition active, ignoring new tx request);return;}var popts.$cont0,currelsopts.currSlide,nextelsopts.nextSlide;if(p.cycleStop!opts.stopCount||p.cycleTimeout0&&!manual){return;}if(!manual&&!p.cyclePause&&!opts.bounce&&((opts.autostop&&(--opts.countdown0))||(opts.nowrap&&!opts.random&&opts.nextSlideopts.currSlide))){if(opts.end){opts.end(opts);}return;}var changedfalse;if((manual||!p.cyclePause)&&(opts.nextSlide!opts.currSlide)){changedtrue;var fxopts.fx;curr.cycleHcurr.cycleH||$(curr).height();curr.cycleWcurr.cycleW||$(curr).width();next.cycleHnext.cycleH||$(next).height();next.cycleWnext.cycleW||$(next).width();if(opts.multiFx){if(opts.lastFxundefined||++opts.lastFx>opts.fxs.length){opts.lastFx0;}fxopts.fxsopts.lastFx;opts.currFxfx;}if(opts.oneTimeFx){fxopts.oneTimeFx;opts.oneTimeFxnull;}$.fn.cycle.resetState(opts,fx);if(opts.before.length){$.each(opts.before,function(i,o){if(p.cycleStop!opts.stopCount){return;}o.apply(next,curr,next,opts,fwd);});}var afterfunction(){$.each(opts.after,function(i,o){if(p.cycleStop!opts.stopCount){return;}o.apply(next,curr,next,opts,fwd);});};debug(tx firing; currSlide: +opts.currSlide+; nextSlide: 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roll(opts.nextSlide+1)els.length;if(roll&&opts.bounce){opts.backwards!opts.backwards;opts.nextSlideels.length-2;opts.currSlideels.length-1;}else{opts.nextSlideroll?0:opts.nextSlide+1;opts.currSlideroll?els.length-1:opts.nextSlide-1;}}}}if(changed&&opts.pager){opts.updateActivePagerLink(opts.pager,opts.currSlide,opts.activePagerClass);}var ms0;if(opts.timeout&&!opts.continuous){msgetTimeout(elsopts.currSlide,elsopts.nextSlide,opts,fwd);}else{if(opts.continuous&&p.cyclePause){ms10;}}if(ms>0){p.cycleTimeoutsetTimeout(function(){go(els,opts,0,(!opts.rev&&!opts.backwards));},ms);}}$.fn.cycle.updateActivePagerLinkfunction(pager,currSlide,clsName){$(pager).each(function(){$(this).children().removeClass(clsName).eq(currSlide).addClass(clsName);});};function getTimeout(curr,next,opts,fwd){if(opts.timeoutFn){var topts.timeoutFn.call(curr,curr,next,opts,fwd);while((t-opts.speed)250){t+opts.speed;}debug(calculated timeout: +t+; speed: +opts.speed);if(t!false){return t;}}return opts.timeout;}$.fn.cycle.nextfunction(opts){advance(opts,opts.rev?-1:1);};$.fn.cycle.prevfunction(opts){advance(opts,opts.rev?1:-1);};function advance(opts,val){var elsopts.elements;var popts.$cont0,timeoutp.cycleTimeout;if(timeout){clearTimeout(timeout);p.cycleTimeout0;}if(opts.random&&val0){opts.randomIndex--;if(--opts.randomIndex-2){opts.randomIndexels.length-2;}else{if(opts.randomIndex-1){opts.randomIndexels.length-1;}}opts.nextSlideopts.randomMapopts.randomIndex;}else{if(opts.random){opts.nextSlideopts.randomMapopts.randomIndex;}else{opts.nextSlideopts.currSlide+val;if(opts.nextSlide0){if(opts.nowrap){return false;}opts.nextSlideels.length-1;}else{if(opts.nextSlide>els.length){if(opts.nowrap){return false;}opts.nextSlide0;}}}}var cbopts.onPrevNextEvent||opts.prevNextClick;if($.isFunction(cb)){cb(val>0,opts.nextSlide,elsopts.nextSlide);}go(els,opts,1,val>0);return false;}function buildPager(els,opts){var $p$(opts.pager);$.each(els,function(i,o){$.fn.cycle.createPagerAnchor(i,o,$p,els,opts);});opts.updateActivePagerLink(opts.pager,opts.startingSlide,opts.activePagerClass);}$.fn.cycle.createPagerAnchorfunction(i,el,$p,els,opts){var a;if($.isFunction(opts.pagerAnchorBuilder)){aopts.pagerAnchorBuilder(i,el);debug(pagerAnchorBuilder(+i+, el) returned: +a);}else{aa href#>+(i+1)+/a>;}if(!a){return;}var $a$(a);if($a.parents(body).length0){var arr;if($p.length>1){$p.each(function(){var $clone$a.clone(true);$(this).append($clone);arr.push($clone0);});$a$(arr);}else{$a.appendTo($p);}}opts.pagerAnchorsopts.pagerAnchors||;opts.pagerAnchors.push($a);$a.bind(opts.pagerEvent,function(e){e.preventDefault();opts.nextSlidei;var popts.$cont0,timeoutp.cycleTimeout;if(timeout){clearTimeout(timeout);p.cycleTimeout0;}var 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ver;};$.fn.cycle.defaults{fx:fade,timeout:4000,timeoutFn:null,continuous:0,speed:1000,speedIn:null,speedOut:null,next:null,prev:null,onPrevNextEvent:null,prevNextEvent:click.cycle,pager:null,onPagerEvent:null,pagerEvent:click.cycle,allowPagerClickBubble:false,pagerAnchorBuilder:null,before:null,after:null,end:null,easing:null,easeIn:null,easeOut:null,shuffle:null,animIn:null,animOut:null,cssBefore:null,cssAfter:null,fxFn:null,height:auto,startingSlide:0,sync:1,random:0,fit:0,containerResize:1,pause:0,pauseOnPagerHover:0,autostop:0,autostopCount:0,delay:0,slideExpr:null,cleartype:!$.support.opacity,cleartypeNoBg:false,nowrap:0,fastOnEvent:0,randomizeEffects:1,rev:0,manualTrump:true,requeueOnImageNotLoaded:true,requeueTimeout:250,activePagerClass:activeSlide,updateActivePagerLink:null,backwards:false};})(jQuery);/* * jQuery Cycle Plugin Transition Definitions * This script is a plugin for the jQuery Cycle Plugin * Examples and documentation at: http://malsup.com/jquery/cycle/ * Copyright (c) 2007-2010 M. Alsup * Version: 2.72 * Dual licensed under the MIT and GPL licenses: * http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php * http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html */(function($){$.fn.cycle.transitions.nonefunction($cont,$slides,opts){opts.fxFnfunction(curr,next,opts,after){$(next).show();$(curr).hide();after();};};$.fn.cycle.transitions.scrollUpfunction($cont,$slides,opts){$cont.css(overflow,hidden);opts.before.push($.fn.cycle.commonReset);var h$cont.height();opts.cssBefore{top:h,left:0};opts.cssFirst{top:0};opts.animIn{top:0};opts.animOut{top:-h};};$.fn.cycle.transitions.scrollDownfunction($cont,$slides,opts){$cont.css(overflow,hidden);opts.before.push($.fn.cycle.commonReset);var h$cont.height();opts.cssFirst{top:0};opts.cssBefore{top:-h,left:0};opts.animIn{top:0};opts.animOut{top:h};};$.fn.cycle.transitions.scrollLeftfunction($cont,$slides,opts){$cont.css(overflow,hidden);opts.before.push($.fn.cycle.commonReset);var w$cont.width();opts.cssFirst{left:0};opts.cssBefore{left:w,top:0};opts.animIn{left:0};opts.animOut{left:0-w};};$.fn.cycle.transitions.scrollRightfunction($cont,$slides,opts){$cont.css(overflow,hidden);opts.before.push($.fn.cycle.commonReset);var 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stylemargin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;>img border0 data-original-height383 data-original-width1600 height120 srchttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOc3RcuiFvyvdlooCpU_frO6yu6IWLAcNJnBeg0HoNOuk-Yn0RjLBtYoQyQ-d2j1x3i2XM_33RRDkdxks8e9Ot62Kt63z8e68oOWCKqYGxcnV-aa82UfemeNgrRiVFn6Swny_bkEs1gEBY/s400/Announcement+banner_org.jpg width540 />/a>/div>div styletext-align: center;>a hrefhttps://globallabourcolumn.org/ target_blank>span stylefont-size: large;>All new columns from 1.1.2018 on have been / will be published on the new website/span>/a>/div>div>br />/div>/div>/div>/div>/p>div styleclear:both;>/div>div styleclear: both;>/div>/div>div classpost-footer>div classpost-footer-line post-footer-line->/div>div classpost-footer-line post-footer-line-2>/div>div classpost-footer-line post-footer-line-3>/div>/div>/div>/div>h2 classdate-header>Friday, December 22, 2017/h2>div classwrapfullpost>div classpost hentry>a name541539604606042145>/a>h3 classpost-title entry-title>a hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/2017/12/the-power-of-informal-transport-workers.html>The power of informal transport workers/a>/h3>div classpost-header-line-1>/div>div classpostmeta-primary>/div>div classpost-body entry-content>p>div idsummary541539604606042145>div dirltr styletext-align: left; trbidion>div dirltr styletext-align: left; trbidion>div dirltr styletext-align: left; trbidion>div dirltr styletext-align: left; trbidion>div dirltr styletext-align: left; trbidion>div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: justify;>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: right;>/div>div styletext-align: right;>/div>span stylefont-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;>span stylefont-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;>span stylefont-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;>b>/b>/span>span stylefont-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;>b>/b>/span>b>/b>/span>/span>div styletext-align: justify;>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: right;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: right;>/div>div styletext-align: right;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: right;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: right;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>table cellpadding0 cellspacing0 classtr-caption-container stylefloat: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;>tbody>tr>td styletext-align: center;>a hrefhttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOTc19IOwEMZFaqM5DBhY3FSylmGIKTe9_dkTvGeuraiIeCCjHb8djY_j3gxOTYYyClsqQGZqe1Ky5Rf5958TLv1sacYCmH40q5wBY2IBNOR0Z93hvu8JrVZuvJ4EPJ6CRH1DtBf-UC-i9/s1600/Spooner.jpg imageanchor1 styleclear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;>img border0 data-original-height1325 data-original-width1065 height200 srchttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOTc19IOwEMZFaqM5DBhY3FSylmGIKTe9_dkTvGeuraiIeCCjHb8djY_j3gxOTYYyClsqQGZqe1Ky5Rf5958TLv1sacYCmH40q5wBY2IBNOR0Z93hvu8JrVZuvJ4EPJ6CRH1DtBf-UC-i9/s200/Spooner.jpg width160>/a>/td>/tr>tr>td classtr-caption styletext-align: center;>b>span stylefont-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;>Dave Spooner/span>/b>/td>/tr>/tbody>/table>span stylefont-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;>Urban passenger transport in developing countries is dominated by the informal economy. Informal transport workplaces – bus terminals, taxi ranks, motorcycle taxi stands, and minibus parks – are major transport hubs of national economic and political importance. br>br>Most of the world’s transport workers are informal. They face police harassment, criminal extortion, job insecurity, low incomes, discrimination, and no access to social security. Yet they provide essential services for millions across the world. In Asia and Africa most urban passenger transport is informal, employing many thousands of workers in a wide range of occupations. Women workers are the most precarious and low paid in the sector, facing discrimination, violence, sexual harassment and abuse. Informal work is now also widespread in the developed world with the proliferation of transport jobs in the ‘gig economy’. br>br>Motorcycle taxis, couriers and delivery services are increasingly popular in congested cities. Huge numbers are involved. In Kampala, Uganda, for example, the authorities estimate there are 120 000 boda-boda (motorcycle) operators. In 2013 the boda-boda industry in Uganda was the second largest employer after agriculture, reported Standard Bank researchers (Nasasira, 2015). /span>br>/div>/div>/div>/div>/div>/div>/div>/div>/div>/p>div styleclear:both;>/div>div styleclear: both;>/div>/div>div classjump-link>a hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/2017/12/the-power-of-informal-transport-workers.html#more>Read more »/a>/div>div classpost-footer>div classpost-footer-line post-footer-line->/div>div classpost-footer-line post-footer-line-2>/div>div classpost-footer-line post-footer-line-3>/div>/div>/div>/div>div classwrapfullpost>div classpost hentry>a name7053217139952671794>/a>h3 classpost-title entry-title>a hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/2017/12/but-where-are-workers-how-youth.html>But where are the workers? How the youth entrepreneur model fails in Africa/a>/h3>div classpost-header-line-1>/div>div classpostmeta-primary>/div>div classpost-body entry-content>p>div idsummary7053217139952671794>div dirltr styletext-align: left; trbidion>div dirltr styletext-align: left; trbidion>div dirltr styletext-align: left; trbidion>div dirltr styletext-align: left; trbidion>div dirltr styletext-align: left; trbidion>div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: justify;>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: right;>/div>div styletext-align: right;>/div>span stylefont-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;>span stylefont-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;>span stylefont-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;>b>/b>/span>span stylefont-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;>b>/b>/span>b>/b>/span>/span>div styletext-align: justify;>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: right;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: right;>/div>div styletext-align: right;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: right;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: right;>/div>table cellpadding0 cellspacing0 classtr-caption-container stylefloat: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;>tbody>tr>td styletext-align: center;>a hrefhttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5tZ1IYTOfV90cV9zo-mgLn6CUyOq4CKPjaSRJEbarpqsPXMGXe6z4PFVTbWHUsZ2caeB1S91_VXXQCnDFYxztKbjMj4g56Pc6ET3sxeFr-WjuoXXwjIFSTSJQUT_Dk_KYXG7GWxdqKMPd/s1600/Pierre.jpg imageanchor1 styleclear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;>img border0 data-original-height1080 data-original-width608 height200 srchttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5tZ1IYTOfV90cV9zo-mgLn6CUyOq4CKPjaSRJEbarpqsPXMGXe6z4PFVTbWHUsZ2caeB1S91_VXXQCnDFYxztKbjMj4g56Pc6ET3sxeFr-WjuoXXwjIFSTSJQUT_Dk_KYXG7GWxdqKMPd/s200/Pierre.jpg width112>/a>/td>/tr>tr>td classtr-caption styletext-align: center;>b>span stylefont-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;>Pierre Girard/span>/b>/td>/tr>/tbody>/table>span stylefont-family: Verdana, sans-serif;>The figures are now well known: 375 million young people will reach working age in Sub-Saharan Africa by 2030, and for many their livelihoods will depend mainly on the rural economy (Losch, 2016). Facing the massive generation of activity required by these demographic dynamics, entrepreneurship has become the i>leitmotiv/i> of many donors’ and NGOs’ programmes and projects, as well as public policies. According to them, the multiplication of entrepreneurs can meet the employment challenge in the African countryside. br>br>Amidst the positive picture presented by the ‘Afro-optimism’ narratives that have emerged since the growth recovery of the 2000s and the proliferation of over-publicised success stories, entrepreneurship is scarcely criticised. In view of the above, it is essential to qualify the unrealistic expectations generated by the fantasy in which millions of rural youth would constitute a myriad of independent entrepreneurs on the continent. Not everyone will become an entrepreneur in this fantasy: the majority of young people will combine different employment statuses where relationships of economic dependence and subordination will be dominant. Therefore, it would be better to focus public policies on social protection than on entrepreneurship./span>br>/div>/div>/div>/div>/div>/div>/div>/div>/div>/p>div styleclear:both;>/div>div styleclear: both;>/div>/div>div classjump-link>a hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/2017/12/but-where-are-workers-how-youth.html#more>Read more »/a>/div>div classpost-footer>div classpost-footer-line post-footer-line->/div>div classpost-footer-line post-footer-line-2>/div>div classpost-footer-line post-footer-line-3>/div>/div>/div>/div>h2 classdate-header>Thursday, December 14, 2017/h2>div classwrapfullpost>div classpost hentry>a name5874489426028016854>/a>h3 classpost-title entry-title>a hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/2017/12/the-slow-death-of-ecuadorian-banana.html>The slow death of Ecuadorian Banana workers/a>/h3>div classpost-header-line-1>/div>div classpostmeta-primary>/div>div classpost-body entry-content>p>div idsummary5874489426028016854>div dirltr styletext-align: left; trbidion>div dirltr styletext-align: left; trbidion>div dirltr styletext-align: left; trbidion>div dirltr styletext-align: left; trbidion>div dirltr styletext-align: left; trbidion>div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: justify;>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: right;>/div>div styletext-align: right;>/div>span stylefont-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;>span stylefont-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;>span stylefont-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;>b>/b>/span>span stylefont-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;>b>/b>/span>b>/b>/span>/span>div styletext-align: justify;>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: right;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: right;>/div>div styletext-align: right;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: right;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>table cellpadding0 cellspacing0 classtr-caption-container stylefloat: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;>tbody>tr>td styletext-align: center;>a hrefhttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiENZTbg8tWqLGDTN-Vqg3HcUTb96VL4B5BVtw70G0P5u9s0rEI94O3RwKMA3MPU-rEq5PgqtB_aefH5OvcZEs1E987hh2sAY7yu00W_abUUYLU6tT2IJLAx7JgMOP0YxVbC3uA4DsBys5z/s1600/Magali+Marega.jpg imageanchor1 styleclear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;>span stylefont-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;>img border0 data-original-height1365 data-original-width922 height200 srchttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiENZTbg8tWqLGDTN-Vqg3HcUTb96VL4B5BVtw70G0P5u9s0rEI94O3RwKMA3MPU-rEq5PgqtB_aefH5OvcZEs1E987hh2sAY7yu00W_abUUYLU6tT2IJLAx7JgMOP0YxVbC3uA4DsBys5z/s200/Magali+Marega.jpg width134>/span>/a>/td>/tr>tr>td classtr-caption styletext-align: center;>b>span stylefont-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;>Magali Marega/span>/b>/td>/tr>/tbody>/table>table cellpadding0 cellspacing0 classtr-caption-container stylefloat: right; text-align: right;>tbody>tr>td styletext-align: center;>a hrefhttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkVhFuCJchGE1Cqs6lGpfVT80sT0_OXQaY3XncUd-MqT9GUbN_jZFheGtBVyqNomBbvCwfcW5znSGA-MkQ8RQxSRqz8Sg59n01MqXXQWxfpUGY4pc0-Hv9O-l4pSudF6eyNkJvaiM-5O-R/s1600/Jo+Vervecken.jpg imageanchor1 styleclear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;>span stylefont-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;>img alt border0 data-original-height500 data-original-width500 height200 srchttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkVhFuCJchGE1Cqs6lGpfVT80sT0_OXQaY3XncUd-MqT9GUbN_jZFheGtBVyqNomBbvCwfcW5znSGA-MkQ8RQxSRqz8Sg59n01MqXXQWxfpUGY4pc0-Hv9O-l4pSudF6eyNkJvaiM-5O-R/s200/Jo+Vervecken.jpg title width200>/span>/a>/td>/tr>tr>td classtr-caption styletext-align: center;>b>span stylefont-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;>Jo Vervecken/span>/b>/td>/tr>/tbody>/table>span stylefont-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;>‘In reality, the work in the field implies a slow death, because it kills you inside’ says Luis, a 59 year old banana worker. ‘Paradoxically, it’s the only way of surviving but it kills you anyway.’span stylefont-size: x-small;>1/span>br>br>This testimony comes from one of 30 in-depth interviews in Vitali’s (2015) study of work conditions and workers’ health in the banana-producing sector in Los Rios province of Ecuador. br>br>Luis is one of 200 000 people working on banana plantations in Ecuador, the world’s leading banana exporter. The global banana supply chain is under a lot of pressure from food retailers, forcing down producers’ prices. Workers and the environment suffer the consequences. Rights violations create serious health risks for the banana workers. /span>br>span stylefont-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;>One of the main health risks is daily exposure to pesticides. Aerial fumigation is done at any hour of the day. María describes: ‘They fumigate during lunchtime, also where we are eating. They force us to sign a paper stating that we agree with aerial fumigation and that we receive the necessary protection. If we don’t sign, we get into trouble.’ /span>br>/div>/div>/div>/div>/div>/div>/div>/div>/div>/p>div styleclear:both;>/div>div styleclear: both;>/div>/div>div classjump-link>a hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/2017/12/the-slow-death-of-ecuadorian-banana.html#more>Read more »/a>/div>div classpost-footer>div classpost-footer-line post-footer-line->/div>div classpost-footer-line post-footer-line-2>/div>div classpost-footer-line post-footer-line-3>/div>/div>/div>/div>h2 classdate-header>Monday, December 4, 2017/h2>div classwrapfullpost>div classpost hentry>a name8958488782197768652>/a>h3 classpost-title entry-title>a hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/2017/12/redesigning-euro-area-towards-social.html>Redesigning the Euro area towards a social project /a>/h3>div classpost-header-line-1>/div>div classpostmeta-primary>/div>div classpost-body entry-content>p>div idsummary8958488782197768652>div dirltr styletext-align: left; trbidion>div dirltr styletext-align: left; trbidion>div dirltr styletext-align: left; trbidion>div dirltr styletext-align: left; trbidion>div dirltr styletext-align: left; trbidion>div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: justify;>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: right;>/div>div styletext-align: right;>/div>span stylefont-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;>span stylefont-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;>b>/b>/span>span stylefont-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;>b>/b>/span>b>/b>/span>div styletext-align: justify;>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: right;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: right;>/div>div styletext-align: right;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div styletext-align: right;>/div>div styletext-align: left;>/div>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>/div>table cellpadding0 cellspacing0 classtr-caption-container stylefloat: left; margin-right: 1em;>tbody>tr>td styletext-align: center;>a hrefhttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPTlAfOL_mbAvObB__0-GpSK2aIzreG2HqvThWquzi_YRztmnossXJpmBkUB31_5YW8mzZvv6DwEMQJb0VSExAVaDC1t5jZ1qWTKnvqggPPRpedSKxyeibUAdlROfaWokE3FcuZ-F6mCCu/s1600/Herr_Druck.jpg imageanchor1 styleclear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;>img border0 data-original-height747 data-original-width500 height200 srchttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPTlAfOL_mbAvObB__0-GpSK2aIzreG2HqvThWquzi_YRztmnossXJpmBkUB31_5YW8mzZvv6DwEMQJb0VSExAVaDC1t5jZ1qWTKnvqggPPRpedSKxyeibUAdlROfaWokE3FcuZ-F6mCCu/s200/Herr_Druck.jpg width133>/a>/td>/tr>tr>td classtr-caption styletext-align: center;>b>span stylefont-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;>Hansjörg Herr/span>/b>/td>/tr>/tbody>/table>span stylefont-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;>As shown in detail in the recent e-publication (Herr et al, 2017) linked belowspan stylefont-size: x-small;>1/span> all countries in the European Monetary Union (EMU) were severely hit by the Great Recession in 2008 and 2009. The initial recovery was relatively quick, but the Eurozone slid into a double-dip recession in 2012 and 2013. Since then there has been a slow recovery. Germany became one of the best performing countries in terms of GDP growth. Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain suffered massively from the crisis. Development in France also has been sluggish. br>br>The lost decade for some of the EMU countries was caused by ill-advised policies. More fundamentally, the architecture of the EMU is not adequate to create a stable currency, in spite of some reforms after 2008, such as the steps towards banking union. br>br>After the Great Recession, three polices were particularly damaging./span>br>/div>/div>/div>/div>/div>/div>/div>/div>/div>/p>div styleclear:both;>/div>div styleclear: both;>/div>/div>div classjump-link>a hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/2017/12/redesigning-euro-area-towards-social.html#more>Read more »/a>/div>div classpost-footer>div classpost-footer-line post-footer-line->/div>div classpost-footer-line post-footer-line-2>/div>div classpost-footer-line post-footer-line-3>/div>/div>/div>/div>!--Cant find substitution for tag adEnd-->/div>div classblog-pager idblog-pager>span idblog-pager-older-link>a classblog-pager-older-link hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search?updated-max2017-12-04T14:51:00%2B01:00&max-results5 idBlog1_blog-pager-older-link titleOlder Posts>Older 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hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Tax%20Evasion>Tax Evasion/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-2>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Welfare%20State>Welfare State/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-2>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Workers%20Rights>Workers Rights/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-2>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Workers%E2%80%99%20Organisations>Workers’ Organisations/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/AMCU>AMCU/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Africa>Africa/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Alternative%20Sources%20of%20Power>Alternative Sources of Power/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Anti-privatisation>Anti-privatisation/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Anti-union%20Violence>Anti-union Violence/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Automobiles>Automobiles/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Brazil>Brazil/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Business%20and%20Human%20Rights>Business and Human Rights/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Capital%20Flight>Capital Flight/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Capitalism>Capitalism/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Chinese%20Investment>Chinese Investment/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Climate%20Change>Climate Change/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Collectivity>Collectivity/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Colombia>Colombia/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Community%20Monitoring>Community Monitoring/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Conference>Conference/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Corporate%20Transparency>Corporate Transparency/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Coup>Coup/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Cuba>Cuba/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Debt%20Restructuring>Debt Restructuring/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Decriminalisation>Decriminalisation/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Demand>Demand/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Democracy>Democracy/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Developed%20and%20Developing%20Countries>Developed and Developing Countries/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Development>Development/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Digitisation>Digitisation/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Disciplining%20of%20the%20superfluous%20labour%20force>Disciplining of the superfluous labour force/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Domestic%20Work>Domestic Work/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Economic%20Development>Economic Development/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Egypt>Egypt/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Elections>Elections/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Entrepreneurship>Entrepreneurship/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Eurozone%20Crisis>Eurozone Crisis/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Executive%20Compensation>Executive Compensation/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Factory%20Occupations>Factory Occupations/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Fair%20Trade>Fair Trade/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Farm%20Workers>Farm Workers/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Feminism>Feminism/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Finance>Finance/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Financial%20Crises>Financial Crises/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Financial%20Innovation>Financial Innovation/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Financial%20crisis.>Financial crisis./a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Fiscal%20Austerity>Fiscal Austerity/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Food%20Sovereignty>Food Sovereignty/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/G20>G20/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Gender>Gender/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Gentrification>Gentrification/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Global%20Health>Global Health/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Global%20Multiplier>Global Multiplier/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Great%20Depression>Great Depression/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Great%20Recession>Great Recession/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Hawkers>Hawkers/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Health>Health/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Hotel%20Housekeepers>Hotel Housekeepers/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Human%20Rights%20due%20Diligence>Human Rights due Diligence/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/India>India/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Industrial%20Relations>Industrial Relations/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Informal%20Employment>Informal Employment/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Institutions>Institutions/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/International%20Aid%20Policy>International Aid Policy/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/International%20Framework%20Agreements>International Framework Agreements/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Investment%20Partnership%20%28TTIP%29>Investment Partnership (TTIP)/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Investment%20Partnerships>Investment Partnerships/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Iran>Iran/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Korean%20Shipbuilding%20Industry>Korean Shipbuilding Industry/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Kuznets>Kuznets/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Labor>Labor/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Labour%20Broking>Labour Broking/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Labour%20Income%20Share>Labour Income Share/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Labour%20Markets>Labour Markets/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Labour%20Reform>Labour Reform/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Leadership>Leadership/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Left>Left/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Legislation>Legislation/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Loi%20Travail>Loi Travail/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Macroeconomic%20Performance>Macroeconomic Performance/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Management>Management/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Manufacturing>Manufacturing/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Marshall%20Plan>Marshall Plan/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Metal%20Workers>Metal Workers/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Migrant%20Domestic%20Workers>Migrant Domestic Workers/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Militarised%20Capitalism>Militarised Capitalism/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Mineworkers>Mineworkers/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/NASVI>NASVI/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/National%20Health%20Service>National Health Service/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Neolibaralism>Neolibaralism/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Networking>Networking/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/New%20Progressive%20Consensus>New Progressive Consensus/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Online%20Campaigning>Online Campaigning/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Options%20for%20the%20Euro%20Area>Options for the Euro Area/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Paternalism>Paternalism/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Patriarchy>Patriarchy/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Pensions>Pensions/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Performance%20Standards>Performance Standards/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Political%20Alliances>Political Alliances/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Poverty%20Reduction>Poverty Reduction/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Precariousness>Precariousness/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Prison%20Labour>Prison Labour/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Prisoners>Prisoners/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Private%20Plantations>Private Plantations/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Progressive%20Tax%20Reform>Progressive Tax Reform/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Protectionism>Protectionism/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Protests>Protests/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Public%20Policy>Public Policy/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Quebec>Quebec/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Racism>Racism/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Rank-and-File%20Member>Rank-and-File Member/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Redistribution>Redistribution/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Regulation%20of%20Labour>Regulation of Labour/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Rent%20Seeking>Rent Seeking/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Rural%20Development>Rural Development/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Ruskin>Ruskin/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/SEWA>SEWA/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Securitization>Securitization/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Sex%20Work>Sex Work/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Shadow%20Banking>Shadow Banking/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Shaft%20Stewards>Shaft Stewards/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Social%20Audit>Social Audit/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Social%20Development>Social Development/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Social%20Movement>Social Movement/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Social%20Transformation>Social Transformation/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Solidarity%20Economy>Solidarity Economy/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Spain>Spain/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Sportswear%20Industry>Sportswear Industry/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/State>State/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Stellenbosch>Stellenbosch/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Street%20Trading>Street Trading/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Street%20Vendors>Street Vendors/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Strike%20Ban>Strike Ban/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Strikes>Strikes/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Structural%20Changes>Structural Changes/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Supply%20Chains>Supply Chains/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr hrefhttp://column.global-labour-university.org/search/label/Swedish%20Model>Swedish Model/a>/span>span classlabel-size label-size-1>a dirltr 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