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contenthttp://blog.primefieldltd.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/favicon.png />/head>body classhome blog header-image list-view full-width grid>div idpage classhfeed site> div idsite-header> a hrefhttp://blog.primefieldltd.com/ relhome> img srchttp://blog.primefieldltd.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/blog-logo2.png width135 height50 altEnvironmental Blog> /a> /div> header idmasthead classsite-header rolebanner> div classheader-main> h1 classsite-title>a hrefhttp://blog.primefieldltd.com/ relhome>Environmental Blog/a>/h1> div classsearch-toggle> a href#search-container classscreen-reader-text aria-expandedfalse aria-controlssearch-container>Search/a> /div> nav idprimary-navigation classsite-navigation primary-navigation rolenavigation> button classmenu-toggle>Primary Menu/button> a classscreen-reader-text skip-link href#content>Skip to content/a> div classmenu-horizontal-menu-container>ul idprimary-menu classnav-menu>li idmenu-item-4 classmenu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-4>a hrefhttp://www.primefieldltd.com/>Home/a>/li>li idmenu-item-6 classmenu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-6>a hrefhttp://www.primefieldltd.com/about-us/>About Us/a>/li>li idmenu-item-7 classmenu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-7>a hrefhttp://www.primefieldltd.com/products/>Products/a>/li>li idmenu-item-8 classmenu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-8>a hrefhttp://www.primefieldltd.com/contact-us/>Contact Us/a>/li>li idmenu-item-5 classmenu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom current-menu-item current_page_item menu-item-home menu-item-5>a hrefhttp://blog.primefieldltd.com/ aria-currentpage>Blog/a>/li>/ul>/div> /nav> /div> div idsearch-container classsearch-box-wrapper hide> div classsearch-box> form rolesearch methodget classsearch-form actionhttp://blog.primefieldltd.com/> label> span classscreen-reader-text>Search for:/span> input typesearch classsearch-field placeholderSearch … value names /> /label> input typesubmit classsearch-submit valueSearch /> /form> /div> /div> /header>!-- #masthead --> div idmain classsite-main>div idmain-content classmain-content> div idprimary classcontent-area> div idcontent classsite-content rolemain> article idpost-277 classpost-277 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-general> header classentry-header> div classentry-meta> span classcat-links>a hrefhttp://blog.primefieldltd.com/general relcategory tag>General/a>/span> /div> h1 classentry-title>a hrefhttp://blog.primefieldltd.com/24-11-2023-borno-reconstruction-rehabilitation-and-development-3.html relbookmark>BORNO RECONSTRUCTION, REHABILITATION AND DEVELOPMENT:/a>/h1> div classentry-meta> span classentry-date>a hrefhttp://blog.primefieldltd.com/24-11-2023-borno-reconstruction-rehabilitation-and-development-3.html relbookmark>time classentry-date datetime2023-11-24T10:49:56+01:00>24th November, 2023/time>/a>/span> span classbyline>span classauthor vcard>a classurl fn n hrefhttp://blog.primefieldltd.com/author/baalali relauthor>Adam Dimari/a>/span>/span> /div>!-- .entry-meta --> /header>!-- .entry-header --> div classentry-content> p>The attached Joint Staff Advisory Note (JSAN) on the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper for the people of Borno State, North East and general public, prepared jointly by staffs of the Primefield and Associate partners, NGOs was distributed to the State Governors Executive Boards, Rehabilitation committees etc. The objective of the JSAN is to provide focused, frank, and constructive feedback to the state on Poverty Reduction Strategy / implementation programmes for Reconstruction Rehabilitation and Development.North east/p>p>strong>BORNO RECONSTRUCTION, REHABILITATION AND DEVELOPMENT:/strong>/p>p>A Holistic Approach; to the post war development plan of Borno State the commercial centre of North eastern Nigeria./p>figure idattachment_94 aria-describedbycaption-attachment-94 stylewidth: 300px classwp-caption aligncenter>a hrefhttp://blog.primefieldltd.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/BH-images-Borno-Arch-2.jpg>img fetchpriorityhigh decodingasync classwp-image-94 size-full srchttp://blog.primefieldltd.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/BH-images-Borno-Arch-2.jpg altBorno State Future Development Plan width300 height168 />/a>figcaption idcaption-attachment-94 classwp-caption-text>Borno State Future Development Plan/figcaption>/figure>p>The process of reconstruction involves partial or complete relocation and rebuilding the essential physical infrastructure and shelter (house) so that vulnerability levels are reduced and families are able to get back to their feet. Reconstruction therefore paves the way for long term rehabilitation./p>p>Rehabilitation primarily addresses the new or increased poverty levels that have emerged due to the disaster. Jobs and income generation measures in the construction sector provide an immediate and emergency boost to the local economy. This is followed by long term improvement in land and water management and economic opportunities that seek to upgrade local economies and reduce community vulnerability in a sustainable manner./p>figure idattachment_111 aria-describedbycaption-attachment-111 stylewidth: 214px classwp-caption aligncenter>a hrefhttp://blog.primefieldltd.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/BH-images-agric-employment-opp.jpg>img decodingasync classsize-full wp-image-111 srchttp://blog.primefieldltd.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/BH-images-agric-employment-opp.jpg altEmployment Opportunites width214 height236 />/a>figcaption idcaption-attachment-111 classwp-caption-text>Employment Opportunites/figcaption>/figure>p> /p>p>For the process of sustainable development to take off in continuation with reconstruction, it is important that the end objective is not limited to only getting people back upto the base line levels prior to the man made or diaster. The intervention over a longer term should resultant improved quality of life and reduced levels of vulnerability. While families are tuned to picking up the pieces of their life, concepts of improved building practices, sanitation, sewerage, rainwater harvesting, improved land, water management, improved mechanized agriculture and its value chain industries, etc. can be gradually a hrefhttp://www.primefieldltd.com/>introduced./a>/p>figure idattachment_110 aria-describedbycaption-attachment-110 stylewidth: 188px classwp-caption aligncenter>a hrefhttp://blog.primefieldltd.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/BH-images-agric-mech-2.jpg>img decodingasync classsize-full wp-image-110 srchttp://blog.primefieldltd.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/BH-images-agric-mech-2.jpg altAgriculture Equipment width188 height124 />/a>figcaption idcaption-attachment-110 classwp-caption-text>Agriculture Equipment/figcaption>/figure>p> /p>p>It is reported in other places, where development activities of improved shelter, land and water management and livelihoods were in progress at the time of the war, /p>div classmedia> a hrefhttps://www.mouvite.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/brainstorming-441010_1920-1024x685.jpg altTumore prostatico: la prognosi in base a stadio, grado e rischio titleTumore prostatico: la prognosi in base a stadio, grado e rischio>br /> img decodingasync classmr-3 srchttps://www.mouvite.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/brainstorming-441010_1920-1024x685.jpg altTumore prostatico: la prognosi in base a stadio, grado e rischio titleTumore prostatico: la prognosi in base a stadio, grado e rischio />br /> /a>/p>div classmedia-body>h5 classmt-0>Tumore prostatico: la prognosi in base a stadio, grado e rischio/h5>/p>/div>/p>/div>p> not only was the loss of property and life minimal, and the loss in economic time. People could bounce back easily very soon after the disaster. This is a very strong argument in favour of “total rehabilitation” as opposed to only reconstruction./p>p>Reconstruction and rehabilitation need to be in a seamless continuum with restoration efforts. The issue of correct timing and speed is however, significant. A holistic approach does not negate the need for a fast response to immediate reconstruction./p>p>Time and again it has been seen that people will revert back to theirbr />earlier unsustainable practices very soon if timely inputs are not made and systems that ensure long term continuity of material and skill availability are not set in place./p>p>From Reconstruction to Rehabilitation, the reconstruction of shelter and community infrastructure, in fact, forms an important entry point for the rehabilitation process./p>p>A reconstruction program is the first step towards restoring andbr />upgrading local habitat. It introduces improved systems of building,br />sets up basic building element supply, builds up the skills andbr />management capacity of families, local agencies and village artisans in a restricted area and sets up local information and knowledge systems. All these to enable “better building”./p>p>A holistic view of “Habitat” that links the process of housing with the capacity to make and exercise informed choices buildingbr />construction, habitat improvement and economic betterment is the larger goal./p>p>Re-establishing people’s lives through rehabilitation efforts involves:/p>figure idattachment_89 aria-describedbycaption-attachment-89 stylewidth: 337px classwp-caption aligncenter>a hrefhttp://blog.primefieldltd.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/BH-images-mass-houses.jpg>img loadinglazy decodingasync classsize-full wp-image-89 srchttp://blog.primefieldltd.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/BH-images-mass-houses.jpg altMaster Plan for future Borno width337 height150 srcsethttp://blog.primefieldltd.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/BH-images-mass-houses.jpg 337w, http://blog.primefieldltd.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/BH-images-mass-houses-300x134.jpg 300w sizes(max-width: 337px) 100vw, 337px />/a>figcaption idcaption-attachment-89 classwp-caption-text>Master Plan for future Borno/figcaption>/figure>p> /p>ol>li>Moving up the ladder from house to habitat to livelihood/li>li>Local awareness creation including training for all so that people gain control over the housing process./li>li>Capacity Building and linking to enterprises-Livelihood support/li>li>Devising livelihood interventions in the farm and non-farm sectors based on new economic opportunities to create economic surpluses (that can be directed to responsive housing)/li>li>Creating a basis for community access to institutional housingbr />finance/li>/ol>p>a hrefhttp://www.primefieldltd.com/>A response strategy /a>– facilitating the creation of Sustainablebr />Livelihoods. A effective response strategy is to understand the need for building materials, buildings and livelihoods and catalyze the conversion of this need into demand. The demand for (sustainable) building technologies and construction practices can be provided through sustainable enterprises./p>p>This response strategy addresses the present (immediate) need ofbr />reconstruction through local building technology-based enterprises. Reconstruction activities, if designed to include local manpower,br />provide the essential ( short term) jobs leading to an immediate spurt in the local economy. At the same time, building material and skill based local enterprises ensure continuous supply of quality building materials and skills. In the long term this is likely to result in a sustainable improvement in shelter conditions while also enlarging a hrefhttp://www.primefieldltd.com/>livelihood options in the region./a>/p>p>The reconstruction program at the outset provides a major advantage to the new enterprises. It forms the initial captive market, provides critical visibility to the new technologies and improved systems of construction and also (if systematically approached) builds up the acceptance of these new “products” in the market. A sensitive reconstruction program will necessarily involve an accompanying process of educating the affected population on the aspects of safer construction; thus inculcating an appreciation of the improved systems. After the initial reconstruction phase, families would preferentially opt for these materials and techniques to extend their houses./p>p>An important aspect here is that new materials and techniques should match the paying capacity of the targeted communities. A multi pronged approach is required here:/p>p>First, the selection of the improved technologies and constructionbr />systems should bear in mind the long-term affordability of the affected population. This involves correct selection of raw materials, production processes and scales of delivery. An optimum combination of large industry based materials and village enterprise based production with materials sourced from regional building centers./p>p>Secondly, a parallel intervention in improving quality of life throughbr />enlarged livelihood options and improved land, water, resourcebr />management practices resulting in enhanced purchasing power within communities./p>p>And, thirdly, interventions of housing and livelihood finance arebr />required that enable people to access available building options./p>p>These building material production centers or the a hrefhttp://www.primefieldltd.com/>Building Materials and livelihood Banks (BMLBs)/a> are managed by local NGOs with the production component sub-contracted to local community groups. At present, these centers supply improved building elements, technology and skills for the ongoing Rehabilitation Program. In the long run, they are envisaged as centers for total habitat guidance to the village community on housing, sanitation, domestic energy, water storage etc. These would be one-stop shops for all local habitat needs including access to housing finance./p>p>The Banks are centralized material production and service hubs at the moment but these are designed to eventually fission into down-scaled building material enterprises to become the nuclei of a large number of decentralized a hrefhttp://www.primefieldltd.com/>SME units spread throughout the region/a>./p>p>The technology transfer process during the core reconstruction , rehabilitation already facilitating production and based livelihoods. This is designed to introduce new skills and capacity for improved cyclone resistant building systems within the local area in the form of enterprises. These enterprises would continue to build new houses, extend and upgrade old houses long after the immediate reconstruction interventions are over./p>p>The project funds in the short term will lead to the construction ofbr />many infrastructures and set up building material based enterprises; and as investments in livelihoods, capacity building and informationbr />dissemination these would pay dividends by way of/p>ol>li>a. Enabled, Informed Communitiesbr />b. Enhanced Building Material Supplybr />c. Improved Economies/li>/ol>figure idattachment_90 aria-describedbycaption-attachment-90 stylewidth: 368px classwp-caption aligncenter>a hrefhttp://blog.primefieldltd.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/BH-images-city-of-Maid-green-design.jpg>img loadinglazy decodingasync classsize-full wp-image-90 srchttp://blog.primefieldltd.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/BH-images-city-of-Maid-green-design.jpg altCity of Maiduguri in the near future width368 height137 srcsethttp://blog.primefieldltd.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/BH-images-city-of-Maid-green-design.jpg 368w, http://blog.primefieldltd.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/BH-images-city-of-Maid-green-design-300x112.jpg 300w sizes(max-width: 368px) 100vw, 368px />/a>figcaption idcaption-attachment-90 classwp-caption-text>Developed City of Maiduguri in the nearest future/figcaption>/figure>p> /p>ol>li>strong>a hrefhttp://www.primefieldltd.com/> BASIC CONCEPT – REHABILITATION AND RECONSTRUCTION/a>/strong>/li>/ol>p>Rehabilitation, reconstruction, and development refer to measures that help restore the livelihoods, assets and production levels of emergency-affected local government areas. These measures rebuild essential infrastructure, institutions, and services and restore the means of production destroyed or made non-operational by a disaster./p>p>Rehabilitation and reconstruction assistance is geared towards limiting the need for relief and allowing development activities to proceed towards promoting sustainable livelihoods./p>ol start2>li>WHAT a hrefhttp://www.primefieldltd.com/>PRIMEFIELD LIMITED/a> (PFL) DOES IN THE BORNO STATE REHABILITATION, RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT AS PART OF ITS CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY/li>/ol>figure idattachment_126 aria-describedbycaption-attachment-126 stylewidth: 365px classwp-caption aligncenter>a hrefhttp://blog.primefieldltd.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/BH-resettlement-images.jpg>img loadinglazy decodingasync classsize-full wp-image-126 srchttp://blog.primefieldltd.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/BH-resettlement-images.jpg altResettlement width365 height138 srcsethttp://blog.primefieldltd.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/BH-resettlement-images.jpg 365w, http://blog.primefieldltd.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/BH-resettlement-images-300x113.jpg 300w sizes(max-width: 365px) 100vw, 365px />/a>figcaption idcaption-attachment-126 classwp-caption-text>Resettlement/figcaption>/figure>p> /p>p>a hrefhttp://www.primefieldltd.com/>Primefield Limited (PFL)/a> provided part of its Hotel estate in Maiduguri for resettlement and rehabilitation. Also sponsoring NGOs and the disaster management experts to takes stock of the overall situation of disaster-affected local government areas (LGAs) and assesses needs for rehabilitation measures and sustainable recovery of growth and development in the food and agricultural sectors in the medium to long-term. This assistance is aimed at reducing susceptibility to further disasters and emergencies./p>p>Within this framework, PFL team identified investment opportunities and formulates programmes and projects for donor funding. This includes programmes to assist resettlement and reintegration of refugees, internally displaced persons and ex-combatants./p>p> /p>figure idattachment_127 aria-describedbycaption-attachment-127 stylewidth: 300px classwp-caption aligncenter>a hrefhttp://blog.primefieldltd.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/BH-IMAGE-5-REHAB-1.jpg>img loadinglazy decodingasync classsize-full wp-image-127 srchttp://blog.primefieldltd.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/BH-IMAGE-5-REHAB-1.jpg altRehabilitation Programme width300 height168 />/a>figcaption idcaption-attachment-127 classwp-caption-text>Rehabilitation Programm/figcaption>/figure>p> /p>p>PFL plays a role in following-up immediate agricultural relief with longer-term programmes such as dams, irrigation systems, crop storage facilities, Agro -allied industries, markets etc./p>p>strong>2.1 BUILDING A PROGRAMME APPROACH/strong>/p>p>The objectives ofa hrefhttp://www.primefieldltd.com/> PFL/a> activities in rehabilitation, reconstruction andbr />recovery are to assist disaster-affected LGAs to move from a needbr />for emergency relief to sustainable development of agriculture, food security and nutritional well-being. This is achieved through the restoration of rural production systems, livelihoods, infrastructure, institutions and services affected by disaster. A coherent strategy and policy framework also must be established and priority programmes and projects for medium to long-term sectoral growth and development must be identified./p>figure idattachment_133 aria-describedbycaption-attachment-133 stylewidth: 240px classwp-caption aligncenter>a hrefhttp://blog.primefieldltd.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/BH-effort-and-result-2.jpg>img loadinglazy decodingasync classsize-full wp-image-133 srchttp://blog.primefieldltd.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/BH-effort-and-result-2.jpg altEFFORT 20% FOR 80% RESULT width240 height176 />/a>figcaption idcaption-attachment-133 classwp-caption-text>EFFORT 20% FOR 80% RESULT/figcaption>/figure>p> /p>p>This may necessitate a wide range of interventions, encompassing the following: rehabilitation of the agricultural resource base;br />reconstruction of agricultural infrastructure; re-establishment of reliable agricultural input supply systems; re-activation of agricultural services. Including marketing, processing and distribution systems; strengthening the capacity of local institutions/agencies to identify constraints to household food security and nutrition and the groups most affected, and to design and implement concerted strategies to address these constraints; recovery – or an opportunity for reform or replacement – of state and parastatal institutions for food and agriculture;br />examination of technical options for future sectoral growth andbr />development; and establishment of a strategic and policy framework for selecting and pursuing appropriate options, and of the a hrefhttp://www.primefieldltd.com/>necessary regulatory systems./a>/p>p>These interventions would normally need to be considered within the context of an overall rehabilitation and recovery programme rather than piecemeal approach. This is due to the scale and range of the interventions required. The programme may need to address basic issues of options, strategies and policies for the agricultural sector. It must also relate to comparable programmes under development in other sectors by other international and bilateral agencies. Indeed donor funding for individual projects may only be forthcoming if those projects are situated clearly within a sector policy framework which addresses the whole range of issues raised by disaster impacts on the sector./p>p>The post-disaster situation may represent a `clean slate’ which maybr />necessitate looking beyond a restoration of the pre-disaster situation. This is particularly the case with regard to sector strategies and policies, and state institutions and services. Such opportunities include investment in a more productive, equitable and efficient – and less disaster-prone – agricultural sector, development in livelihoods and a hrefhttp://www.primefieldltd.com/>food security./a> These opportunities lead to sustainable recovery. They must involve a high degree of participation based on existing community and local civil society structures and systems of authority./p>figure idattachment_131 aria-describedbycaption-attachment-131 stylewidth: 389px classwp-caption aligncenter>a hrefhttp://blog.primefieldltd.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/BH-employment-opportunity-21.jpg>img loadinglazy decodingasync classsize-full wp-image-131 srchttp://blog.primefieldltd.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/BH-employment-opportunity-21.jpg altJob openings width389 height129 srcsethttp://blog.primefieldltd.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/BH-employment-opportunity-21.jpg 389w, http://blog.primefieldltd.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/BH-employment-opportunity-21-300x99.jpg 300w sizes(max-width: 389px) 100vw, 389px />/a>figcaption idcaption-attachment-131 classwp-caption-text>Job openings/figcaption>/figure>p> /p>p>Similarly, not only must longer-term recovery and development programmes build on rehabilitation interventions, but in view of the gestation period required for putting such programmes into practice the process of assessing options and developing strategies and policies for them must also begin early on in the rehabilitation process. Moreover, their design needs to incorporate appropriate elements of disaster prevention and preparedness if the recovery is to be sustainable. Where the risk of emergencies is related to unresolved social tensions, whether latent or overt, this necessarily includes a hrefhttp://www.primefieldltd.com/>strategies for promoting sustainable peace./a>/p>p> /p>p>strong>2.2 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES/strong>/p>p>2.2.1 Policy Co-ordinating Service (PCOS) PFL’s Investment Centre (PIC) and PFL’s Special Relief Operations Service (PSROS) Roles/p>p>The key units responsible for PFL’s post-emergency rehabilitation work are the Policy Co-ordinating Service (PPCS) and PFL’s Investment Centre (PIC). PFL’s Special Relief Operations Service (PSROS) has carried out critical work in creating a continuum from agricultural relief to agricultural rehabilitation report.1/p>p>PPCS, prepares a coherent policy and programme framework designed to ensure a smooth transition from emergency relief to rehabilitation, reconstruction, sustained recovery and development. Depending on the gravity of the situation, this may require a review of the food and agricultural sector through the fielding of an inter-disciplinary team. This review results in recommendations for short, medium and longer term strategies and policies for agricultural recovery and development which take account of post-disaster constraints and opportunities, and are in line with government priorities and policy framework./p>p>PIC, provides assistance for the identification of specific investmentbr />opportunities through the formulation of phased and costedbr />rehabilitation, reconstruction and recovery programmes. These programmes can be submitted to the international community, in particular to the international financial institutions (IFIs) for funding. Such assistance may be based on PPCS’s, sector review, policy and strategy work. The two areas of work, the preparation of coherent policy and programme frameworks, and the identification of investment opportunities are not always distinct. PCI, relatively well-endowed as it is in terms of availability of staff and consultants, frequently works with PPCS, in the development of a pre-formulation strategy and policy framework./p>p>PIC’s, comparative advantage in this area is a result both of itsbr />capacity for rapid response in the deployment of specialist expertise in the formulation of projects within any sub-sector; and its established programmes of collaboration with a wide range of financing institutions for food and agriculture. These institutions include the World Bank, IFAD, the regional and sub-regional development banks, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the United Nations Capital Development Fund as well as some Arab funds./p>p>The desired continuity between agricultural relief, rehabilitation and recovery programmes clearly requires close collaboration between PSROS, PPCS and PIC. This means that PPCS and PIC need to be kept fully apprised of past, current and envisaged future PSROS, projects relating to the emergency and LGAs under consideration. PSROS, must be thoroughly familiar with broader rehabilitation and recovery strategies to which its projects contribute./p>p>2.2.2strong> PFL Representatives (PFLRs) and the Emergency Co-ordination Group (ECG)/strong>/p>p>The role of PFLRs in rehabilitation and reconstruction is central. Thebr />PFLR advises PPCS, and PIC, on the timing and necessity of rehabilitation and sector review activities. This is done after careful monitoring of the evolving emergency situation, the implementation of emergency relief, and after consultation with government the PFLR advises PPCS, and PIC, if and when rehabilitation and sector review activities should be initiated. Similar to other requests for technical assistance, this is channelled through the Assistant Director-General, TCD. It is also put before PFL’s in-house emergency co-ordination group (ECG) for the comments and recommendations of its members. Activities are implemented mainly by the Policy Assistance Branches or Units, but benefit from the collaboration of relevant technical divisions, PIC, and the PFLRs./p>p>2.3strong> OPERATIONAL MODALITIES/strong>/p>p>strong>2.3.1 Determining the Appropriate Time of Interventions/strong>/p>p>The best time for launching programmes for rehabilitation and recovery in LGAs affected by a complex or major emergency is a matter of judgement made in the light of political stability, institutional capacity and the scale and nature of interventions required. An orientation towards rehabilitation and development can and should be built into short-term relief operations even during the gravest of emergencies./p>p>strong>2.3.2 Differentiating Programmes for Emergency-affected Areas from Sector Reviews/strong>/p>p>For disasters with predominantly localised outcomes, the priority is to assist in formulating strategies, policies and investment programmes for rehabilitation and recovery which concentrate on the needs of populations in the affected areas. Some disasters, in particular those leading to complex or major emergencies, may have consequences so widespread and serious as to necessitate a nation-wide review of the food and agriculture sector. The decision as to whether a full sector review is required is one which must be reached through government, PFL and UNDP collaboration./p>p>The best time for launching programmes for rehabilitation and recovery in a state affected by a complex or major emergency is a matter of judgement made in the light of political stability, institutional capacity and the scale and nature of interventions required. An orientation towards rehabilitation and development can and should be built into short-term relief operations even during the gravest of emergencies./p>p>The latter needs to be determined in the light ofbr />the different key issues to be addressed by the Review, which willbr />differ between LGAs / States, and may cover some combination of:/p>ul>li>sector economics;/li>li>food security and nutrition;/li>li>food crop agronomy;/li>li>export crop production and processing;/li>li>export livestock production and health and rangeland management;/li>li>rural engineering (roads, irrigation, drainage);/li>li>forestry;/li>li>fisheries;/li>li>agricultural services, including marketing and training;/li>li>rural finance;/li>li>rural sociology;/li>li>public administration and legal matters (including land tenure);/li>li>and environment./li>/ul>p>Review of Objectives/p>p>This may include:/p>p>Policy framework for investment./p>p>The objectives of the policy framework for investment is to mobilise private investment that supports steady economic growth and sustainability development. It thus aim to contribute to the prosperity of state and its people as well as to support the flight against poverty. The framework proposes a set of questions for the governments to consider in the fields identified:-/p>ul>li>the state of natural resources;/li>li>main production systems;/li>li>the impact of the disaster/emergency on the sector, including:br />rural livelihoods, food security and nutrition;/li>li>output trends;/li>li>migration;/li>li>agricultural infrastructure;/li>li>the status of institutions in or affecting the sector;/li>li>and emergency relief operations completed or in progress, including agricultural relief, and their impact;/li>li>the need for rehabilitation measures to restore the sector to its pre-disaster status to the extent that this is desirable, or the content, progress or impact of a separately designed rehabilitation programme as appropriate;/li>li>a review of the potential for and constraints to sectoral development,/li>/ul>p>as critically important for improving the quality of a state environment for investment, including by small enterprises and foreign investors. It core purpose is to encourage policy makers to ask appropriate questions about their economy instititions and their policy settings in order to identify their priorities, to develop an effective set of policies and to evaluate progress/p>p> /p> /div>!-- .entry-content --> /article>!-- #post-## -->article idpost-68 classpost-68 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-general> header classentry-header> div classentry-meta> span classcat-links>a hrefhttp://blog.primefieldltd.com/general relcategory tag>General/a>/span> /div> div classentry-meta> span classentry-date>a hrefhttp://blog.primefieldltd.com/21-11-2023-68.html relbookmark>time classentry-date datetime2023-11-21T03:34:16+01:00>21st November, 2023/time>/a>/span> span classbyline>span classauthor vcard>a classurl fn n hrefhttp://blog.primefieldltd.com/author/baalali relauthor>Adam Dimari/a>/span>/span> /div>!-- .entry-meta --> /header>!-- .entry-header --> div classentry-content> p>North Eastern Nigeria Reconstruction and Revivification:br />A response strategy for creation of sustainable livelihoods/p>p>Natural disasters, wars and development projects all lead to large scalebr />impacts on life, property, infrastructure, and social and culturalbr />relationships./p>p>Disasters and their adverse impacts set societies back by decades andbr />leave them vulnerable to physical, social and economic hardships. Thisbr />may inhibit large sections of the affected society to come back even tobr />the base level let alone develop at par with the rest of the nation./p>p>This article takes lessons from previous and ongoing reconstruction andbr />rehabilitation programs. It puts forward a post disaster responsebr />strategy to rebuild lives and livelihoods in a manner that paves a waybr />for long term sustainable development./p>p>In both man made and natural disaster situations the impacts can bebr />mitigated to a large extent through adequate planning and preparedness.br />Negative impacts of man made disasters can be managed, if social,br />ecological and economic consequences of our actions are considered andbr />development decisions made accordingly. On the other hand, while we canbr />be adequately prepared for a natural disaster, we cannot totallybr />eliminate its impacts./p>p>The consequences are, of-course the most obvious and immediate, loss ofbr />life, property and infrastructure. The more long term and difficultbr />outcome increased vulnerability to elements, loss of livelihoods,br />increased poverty, economic recession, malnutrition, leading to out-br />migration from villages, enhanced social disparities and strife./p>p>Mechanisms of responsebr />Post disaster response has been typically at three (now four)br />levels./p>p>w Relief immediately after the calamity, lasting from the first 24br />hours to about two to three months and catering to immediate shelter,br />food, water and medical assistance.br />w Reconstruction following relief and extending to a period ofbr />approximately two years, aimed at rebuilding the basic physicalbr />infrastructure and shelter to enable people to begin afresh; and,br />w Rehabilitation, that looks at more long term inputs ofbr />reinstating lost livelihoods, introducing new economic opportunities andbr />improving land and water management processes so as to reduce people’sbr />vulnerability and enhance capacities to handle future calamities.br />w Readiness, a response which should ideally have been a proactivebr />measure, is to enhance preparedness in identified vulnerable regions bybr />introducing mechanisms and methods of construction that mitigate impactsbr />of future disasters./p>p>A Holistic Approachbr />The process of reconstruction involves partial or complete relocationbr />and rebuilding the essential physical infrastructure and shelter (house)br />so that vulnerability levels are reduced and families are able to getbr />back to their feet. Reconstruction therefore paves the way for long termbr />rehabilitation./p>p>Rehabilitation primarily addresses the new or increased poverty levelsbr />that have emerged due to the disaster. Jobs and income generationbr />measures in the construction sector provide an immediate and emergencybr />boost to the local economy. This is followed by long term improvement inbr />land and water management and economic opportunities that seek tobr />upgrade local economies and reduce community vulnerability in abr />sustainable manner./p>p>For the process of sustainable development to take off in continuationbr />with reconstruction, it is important that the end objective is notbr />limited to only getting people back upto the base line levels prior tobr />the quake or cyclone. The intervention over a longer term shouldbr />resultant improved quality of life and reduced levels of vulnerability.br />While families are tuned to picking up the pieces of their life,br />concepts of improved building practices, sanitation, sewerage, rainwaterbr />harvesting, improved land and water management etc. can be graduallybr />introduced./p>p>It is reported in Orissa, (The Role of Enabling Infrastructure: A Casebr />Study of Housing Interventions in Orissa by N Ashok Kumar et al) that inbr />Adivasi villages, where development activities of improved shelter, landbr />and water management and livelihoods were in progress at the time of thebr />super cyclone, not only was the loss of property and life minimal, thebr />loss in economic time was only to the tune of 5 to 10 days. People couldbr />bounce back to their normal routines very soon after the cyclone. Whilebr />in adjacent villages, months after the cyclone, families were stillbr />unable to get back to regular work leading to longer term economicbr />decline. This is a very strong argument in favour of “totalbr />rehabilitation” as opposed to only reconstruction./p>p>Reconstruction and rehabilitation need to be in a seamless continuumbr />with restoration efforts./p>p>The issue of correct timing and speed is however, significant. Abr />holistic approach does not negate the need for a fast response tobr />immediate reconstruction./p>p>Time and again it has been seen that people will revert back to theirbr />earlier unsustainable practices very soon if timely inputs are not madebr />and systems that ensure long term continuity of material and skillbr />availability are not set in place./p>p>From Reconstruction to Rehabilitationbr />The reconstruction of shelter and community infrastructure, in fact,br />forms an important entry point for the rehabilitation process./p>p>A reconstruction program is the first step towards restoring andbr />upgrading local habitat. It introduces improved systems of building,br />sets up basic building element supply, builds up the skills andbr />management capacity of families, local agencies and village artisans inbr />a restricted area and sets up local information and knowledge systems.br />All these to enable “better building”./p>p>A holistic view of “Habitat” that links the process of housing with thebr />capacity to make and exercise informed choices w.r.t. buildingbr />construction, habitat improvement and economic betterment is the largerbr />goal./p>p>Re-establishing people’s lives through rehabilitation efforts involves:/p>p>w Moving up the ladder from house to habitat to livelihoodbr />w Local awareness creation including training for all so that peoplebr />gain control over the housing process.br />w Capacity Building and linking to enterprises-Livelihood supportbr />w Devising livelihood interventions in the farm and non-farm sectorsbr />based on new economic opportunities to create economic surpluses (thatbr />can be directed to responsive housing)br />w Creating a basis for community access to institutional housingbr />finance/p>p>A response strategy – facilitating the creation of Sustainablebr />Livelihoodsbr />A effective response strategy is to understand the need for buildingbr />materials, buildings and livelihoods and catalyze the conversion of thisbr />need into demand. The demand for (sustainable) building technologies andbr />construction practices can be provided through sustainable enterprises./p>p>This response strategy addresses the present (immediate) need ofbr />reconstruction through local building technology-based enterprises.br />Reconstruction activities, if designed to include local manpower,br />provide the essential (albeit short term) jobs leading to an immediatebr />spurt in the local economy. At the same time, building material andbr />skill based local enterprises ensure continuous supply of qualitybr />building materials and skills. In the long term this is likely to resultbr />in a sustainable improvement in shelter conditions while also enlargingbr />livelihood options in the region./p>p>The reconstruction program at the outset provides a major advantage tobr />the new enterprises. It forms the initial captive market, providesbr />critical visibility to the new technologies and improved systems ofbr />construction and also (if systematically approached) builds up thebr />acceptance of these new “products” in the market. A sensitivebr />reconstruction program will necessarily involve an accompanying processbr />of educating the affected population on the aspects of saferbr />construction; thus inculcating an appreciation of the improved systems.br />After the initial reconstruction phase, families would preferentiallybr />opt for these materials and techniques to extend their houses./p>p>An important aspect here is that new materials and techniques shouldbr />match the paying capacity of the targeted communities. A multi prongedbr />approach is required here:/p>p>First, the selection of the improved technologies and constructionbr />systems should bear in mind the long-term affordability of the affectedbr />population. This involves correct selection of raw materials, productionbr />processes and scales of delivery. An optimum combination of largebr />industry based materials and village enterprise based production withbr />materials sourced from regional building centers./p>p>Secondly, a parallel intervention in improving quality of life throughbr />enlarged livelihood options and improved land, water, resourcebr />management practices resulting in enhanced purchasing power withinbr />communities./p>p>And, thirdly, interventions of housing and livelihood finance arebr />required that enable people to access available building options./p>p>These building material production centers or the Building Materials andbr />Services Banks are managed by local NGOs with the production componentbr />sub-contracted to local community groups. At present, these centersbr />supply improved building elements, technology and skills for the ongoingbr />Rehabilitation Program. In the long run, they are envisaged as centersbr />for total habitat guidance to the village community on housing,br />sanitation, domestic energy, water storage etc. These would be one-stopbr />shops for all local habitat needs including access to housing finance./p>p>The BMSBs are centralized production and service hubs at the moment butbr />these are designed to eventually fission into down-scaled buildingbr />material enterprises to become the nuclei of a large number ofbr />decentralized production units spread throughout the region./p>p>The technology transfer process during the core house construction isbr />already facilitating building material production and construction basedbr />livelihoods. This is designed to introduce new skills and capacity forbr />improved cyclone resistant building systems within the local area in thebr />form of enterprises. These enterprises would continue to build newbr />houses, extend and upgrade old houses long after the immediatebr />reconstruction interventions are over./p>p>The project funds in the short term will lead to the construction ofbr />1400 houses and set up building material based enterprises; and asbr />investments in livelihoods, capacity building and informationbr />dissemination these would pay dividends by way of/p>p>w Enabled, Informed Communitiesbr />w Enhanced Building Material Supplybr />w Improved Economies/p>p>1. BASIC CONCEPT – REHABILITATION AND RECONSTRUCTION/p>p>Rehabilitation, reconstruction and sustainable recovery refer tobr />measures that help restore the livelihoods, assets and production levelsbr />of emergency-affected communities. These measures rebuild essentialbr />infrastructure, institutions, services and restore the means ofbr />production destroyed or made non-operational by a disaster./p>p>Rehabilitation and reconstruction assistance is geared towards limitingbr />the need for relief and allowing development activities to proceed.br />Rehabilitation and reconstruction include measures which help increasebr />the resilience of food systems in case of future disasters andbr />emergencies. Major emphasis is on strengthening co-ordination of locallybr />active emergency and development institutions and on encouraging thebr />participation of the affected population in designing and implementingbr />interventions to promote household food security and nutrition. Prioritybr />is given to the needs of food-insecure households and towards promotingbr />sustainable livelihoods.br />2. WHAT FAO DOES IN REHABILITATION, RECONSTRUCTIONbr />AND SUSTAINABLE RECOVERY/p>p>Rehabilitation, Reconstruction and Sustainable Recovery: What FAO does/p>p>FAO takes stock of the overall situation of disaster-affected countriesbr />and assesses needs for rehabilitation measures and for sustainablebr />recovery of growth and development in the food and agricultural sectorsbr />in the medium to long-term. This assistance is aimed at reducingbr />susceptibility to further disasters and emergencies./p>p>In response to requests from those countries, FAO also providesbr />assistance to establish an effective policy and institutional frameworkbr />for future sector growth and development. Within this framework, FAObr />identifies investment opportunities and formulates programmes andbr />projects for donor funding. This includes programmes to assistbr />resettlement and reintegration of refugees, internally displaced personsbr />and ex-combatants. FAO promotes co-ordination of development andbr />humanitarian institutions in the planning, implementation, monitoringbr />and evaluation of decentralised plans of action to promote food securitybr />and nutrition in affected areas./p>p>FAO plays a key role in following-up immediate agricultural relief withbr />longer-term programmes. It provides assistance in restoring extension,br />veterinary, plant-protection and input supply services and institutionsbr />where these have been disrupted, and the physical reconstruction ofbr />agricultural infrastructure such as dams and irrigation systems, marketsbr />and crop storage facilities./p>p>2.1 BUILDING A PROGRAMME APPROACH/p>p>The objectives of FAO activities in rehabilitation, reconstruction andbr />recovery are to assist disaster-affected countries to move from a needbr />for emergency relief to sustainable development of agriculture, foodbr />security and nutritional well-being. This is achieved through thebr />restoration of rural production systems, livelihoods, infrastructure,br />institutions and services affected by disaster. A coherent strategy andbr />policy framework also must be established and priority programmes andbr />projects for medium to long-term sectoral growth and development must bebr />identified./p>p>This may necessitate a wide range of interventions, encompassing thebr />following:/p>p>rehabilitation of the agricultural resource base;br />reconstruction of agricultural infrastructure;br />re-establishment of reliable agricultural input supply systems;br />re-activation of agricultural services. Including marketing, processingbr />and distribution systems;br />strengthening the capacity of local institutions/agencies to identifybr />constraints to household food security and nutrition and the groups mostbr />affected, and to design and implement concerted strategies to addressbr />these constraints;br />recovery – or an opportunity for reform or replacement – of state andbr />parastatal institutions for food and agriculture;br />examination of technical options for future sectoral growth andbr />development; andbr />establishment of a strategic and policy framework for selecting andbr />pursuing appropriate options, and of the necessary regulatory systems.br />The last three of these are particularly appropriate where a protractedbr />complex emergency has left a country with a seriously weakened centralbr />government, state apparatus and commercial sector. In this situation,br />many aspects of reconstruction and recovery in the food and agriculturalbr />sector are achievable only with the re-establishment of a macro-economicbr />policy framework. Economic institutions should be established, includingbr />financial and banking systems and fiscal and currency regimes. These maybr />require assistance from one of the international financial institutions./p>p>These interventions would normally need to be considered within thebr />context of an overall rehabilitation and recovery programme rather thanbr />piecemeal approach. This is due to the scale and range of thebr />interventions required. The programme may need to address basic issuesbr />of options, strategies and policies for the agricultural sector. It mustbr />also relate to comparable programmes under development in other sectorsbr />by other international and bilateral agencies. Indeed donor funding forbr />individual projects may only be forthcoming if those projects arebr />situated clearly within a sector policy framework which addresses thebr />whole range of issues raised by disaster impacts on the sector./p>p>The post-disaster situation may represent a `clean slate’ which maybr />necessitate looking beyond a restoration of the pre-disaster situation.br />This is particularly the case with regard to sector strategies andbr />policies, and state institutions and services. Such opportunitiesbr />include investment in a more productive, equitable and efficient – andbr />less disaster-prone – agricultural sector, development in livelihoodsbr />and food security. These opportunities lead to sustainable recovery. Atbr />the same time, interventions are likely to succeed only if they arebr />based on existing farming and livelihood systems. They must involve abr />high degree of participation based on existing community and local civilbr />society structures and systems of authority. The latter may have been inbr />abeyance during a protracted complex emergency, but will nevertheless bebr />of major relevance./p>p>Just as emergency relief projects need to be formulated with a view tobr />overall rehabilitation requirements (see Phase Four – Impact andbr />Immediate Needs Assessment) in the food and agriculture sectors,br />rehabilitation programmes must be designed to build on the achievementsbr />of emergency relief. Indeed, there have been relief projects which inbr />terms of objectives, intervention strategies and modes of implementationbr />take important steps towards rehabilitation and reconstruction. This hasbr />been achieved through such activities as support for institutionalbr />development, training farmers and extension workers, rebuilding inputbr />supply infrastructure and stimulating the recovery of marketing andbr />distribution channels. This is particularly true of agriculturalbr />`relief’ projects which are relatively `far’ from the onset of thebr />emergency and which may be largely oriented towards rehabilitationbr />objectives. On-going agricultural relief activities must become anbr />integral part of rehabilitation and reconstruction programmes, fullybr />taken into account in the design of new activities and projects./p>p>Similarly, not only must longer-term recovery and development programmesbr />build on rehabilitation interventions, but in view of the gestationbr />period required for putting such programmes into practice the process ofbr />assessing options and developing strategies and policies for them mustbr />also begin early on in the rehabilitation process. Moreover, theirbr />design needs to incorporate appropriate elements of disaster preventionbr />and preparedness if the recovery is to be sustainable. Where the risk ofbr />emergencies is related to unresolved social tensions, whether latent orbr />overt, this necessarily includes strategies for promoting sustainablebr />peace.br />2.2 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES/p>p>2.2.1 TCAR, TCI, and TCOR Roles/p>p>The key units responsible for FAO’s post-emergency rehabilitation workbr />are the Policy Co-ordinating Service (TCAR) and FAO’s Investment Centrebr />(TCI). FAO’s Special Relief Operations Service (TCOR) has carried outbr />critical work in creating a continuum from agricultural relief tobr />agricultural rehabilitation.1/p>p>At the request of countries emerging from crises, TCAR prepares abr />coherent policy and programme framework designed to ensure a smoothbr />transition from emergency relief to rehabilitation, reconstruction,br />sustained recovery and development. Depending on the gravity of thebr />situation, this may require a review of the food and agricultural sectorbr />through the fielding of an inter-disciplinary team. This review resultsbr />in recommendations for short, medium and longer term strategies andbr />policies for agricultural recovery and development which take account ofbr />post-disaster constraints and opportunities, and are in line withbr />government priorities and policy framework./p>p>TCI provides assistance for the identification of specific investmentbr />opportunities through the formulation of phased and costedbr />rehabilitation, reconstruction and recovery programmes. These programmesbr />can be submitted to the international community, in particular to thebr />international financial institutions (IFIs) for funding. Such assistancebr />may be based on TCAR’s sector review, policy and strategy work. The twobr />areas of work, the preparation of coherent policy and programmebr />frameworks, and the identification of investment opportunities are notbr />always distinct. TCI, relatively well-endowed as it is in terms ofbr />availability of staff and consultants, frequently works with TCAR in thebr />development of a pre-formulation strategy and policy framework./p>p>TCI’s comparative advantage in this area is a result both of itsbr />capacity for rapid response in the deployment of specialist expertise inbr />the formulation of projects within any sub-sector; and its establishedbr />programmes of collaboration with a wide range of financing institutionsbr />for food and agriculture. These institutions include the World Bank,br />IFAD, the regional and sub-regional development banks, the European Bankbr />for Reconstruction and Development, the United Nations Capitalbr />Development Fund as well as some Arab funds./p>p>The desired continuity between agricultural relief, rehabilitation andbr />recovery programmes clearly requires close collaboration between TCOR,br />TCAR and TCI. This means that TCAR and TCI need to be kept fullybr />apprised of past, current and envisaged future TCOR projects relating tobr />the emergency and country under consideration. TCOR must be thoroughlybr />familiar with broader rehabilitation and recovery strategies to whichbr />its projects contribute./p>p>2.2.2 FAO Representatives (FAORs) and the Emergency Co-ordination Groupbr />(ECG)/p>p>The role of FAORs in rehabilitation and reconstruction is central. Thebr />FAOR advises TCAR and TCI on the timing and necessity of rehabilitationbr />and sector review activities. This is done after careful monitoring ofbr />the evolving emergency situation, GIEWS reports, the implementation ofbr />emergency relief, and after consultation with government. the FAORbr />advises TCAR and TCI if and when rehabilitation and sector reviewbr />activities should be initiated. Similar to other requests for technicalbr />assistance, this is channelled through the Assistant Director-General,br />TCD. It is also put before FAO’s in-house emergency co-ordination groupbr />(ECG) for the comments and recommendations of its members. Activitiesbr />are implemented mainly by the Policy Assistance Branches or Units, butbr />benefit from the collaboration of relevant technical divisions, TCI andbr />the FAORs.br />2.3 OPERATIONAL MODALITIES/p>p>2.3.1 Determining the Appropriate Time of Interventions/p>p>The best time for launching programmes for rehabilitation and recoverybr />in a country affected by a complex or major emergency is a matter ofbr />judgement made in the light of political stability, institutionalbr />capacity and the scale and nature of interventions required. Anbr />orientation towards rehabilitation and development can and should bebr />built into short-term relief operations even during the gravest ofbr />emergencies./p>p>2.3.2 Differentiating Programmes for Emergency-affected Areas frombr />Sector Reviews/p>p>For disasters with predominantly localised outcomes, the priority is tobr />assist in formulating strategies, policies and investment programmes forbr />rehabilitation and recovery which concentrate on the needs ofbr />populations in the affected areas. Some disasters, in particular thosebr />leading to complex or major emergencies, may have consequences sobr />widespread and serious as to necessitate a nation-wide review of thebr />food and agriculture sector. The decision as to whether a full sectorbr />review is required is one which must be reached through government, FAObr />and UNDP collaboration./p>p>The best time for launching programmes for rehabilitation and recoverybr />in a country affected by a complex or major emergency is a matter ofbr />judgement made in the light of political stability, institutionalbr />capacity and the scale and nature of interventions required. Anbr />orientation towards rehabilitation and development can and should bebr />built into short-term relief operations even during the gravest ofbr />emergencies./p>p>The latter needs to be determined in the light ofbr />the different key issues to be addressed by the Review, which willbr />differ between countries, and may cover some combination of:/p>p>sector economics;br />food security and nutrition;br />food crop agronomy;br />export crop production and processing;br />livestock production and health and rangeland management;br />rural engineering (roads, irrigation, drainage);br />forestry;br />fisheries;br />agricultural services, including marketing and training;br />rural finance;br />rural sociology;br />public administration and legal matters (including land tenure); andbr />environment.br />Review of Objectives/p>p>This may include:/p>p>a stock-taking of the existing situation in disaster-affected areas andbr />in the sector as a whole, including:br />the state of natural resources;br />main production systems;br />the impact of the disaster/emergency on the sector, including:br />rural livelihoods, food security and nutrition;br />output trends;br />migration;br />agricultural infrastructure;br />the status of institutions in or affecting the sector; andbr />emergency relief operations completed or in progress, includingbr />agricultural relief, and their impact;br />the need for rehabilitation measures to restore the sector to its pre-br />disaster status to the extent that this is desirable, or the content,br />progress or impact of a separately designed rehabilitation programme asbr />appropriate;br />a review of the potential for and constraints to sectoral development,br />and an examination of the major policy options facing the government;br />recommendations on agricultural development strategies; andbr />identification of a priority programme of investments in sectoralbr />development.br />Review Funding/p>p>The Review may be funded through the Technical Cooperation Programmebr />(TCP), by UNDP or by another international or bilateral agency, or bybr />some combination of these. It may be carried out in two phases –br />covering a review of technical options in the first, and generation ofbr />strategies and an investment programme in the second – and each may bebr />funded by a different donor./p>p>The Review Project Document/p>p>If the Review is to be externally funded a project document is preparedbr />in the appropriate funding agency format, and would normally include:/p>p>Background and justification, including:br />nature and impact of the emergency, including areas affected;br />progress in the return to normalcy;br />emergency agricultural relief operations completed and in progress;br />a summary of any rehabilitation programme envisaged, in progress orbr />completed, including objectives and progress;br />government policies for the sector;br />reasons for government’s request for FAO assistance; andbr />the scope and coverage of the review.br />Objectives of the assistance: the overall purpose of the Review and itsbr />main components;br />Review strategy and workplan: including:br />team composition by discipline and source (national/international);br />team management: national and international team leaders and steeringbr />committee;br />duration, phasing and methods of fieldwork;br />consultation arrangements including seminars and workshops; andbr />workplan and dates.br />Outputs of the Review, e. g. reports, technical documents, fieldworkbr />appraisals, aide memoire etc.br />Inputs:br />government inputs (where known);br />donor inputs:br />personnel inputs (person-days/weeks) by discipline and sourcebr />administrative and logistical support;br />backstopping missions;br />official travel;br />general and operating expenses;br />supplies and materials;br />equipment; andbr />workshop/seminar costs;br />Reporting arrangements;br />Government contribution and supporting arrangements: the governmentbr />department responsible for the Review, and its contribution where thisbr />is not detailed under inputs (personnel, administrative and logisticalbr />support including office space and communications, access to informationbr />and documentation and to staff for consultation) and responsibilitiesbr />(e. g. setting up a Steering Committee, organising workshops);br />FAO and other donors’ contribution;br />Project budget:br />budget covering government contribution (if known);br />budget covering donor contribution (United States dollars);br />Terms of reference for the Review; andbr />Terms of reference for team members.br />2.3.4 The Stages of the Sector Review/p>p>Inception Mission/p>p>Where a large team is to be fielded, it may be appropriate for anbr />Inception Mission, including the Review Team Leader, to visit thebr />country one or two months in advance of the main team, in order tobr />assist in preparing for the Review. This might include:/p>p>establishing a Steering Committee;br />identifying and recruiting national consultants;br />making arrangements for seminars, workshops and the provision ofbr />necessary data;br />establishing team itineraries and detailed work plans; andbr />commissioning studies to be carried out in advance of the Review (e. g.br />Rapid Rural Appraisals in representative agro-ecological zones).br />Collaboration and Consultation/p>p>The Review is a collaborative exercise between FAO and government,br />assisted by an FAO-led team of national and international experts. Thebr />team seeks to confront complex and contentious issues affecting sectoralbr />development, and involves concerted and painstaking work to build abr />policy consensus. It is crucial therefore that team members workbr />together and the team as a whole collaborates closely with both thebr />relevant government agencies and other donors and NGOs operating in thebr />country. A Steering Committee, appointed by the government, chaired bybr />the Minister of Agriculture and including representation from interestedbr />national institutions can assist such collaboration. It can providebr />guidance and monitoring for the exercise, developing review conclusionsbr />and recommendations with the team and based on the team’s work./p>p>Early consultations can include a workshop, involving team and Steeringbr />Committee members, held at the beginning of the team’s fieldwork tobr />discuss the scope of the work, approach and major issues to bebr />addressed. Seminars can also be arranged on each major review theme,br />bringing together the concerned national and international team members,br />donor and NGO representatives./p>p>Debriefing and Reporting/p>p>Each consultant prepares a technical document under the guidance of thebr />Team Leader prior to the completion of his/her assignment, coveringbr />findings, conclusions and recommendations within the respective sub-br />sector or major theme. These documents constitute technical annexes tobr />the Main Report of the Review./p>p>Towards the end of the fieldwork the national and international Teambr />Leaders prepare a joint Aide Memoire summarising major findings tobr />emerge from the Review, and providing the basis for a debriefing withbr />the Steering Committee. On returning from the field, the internationalbr />team prepares a Back-to-Office report to brief FAO headquarters on thebr />review exercise./p>p>Report writing then takes place both in-country (involving nationalbr />consultants) and in Rome, and within eight weeks of fieldwork completionbr />a draft final report is completed which is cleared by an FAO technicalbr />committee before being forwarded to the government. A closing workshopbr />is subsequently convened at which the Team Leader presents the draftbr />report to government. Comments and suggestions received and endorsed bybr />government are then incorporated into the report. The report is thenbr />finalised and submitted to government by FAO in English and, for TCP-br />funded reviews, French as well as the official FAO language for thebr />country./p>p>The Main Report/p>p>The organisation and coverage of the Review Main Report depends on thebr />country setting and structure of the agriculture sector. Typically, thebr />following sections may be included:/p>p>prefacing sections including an Executive Summary;br />an Introduction, which includes a summary of the general nature of thebr />emergency and its human and environmental impacts, the origin, conductbr />and funding of the Review, dates and itineraries, team composition,br />acknowledgements etc.;br />a background section on Society and Economy, including recent history,br />political and administrative structure, population, employment,br />vulnerability and nutrition, recent developments in the economy, basicbr />economic data for policy formulation /p>div classmedia> a hrefhttps://www.mouvite.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/brainstorming-441010_1920-1024x685.jpg altTumore prostatico: la prognosi in base a stadio, grado e rischio titleTumore prostatico: la prognosi in base a stadio, grado e rischio>br /> img decodingasync classmr-3 srchttps://www.mouvite.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/brainstorming-441010_1920-1024x685.jpg altTumore prostatico: la prognosi in base a stadio, grado e rischio titleTumore prostatico: la prognosi in base a stadio, grado e rischio />br /> /a>/p>div classmedia-body>h5 classmt-0>Tumore prostatico: la prognosi in base a stadio, grado e rischio/h5>/p>/div>/p>/div>p> and planning, national accounts,br />currency, money and banking, foreign trade and payments, public revenue,br />taxation and expenditure;br />a description of the Agricultural Sector: the natural resource base, thebr />role and performance of agriculture, land tenure, production systems andbr />disaster effects on those systems, institutions and support services forbr />agriculture and rural development, government policies, legal andbr />regulatory framework, on-going programmes and recent developments in thebr />agricultural sector;br />an analysis of Development Constraints and Potential with respect tobr />food supply and demand, constraints to agricultural developmentbr />(physical, human, institutional), potential and opportunities by sub-br />sector;br />a section on Options and Strategy Recommendations: issues will varybr />widely between countries, but might include:br />Food security and nutrition:br />Balance between promoting efficiency measures to boost national foodbr />production, and poverty, hunger and malnutrition alleviation programmesbr />(employment schemes, nutrition programmes and other safety nets).br />Balance between investment in high and low potential areas.br />Degree of regulation in domestic food markets.br />Degree of national food self sufficiency to aim for.br />Regulation, legislation and access to land:br />Policies for agricultural prices, taxes and incentives.br />Policies for agrarian reform and land tenure (e.g. addressing grossbr />inequalities in access to land), overhauling land law and the status ofbr />state land.br />Defining the role of traditional authorities versus that of the state.br />Defining land rights for returning refugees and the displaced and asbr />compared with current users of the land.br />Defining a strategy for the demining of agricultural land.br />Defining the kind of legislation appropriate for pesticides.br />Irrigated agriculture:br />Is there a case for rehabilitation of existing irrigation schemes?br />Is there a case for expansion of irrigated area? If so, with whatbr />feasible technical options?br />What should be the degree of state involvement versus user group controlbr />of water management?br />Export/plantation sector:br />What balance between exports and import substitution?br />What balance between rehabilitation of existing plantations andbr />establishment of new ones?br />Privatisation of state plantations or continued statebr />management/ownership?br />What balance between encouraging smallholdings and large estates?br />What possibilities for exploiting other annual and perennial crops?br />Livestock, pastoralism and rangeland management:br />What arrangements for access rights to grazing land, normally and atbr />times of drought?br />What other options for animal nutrition?br />What options for vaccination and disease control, epidemiologicalbr />monitoring, testing and health certification?br />What policy on restocking disaster-depleted herds, and providing draftbr />animals?br />Forestry:br />Policies for regulation of forest access and use and arrangements forbr />conservation and management, including options for user group controlbr />and smallholder private planting?br />Policies, if any, on processing and marketing of forest products?br />Strategy for promoting energy efficient use and/or substitution of woodbr />fuels?br />Fisheries:br />What resource assessments are needed for offshore fisheries, coastalbr />fisheries, inland fisheries and coastal and inland aquaculture?br />What policy for replacement or provision of new boats and fishing gear?br />What reconstruction and upgrading of landing sites are needed?br />Institutional and human resource development, planning and information:br />Research and extension: what objectives, extent and coverage?br />Policies for farmer representation, participation and training?br />Strategies for marketing and input supply systems?br />Policies for institutional structures: Ministry of Agriculture, Forests,br />Fisheries, parastatals, others, including decentralisation arrangements?br />Provisions for development planning, statistics and information systemsbr />(including food security and nutrition information systems and crop andbr />food assessment)?br />Strategy for promoting local capacity-building and participation?br />Options for rural finance, agricultural credit and banking?br />Rural infrastructure, farm mechanisation and agro-industrialbr />development:br />Needs for reconstruction and expansion of the road/rail network andbr />haulage capacity.br />Needs for reconstruction and upgrading of marketing, storage, port andbr />customs facilities.br />Farm mechanisation support options.br />Options for reconstruction, development, ownership and management ofbr />agro-industries.br />There are also other important issues which cut across those outlinedbr />above, for example those relating to options and strategies forbr />decision-making processes, inter-institutional collaboration,br />decentralisation, participatory approaches to development or conflictbr />prevention, mitigation and resolution./p>p>Identifying Priority Investment Programmes/p>p>Based explicitly on the foregoing analysis of constraints, potential andbr />technical options, and on the strategies recommended for the sector,br />this section proposes a number of investment programmes. Thesebr />programmes are regarded as being of high priority for rehabilitation,br />reconstruction (where appropriate), recovery, growth and development ofbr />the country’s agriculture, including food /p>div classmedia> a hrefhttps://yesweare.fr/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/charge-dordonnancement-375x450.jpg altService médical à domicile de Medici Generici à Rome titleService médical à domicile de Medici Generici à Rome>br /> img decodingasync classmr-3 srchttps://yesweare.fr/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/charge-dordonnancement-375x450.jpg altService médical à domicile de Medici Generici à Rome titleService médical à domicile de Medici Generici à Rome />br /> /a>/p>div classmedia-body>h5 classmt-0>Service médical à domicile de Medici Generici à Rome/h5>p> Notre équipe fournit un service de soins de santé à domicile, garantissant professionnalisme et confort pour les patients à Rome. /p>/div>/div>p> security and nutritionalbr />wellbeing./p>p>Programmes should demonstrably:/p>p>be consistent with present government policies, including those whichbr />may have emerged through consultation during the course of the Review;br />build on existing initiatives in the public, NGO and private sectors,br />including donor-funded development programmes and any United Nationsbr />`strategic framework’ for rehabilitation and recovery;br />build on the achievements of relief operations and any rehabilitationbr />and reconstruction programme;br />be supportive of, but preferably not dependent on, progress inbr />recommended institutional reforms and restructuring; andbr />be open to discrete financing commitments.br />Preparing Project Profiles/p>p>Where priority projects can be readily identified within the proposedbr />programmes, respective project profiles can be presented as a finalbr />section or annex to the Main Report. This enables donors to bebr />approached with the minimum of delay in priority areas and so enhancesbr />the process of mobilising resources for implementation of the proposedbr />programmes. It also facilitates project formulation once a donor hasbr />been identified./p>p>2.3.5 The Funding and Formulation of Projects/p>p>The Agricultural Recovery and Development Options Review is interestingbr />to bilateral and multilateral donors and international financingbr />agencies. It presents a coherent sector policy framework within whichbr />decisions on support for individual projects can be made. The Finalbr />Report with its project profiles is forwarded to potential donorsbr />shortly after its submission to government./p>p>Project profiles arising out of the Review will not necessarily bebr />designed for FAO execution. Many of those which do attract donorbr />interest will lead to formulation and execution outside FAO. Where FAObr />is in a position to execute a project within an agricultural recoverybr />programme, the processes for screening, formulation, appraisal, funds’br />mobilisation, approval and implementation are the same as for any otherbr />FAO project./p>p>FAO consultations with donors may occur at the country or regional/sub-br />regional office level as well as at Headquarters level. In the latterbr />case, the units responsible for co-ordination with the envisaged fundingbr />sources are the Unit for Co-operation with Multilateral and Bilateralbr />Agencies (TCDM) and the Unit for Co-operation with the Private Sectorbr />and NGOs (TCDN). Assistance in mobilising funds may also come from TCI./p>p>Responsibility for overseeing the formulation of projects emerging frombr />rehabilitation and reconstruction or recovery and agriculturalbr />development programmes rests ultimately with TCI. Formulation isbr />normally carried out by the concerned technical unit or by TCOR forbr />short-term rehabilitation projects, TCAR for policy-related projects, orbr />TCI for investment-related or larger and more complex technicalbr />assistance programmes or projects.br />FAO Reference Manual/p>p>Project Cycle: Responsibilities and Procedures, Field Programme Circularbr />3/96, 1996, (TCDD)/p>p>1 In May and June 2001, FAO organised several brainstorming meetingsbr />aiming to conceptualise its technical assistance following disasters andbr />emergencies (vulnerability analysis, emergency agriculture and ruralbr />livelihood recovery programmes) within a broader policy framework ofbr />poverty elimination and improved agricultural governance. Follow-up tobr />these meetings may have implications for the roles and responsibilitiesbr />of the various technical services./p>p>Top Of Page/p>p> /p> /div>!-- .entry-content --> /article>!-- #post-## -->article idpost-284 classpost-284 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-general> header classentry-header> div classentry-meta> span classcat-links>a hrefhttp://blog.primefieldltd.com/general relcategory tag>General/a>/span> /div> h1 classentry-title>a hrefhttp://blog.primefieldltd.com/06-11-2023-landscape-pattern-analysis-reveals-global-loss-of-interior-forest.html relbookmark>Landscape pattern analysis reveals global loss of interior forest/a>/h1> div classentry-meta> span classentry-date>a hrefhttp://blog.primefieldltd.com/06-11-2023-landscape-pattern-analysis-reveals-global-loss-of-interior-forest.html relbookmark>time classentry-date datetime2023-11-06T22:05:34+01:00>6th November, 2023/time>/a>/span> span classbyline>span classauthor vcard>a classurl fn n hrefhttp://blog.primefieldltd.com/author/baalali relauthor>Adam Dimari/a>/span>/span> /div>!-- .entry-meta --> /header>!-- .entry-header --> div classentry-content> p idfirst classlead>Between 2000 and 2012, the world lost more forest area than it gained, according to U.S. Forest Service researchers and partners who estimated a global net loss of 1.71 million square kilometers of forest — an area about two and a half times the size of Texas. Furthermore, when researchers analyzed patterns of remaining forest, they found a global loss of interior forest — core areas that, when intact, maintain critical habitat and ecological functions./p>div idtext>p>“In addition to the direct loss of forest, there was a widespread shift of the remaining global forest to a more fragmented condition,” explains Kurt Riitters, a research ecologist and team leader /p>div classmedia> a hrefhttps://www.cambraitriathlon.fr/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/377192882_1294001794808621_6533237773667897646_n.jpg altImage médicale pour illustrer un article sur la santé titleMédical>br /> img decodingasync classmr-3 srchttps://www.cambraitriathlon.fr/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/377192882_1294001794808621_6533237773667897646_n.jpg altImage médicale pour illustrer un article sur la santé titleMédical />br /> /a>/p>div classmedia-body>h5 classmt-0>Médical/h5>p> Texte additionnel sur le thème de la médecine /p>/div>/div>p> with the U.S. Forest Service Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center and the lead author of a study describing the phenomenon, published in the January 2016 issue of em>Landscape Ecology/em>./p>p>Forest area loss alone underestimates ecological risks from forest fragmentation. The spatial pattern of forest is important because the same area of forest can be arranged in different ways on the landscape with important consequences for ecosystem processes. In contrast to core areas of interior forest, non-interior forest edge areas are subject to impacts from invasive species, pollution, and variation in soil moisture, for example./p>p>To understand where interior forest has been lost and therefore where risks from forest fragmentation might be greatest, the researchers used global tree cover data to map the forests of 2000 and 2012 and examined the patterns of change across ecological regions and biomes. Their analysis revealed a net loss of 3.76 million square kilometers of interior forest area, or about ten percent of interior forest — more than twice the global net loss of forest area. The rate at which interior forest area was lost was more than three times the rate of global forest area loss./p>p>All forest biomes experienced a net loss of interior forest area during the study period. Across the globe, temperate coniferous forests experienced the largest percentage of loss, tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests lost the most area of interior forest, and boreal forests and taiga lost interior forest at the highest rate. Researchers note that the reasons for losses, and therefore the consequences, depend on local circumstances. Human activities and land use changes that result in permanent deforestation have a much greater impact than temporary deforestation from natural disturbances, such as a fire./p>p>Monitoring remains an important tool to provide early warnings of forests at risk of reaching a tipping point, and the results of this study can inform and focus conservation and management decisions in areas of concern. “As forest area is lost and the remainder becomes more fragmented, the remaining forest may no longer function as interior forest,” explains Riitters. “Sustaining forest interior is arguably as important as sustaining forest itself.”/p>/div> /div>!-- .entry-content --> /article>!-- #post-## --> nav classnavigation paging-navigation rolenavigation> h1 classscreen-reader-text>Posts navigation/h1> div classpagination loop-pagination> span aria-currentpage classpage-numbers current>1/span>a classpage-numbers hrefhttp://blog.primefieldltd.com/page/2>2/a>span classpage-numbers dots>…/span>a 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