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HTTP/1.1 200 OKContent-Type: text/html; charsetUTF-8Expires: Sat, 20 Sep 2025 08:48:04 GMTDate: Sat, 20 Sep 2025 08:48:04 GMTCache-Control: private, max-age0Last-Modified: Tue, 16 Sep 2025 08:21:25 GMTX-Content-Type-Options: nosniffX-XSS-Protection: 1; modeblockServer: GSEAccept-Ranges: noneVary: Accept-EncodingTransfer-Encoding: chunked !DOCTYPE html>html dirltr xmlnshttp://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml xmlns:bhttp://www.google.com/2005/gml/b xmlns:datahttp://www.google.com/2005/gml/data xmlns:exprhttp://www.google.com/2005/gml/expr>head>link hrefhttps://www.blogger.com/static/v1/widgets/55013136-widget_css_bundle.css relstylesheet typetext/css/>meta contenttext/html; charsetUTF-8 http-equivContent-Type/>meta contentblogger namegenerator/>link hrefhttp://blog.kotarak.net/favicon.ico relicon typeimage/x-icon/>link hrefhttp://blog.kotarak.net/ relcanonical/>link relalternate typeapplication/atom+xml titleAE1S Science and Engineering Blog - Atom hrefhttp://blog.kotarak.net/feeds/posts/default />link relalternate typeapplication/rss+xml titleAE1S Science and Engineering Blog - RSS hrefhttp://blog.kotarak.net/feeds/posts/default?altrss />link relservice.post typeapplication/atom+xml titleAE1S Science and Engineering Blog - Atom hrefhttps://www.blogger.com/feeds/5557902467288736826/posts/default />link relme hrefhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/12033396081050348304 />!--Cant find substitution for tag blog.ieCssRetrofitLinks-->meta contentEverything Science and Engineering Blog. 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section idcrosscol>/div>/div>div idmain-wrap1>div idmain-wrap2>div classmain section idmain>div classwidget Blog data-version1 idBlog1>div classblog-posts hfeed> div classdate-outer> h2 classdate-header>span>Monday, September 23, 2024/span>/h2> div classdate-posts> div classpost-outer>div classpost hentry uncustomized-post-template itempropblogPost itemscopeitemscope itemtypehttp://schema.org/BlogPosting>meta contenthttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjd-IVQbPKbUTf6_AcWiPr-G7aqFag3OmUmC1QXVWetT0dDx99xMdYQ0kG6ey_D1Bp9_vYQE52CNM89kpaq1Qii4pfO9w3XEQfMJP2cjQpsNNd8n92oDoMDDoMuYRNdL4TixKfZNIb6nFjVcJp5yn25CW1RYk9hKej5ji_VRe0gHUn9xbprDoVTfSPlap4/s320/20240923_145126.jpg itempropimage_url/>meta content5557902467288736826 itempropblogId/>meta content5821454968500760305 itemproppostId/>a name5821454968500760305>/a>h3 classpost-title entry-title itempropname>a hrefhttp://blog.kotarak.net/2024/09/gamma-dog-rate-to-tone-conversion-and.html>Gamma Dog - Rate-to-Tone conversion and Audio Frequency Modifier/a>/h3>div classpost-header>div classpost-header-line-1>/div>/div>div classpost-body entry-content idpost-body-5821454968500760305 itemproparticleBody>p>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>One of Gamma Dogs unique features is the continuously variable tone representing the detected count rate by changing its frequency./span>/p>p>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>The approach is fairly straight forward - the detected count rate in CPS (Counts-per-second) coming out of the detector and into the MCU is converted into an audio tone with the same frequency - i.e. 200 CPS will produce 200Hz tone and 1000 CPS will produce 1 kHz tone. /span>/p>p>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>Due to a lucky coincidence, the detectors we use, especially the 63mm NaI(Tl) crystals produce around 180 - 230 CPS for average background levels which is a really good starting point thus the overall detector sensitivity and rate response work very well with such direct conversion method./span>/p>p>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>As the count rate increases though, the tone frequency will increase, and this could become a problem at some point when the count rate becomes really high (above 7000 - 8000 CPS) - nobody likes these very high pitch audio frequencies (certainly not the dogs and the mine bats :-) - such high pitch is not the most pleasant thing to listen to. Not to mention that it becomes quite difficult to hear small variations in the frequency within this high frequency range./span>/p>p>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>To combat this problem, the classic version of the Gamma Dog always starts the frequency generation at the set squelch level - this way if Squelch is set to 7000 CPS, and detected rate is around 7000 CPS the tone frequency will be low - less than a hundred Hertz (whatever difference is needed to break through the Squelch Threshold) , opposed to a 7 kHz tone./span>/p>p>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>In my Gamma Dog+, the system for rate-to-tone conversion is further enhanced and offers to the user a toolset of numerous conversion options. These options afford greater control over how the Frequency Audio Response to the Count Rate conversion is taking place, customizing it for different applications and listening preferences. /span>/p>p styletext-align: center;>/p>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>a hrefhttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjd-IVQbPKbUTf6_AcWiPr-G7aqFag3OmUmC1QXVWetT0dDx99xMdYQ0kG6ey_D1Bp9_vYQE52CNM89kpaq1Qii4pfO9w3XEQfMJP2cjQpsNNd8n92oDoMDDoMuYRNdL4TixKfZNIb6nFjVcJp5yn25CW1RYk9hKej5ji_VRe0gHUn9xbprDoVTfSPlap4/s1292/20240923_145126.jpg stylemargin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;>img border0 data-original-height1043 data-original-width1292 height258 srchttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjd-IVQbPKbUTf6_AcWiPr-G7aqFag3OmUmC1QXVWetT0dDx99xMdYQ0kG6ey_D1Bp9_vYQE52CNM89kpaq1Qii4pfO9w3XEQfMJP2cjQpsNNd8n92oDoMDDoMuYRNdL4TixKfZNIb6nFjVcJp5yn25CW1RYk9hKej5ji_VRe0gHUn9xbprDoVTfSPlap4/s320/20240923_145126.jpg width320 />/a>/div>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>div styletext-align: center;>The xL indicates Logarithmic Scale conversion (selectable when in Continuously Open Squelch Mode / # by using the Soft Key) /div>/span>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>br />/span>p>/p>p>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>Changes in the conversion model are done via a user-selectable option that can be assigned to the Soft-Key button. It is called b>Audio Frequency Modifier/b> or b>AFM/b> for short. /span>/p>p>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>In a nutshell, b>AFM/b> (in some of the options) is a u>Multiplication Factor/u> that is applied to the count rate while converted to tone:/span>/p>p>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>There is a total of 8 options: b>x0.5, x1 (default), x1.25, x1.5, x2, Auto, Exp/b> and b>Log/b>/span>/p>p>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>The first few options are self-explanatory - if b>x0.5/b> is selected, the rate is divided by 2 before it determines the frequency of the tone - i.e. 200 CPS rate will produce 100Hz tone, 210 CPS will produce 105 Hz and so forth. It halves the base frequency but also the steps between changes. On the other end, with b>x2/b> selected, 200 CPS will produce a 400 Hz tone and 210 CPS will produce a 420 Hz tone. The default value of b>x1/b> is the direct 1:1 conversion./span>/p>p>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>The b>x0.5/b> option for example, is useful with very large detectors to keep the audio frequency output low against the natural high-count rate of the detector, while b>x2/b> is useful with smaller detectors which natively produce fewer counts, and the option allows to keep the tone frequency higher than a direct 1:1 conversion in this case./span>/p>p classMsoNormal>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>In b>Auto /b>mode themultiplication factor is based on the Detected Rate increase over the Squelch Threshold Level. The audio frequency modifier is dynamically adjusted in 4 steps based on the delta between the two rates./span>/p>p classMsoNormal>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>IfCurrent Rate exceeds Squelch Rate by more than 175% - Frequency Multiplier x2.5is used.o:p>/o:p>/span>/p>p classMsoNormal>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>IfCurrent Rate exceeds Squelch Rate by more than 150% - Frequency Multiplier x2is used.o:p>/o:p>/span>/p>p classMsoNormal>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>IfCurrent Rate exceeds Squelch Rate by more than 125% - Frequency Multiplier x1.5is used.o:p>/o:p>/span>/p>p classMsoNormal>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>IfCurrent Rate exceeds Squelch Rate by less than 125% - Frequency Multiplier x1 .25is used.o:p>/o:p>/span>/p>p>/p>p classMsoNormal>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>Thisfeature will change /span>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>automatically/span>span stylefont-family: Roboto;> /span>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>through different multiplier levels while using thesquelch level as control of where the step-ups should take place./span>/p>p classMsoNormal>/p>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>a hrefhttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtctDpBb90Kd4jTYKKLqraDalesqC4X3nrdqOH1ZY8qZIX0vx7jd7Rb2JSs9nQRM1JGL93pGzI4WgPwQ41fiLec5Sjzh7hkUdYirb20mX3Nr2r0ARuSjufITYeNUqBbi1fJLTf9aOu4z5qi5U-aqZWXc6B9OaiYmzfgLJ5eIkj7lk6Fb7odWt7jmYuHKA/s1844/Auto_Multiplier.jpg stylemargin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;>img border0 data-original-height1182 data-original-width1844 height205 srchttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtctDpBb90Kd4jTYKKLqraDalesqC4X3nrdqOH1ZY8qZIX0vx7jd7Rb2JSs9nQRM1JGL93pGzI4WgPwQ41fiLec5Sjzh7hkUdYirb20mX3Nr2r0ARuSjufITYeNUqBbi1fJLTf9aOu4z5qi5U-aqZWXc6B9OaiYmzfgLJ5eIkj7lk6Fb7odWt7jmYuHKA/s320/Auto_Multiplier.jpg width320 />/a>/div>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>div styletext-align: center;>This graph plots how the frequency conversion steps through the multiplication range using the difference between detected rate and the set squelch rate. As the squelch opens and the rate continues to climb, the multiplier will start stepping up, increasing the audio frequency./div>/span>p>/p>p classMsoNormal>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>There are also two non-linear conversion modes available - b>Exponential /b>and b>Logarithmic/b>./span>/p>p classMsoNormal>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>b>Exponential Mode/b> – The audio tone frequency will increase in an exponential manner, with a scale factor of 0.0033 and base frequency of 100Hz using (e) Eulers Number./span>/p>p classMsoNormal>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>/span>/p>p classMsoNormal>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>This feature is independent of the Squelch Level - the squelch just needs to open but otherwise has no effect on the conversion. /span>/p>p classMsoNormal>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>b>It/b> b>is usable with absolute rates up to 1400 CPS. Beyond 1400 CPS the audio frequency will exceed 10kHz!/b>/span>/p>p classMsoNormal>/p>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>a hrefhttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjs_QP-QpEdcRZB4I0NuGilPBdxPh8UO8_yXtRZxtfHTXp6414__zxsxfmZApCJf4i8wk25sAJ3CbP5m2ZWBB7oZAbh0CymqZ-QcwBF18388LAa5y9fMEXD1-tEiaq1Hp4xyyxNWma5Rv4XNFtDEP92cUjO5RnvyZ_zLsMA7qORrw0perAVbP4hu0PvAR4/s1884/expo.png stylemargin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;>img border0 data-original-height1204 data-original-width1884 height205 srchttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjs_QP-QpEdcRZB4I0NuGilPBdxPh8UO8_yXtRZxtfHTXp6414__zxsxfmZApCJf4i8wk25sAJ3CbP5m2ZWBB7oZAbh0CymqZ-QcwBF18388LAa5y9fMEXD1-tEiaq1Hp4xyyxNWma5Rv4XNFtDEP92cUjO5RnvyZ_zLsMA7qORrw0perAVbP4hu0PvAR4/s320/expo.png width320 />/a>/div>p>/p>p classMsoNormal styletext-align: center;>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>span styletext-align: left;>Exponential mode is useful to detect very small increases in the count rate when the absolute rate is also very low. For example, in very low activity areas where small rate changes need to be detected - the audio tone frequency is exponentially increased, exaggerating the tiny rate variations by using higher pitch tones/span>./span>/p>p classMsoNormal>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>b>Logarithmic/b> b>Mode/b> – The audio tone frequency will change on a Logarithmic scale – the range of 40 CPS to 10K CPS will be compressed and mapped by using a logarithmic curve to an audio range of 40Hz to 3kHz./span>/p>p classMsoNormal>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>This feature, just like b>Exp Mode/b> is independent of the Squelch Level from Rate-To-Frequency standpoint, and it provides very good audio resolution for lower count rates (<2000 CPS), while still capable of handling very high count-rates (2K to10K+ CPS) - all within a narrower 3kHz audio range./span>/p>p classMsoNormal>span stylefont-family: Roboto;> /span>/p>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>a hrefhttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOLQgKvfqOJy7GyPBZVUAPz69475smeiKyts1B0GhBJfLAzJZZ_ZtZgLvGZ6iyA0MQhq33hajrE8eKSwgOFhB_tVM8MtvgKujv-xWO6dVO7C8STnZK31_4-YiOd3L8b1PPPUbsQ2eYyIbegMjwqgc-wl7x-JS7XUXdobPjRFqnTmQxSZorTdzu99d1uqg/s2033/Logarithmic.jpg stylemargin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;>img border0 data-original-height1254 data-original-width2033 height197 srchttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOLQgKvfqOJy7GyPBZVUAPz69475smeiKyts1B0GhBJfLAzJZZ_ZtZgLvGZ6iyA0MQhq33hajrE8eKSwgOFhB_tVM8MtvgKujv-xWO6dVO7C8STnZK31_4-YiOd3L8b1PPPUbsQ2eYyIbegMjwqgc-wl7x-JS7XUXdobPjRFqnTmQxSZorTdzu99d1uqg/s320/Logarithmic.jpg width320 />/a>/span>/div>p>/p>p classMsoNormal>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>/span>/p>p classMsoNormal>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>The range between 2000 CPS and 10000 CPS is allocated within less than 1kHz audio frequency response (from ~2200 kHz to 3000 kHz) which is useful when the instrument is used with both, very low and very high-count rates. This comes at the expense of audio resolution in the high-count region of the curve and overall higher frequency tone at the mid-low count range./span>/p>p classMsoNormal styletext-align: center;>/p>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>a hrefhttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKR5Ksiw01QFP7H6Q0rbRwezJHCFei2dfoJmcQufMXUTWtnzXkZFAxBaFlp_yivrxWoGv5fx3R0adoSPBTjpVVtH_d1R5m4SJ7DGOk7YiPGRF3cOo92en_jMi8YAp1F8Lrojz0004wed6zz1h2R9gYjnNjtxxidHHHJOC0qcF5Yc9fklEnYhkWi79S5vw/s1289/20240923_145331.jpg stylemargin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;>img border0 data-original-height1135 data-original-width1289 height282 srchttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKR5Ksiw01QFP7H6Q0rbRwezJHCFei2dfoJmcQufMXUTWtnzXkZFAxBaFlp_yivrxWoGv5fx3R0adoSPBTjpVVtH_d1R5m4SJ7DGOk7YiPGRF3cOo92en_jMi8YAp1F8Lrojz0004wed6zz1h2R9gYjnNjtxxidHHHJOC0qcF5Yc9fklEnYhkWi79S5vw/s320/20240923_145331.jpg width320 />/a>/div>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>div styletext-align: center;>span styletext-align: left;>In the Gamma Dogs menu system, there is a config item (#10) which allows the user to select a startup mode for the b>Audio Frequency Modifier,/b> but the mode can always be changed later, during operation, if Multiplier is assigned to the Soft Key button in Menu Item #8./span>/div>div styletext-align: center;>span styletext-align: left;>(The other assignable function to the Soft Key button is control for the Audio Conversion Hysteresis Level responsible for how closely variations of the rate are followed before converted to audio tone) /span>/div>/span>div styleclear: both;>/div>/div>div classpost-footer>div classpost-footer-line post-footer-line-1>span classpost-author vcard>Posted byspan classfn itempropauthor itemscopeitemscope itemtypehttp://schema.org/Person>meta contenthttps://www.blogger.com/profile/12033396081050348304 itempropurl/>a classg-profile hrefhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/12033396081050348304 relauthor titleauthor profile>span itempropname>Andrey E. Stoev/span>/a>/span>/span>span classpost-timestamp>atmeta contenthttp://blog.kotarak.net/2024/09/gamma-dog-rate-to-tone-conversion-and.html itempropurl/>a classtimestamp-link hrefhttp://blog.kotarak.net/2024/09/gamma-dog-rate-to-tone-conversion-and.html relbookmark titlepermanent link>abbr classpublished itempropdatePublished title2024-09-23T14:19:00-04:00>2:19 PM/abbr>/a>/span>span classpost-comment-link>a classcomment-link hrefhttps://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/5557902467288736826/5821454968500760305 onclick>2 comments: /a>/span>span classpost-icons>span classitem-control blog-admin pid-891165783>a hrefhttps://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID5557902467288736826&postID5821454968500760305&frompencil titleEdit Post>img alt classicon-action height18 srchttps://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif width18/>/a>/span>/span>div classpost-share-buttons goog-inline-block>/div>/div>div classpost-footer-line post-footer-line-2>span classpost-labels>Labels:a hrefhttp://blog.kotarak.net/search/label/Gamma%20Dog reltag>Gamma Dog/a>/span>/div>div classpost-footer-line post-footer-line-3>span classpost-location>/span>/div>/div>/div>/div> /div>/div> div classdate-outer> h2 classdate-header>span>Wednesday, September 4, 2024/span>/h2> div classdate-posts> div classpost-outer>div classpost hentry uncustomized-post-template itempropblogPost itemscopeitemscope itemtypehttp://schema.org/BlogPosting>meta contenthttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiY0TVyMSBO19o3uxdx7EaGPnrmg4F5cgpdGU7tiq-nGZkoE1Ns-UjzJqwBS0jYyoBL2o2gfLsGZmkTfZRNd98dec9sLOqDvKWRJhHzXlxe8EREhiWNtlyG4oJCAGKgn7pB4eiWvTJG1P2aJtFKa_M2mnYOgx55JlB-8VrqiV4Lq0dmN_EzYTRM0vgJpu4/s320/20240903_172625.jpg itempropimage_url/>meta content5557902467288736826 itempropblogId/>meta content3637906035461217149 itemproppostId/>a name3637906035461217149>/a>h3 classpost-title entry-title itempropname>a hrefhttp://blog.kotarak.net/2024/09/efficient-common-mode-current-choke-for.html>Efficient Common-Mode Current Choke for EFRW and other portable antennas (1:1 Guanella)/a>/h3>div classpost-header>div classpost-header-line-1>/div>/div>div classpost-body entry-content idpost-body-3637906035461217149 itemproparticleBody>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>I was putting together SOTA/POTA portable antenna kit for my son, utilizing EFHW and EFRW antennas and I needed a Common-Mode Current Choke - something not very large and efficient that he can eventually use from QRP to 100W on 40m to 6m./span>div>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>br />/span>div>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>b>This is just a quick, easy, 15 min. build, and the result is an excellent and pretty efficient CMC Choke (see the measurements below) for only $25, that one can place in-line with the antenna feedline at the transceiver, at the antenna feed-point or both./b>/span>/div>div>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>b>There is nothing new here - this is Classic 1:1 Guanella choke build, but I did some measurements to put things in perspective and show what is to be expected from such choke./b>/span>/div>div>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>b>br />/b>/span>/div>div>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>b>Note regarding using a CMC choke with portable wire antennas - if used with End-Fed Random Wire (EFRW) the choke can be placed at the antenna feed point (the 9:1 UnUn transformer) or at the radio. When used with End-Fed Half-Wave (EFHW) the choke should be placed at the radio only as the coax is part of the antenna system./b>/span>/div>div>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>br />/span>/div>div>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>a hrefhttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiY0TVyMSBO19o3uxdx7EaGPnrmg4F5cgpdGU7tiq-nGZkoE1Ns-UjzJqwBS0jYyoBL2o2gfLsGZmkTfZRNd98dec9sLOqDvKWRJhHzXlxe8EREhiWNtlyG4oJCAGKgn7pB4eiWvTJG1P2aJtFKa_M2mnYOgx55JlB-8VrqiV4Lq0dmN_EzYTRM0vgJpu4/s3529/20240903_172625.jpg stylemargin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;>img border0 data-original-height1868 data-original-width3529 height169 srchttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiY0TVyMSBO19o3uxdx7EaGPnrmg4F5cgpdGU7tiq-nGZkoE1Ns-UjzJqwBS0jYyoBL2o2gfLsGZmkTfZRNd98dec9sLOqDvKWRJhHzXlxe8EREhiWNtlyG4oJCAGKgn7pB4eiWvTJG1P2aJtFKa_M2mnYOgx55JlB-8VrqiV4Lq0dmN_EzYTRM0vgJpu4/s320/20240903_172625.jpg width320 />/a>/div>div styletext-align: center;>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>The bill of materials includes FT-240-43 toroid core (source: Amazon, $12) and 5 feet of RG-316 coaxial cable with pre-installed Male and Female BNC connectors (source: eBay, $13). Other materials - 6 small zip-ties and a piece of wide heat-shrink tubing which I had laying around./span>/div>/div>div>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>br />/span>/div>div>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>a hrefhttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhciSf_cghSMHWlf3nVhKONknI1O9x05z42JQKqh-ihZGJFvzPM8OK5m_9irRvZNUtpasbfkuSyck8UMXb5Gu0zwCkJnAzQMjh356HBEhfXXvoFPSEy6dZeG8idzWixupramQRCUo_w8zuP2IhyphenhyphenjdJ1yBcQXstOI4LTZfScuWYvFmv2PZ0Vb6s5HDy7vYw/s2336/20240904_095746.jpg stylemargin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;>img border0 data-original-height1868 data-original-width2336 height256 srchttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhciSf_cghSMHWlf3nVhKONknI1O9x05z42JQKqh-ihZGJFvzPM8OK5m_9irRvZNUtpasbfkuSyck8UMXb5Gu0zwCkJnAzQMjh356HBEhfXXvoFPSEy6dZeG8idzWixupramQRCUo_w8zuP2IhyphenhyphenjdJ1yBcQXstOI4LTZfScuWYvFmv2PZ0Vb6s5HDy7vYw/s320/20240904_095746.jpg width320 />/a>/div>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>div styletext-align: center;>The coax is winded on the core in 2x 11 turns with a crossover turn as shown. The total is 23 turns through the core./div>div styletext-align: center;> First, I secured one end of the coax with 2 crossed zip-ties, wound the first 11 turns, added zip-ties for the cross-over turn to fix each side of the windings and finished it with another 11 turns and 2 crossed zip-ties./div>/span>/div>div styletext-align: center;>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>The core of this size can easily take more turns - around 14 on each side (for total of 29) but there is a performance trade-off - more turns improve low frequency attenuation but due to capacitive coupling between the tightly spaced turns, this will decrease the attenuation factor for higher frequencies. /span>/div>div styletext-align: center;>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>It seems that for FT-240 core and RG-316 the sweet spot is around 11-12 turns on each side. If 12 turns are to be used, one needs 6 feet piece of coax. /span>/div>div styletext-align: center;>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>The turns must be fairly tight around the core itself, so they dont slide around (PTE-insulated coax is very slippery!) but not too tight to cause coax damage. Turns should be separated from each-other as much as possible./span>/div>div styletext-align: center;>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>The direction of the windings doesnt matter. The purpose of the Reisert Crossover turn is to allow the coax to leave the core from opposing sides so there is no coupling between input and output and makes it mechanically better for in-line placement but electrically both sides are the same as one continuous winding./span>/div>div styletext-align: center;>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>The cores I got from Amazon had rounded edges so there was no need to wrap the cores with tape but should the core has sharp edges, fiberglass tape must be used before winding./span>/div>div>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>br />/span>/div>div>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>a hrefhttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqu2-13EkEQSr-e2Pl4C-3vWSArdv0t6JLL4Z4Ts0Cc0aPovolsFJV9d0v9P2Ib0RfSozSMGCTcxAKh1TBopJoIEb7dPzu_H-dT3XFDUXTvMFWGJd3OwK9WgoQfovHZrlJSO-1qjpSxLT7-ZshgXSYKwKTH-3GwnLHP6Gq24unvHPiB_xdwgOzIkXTQ1s/s3875/20240904_095702.jpg stylemargin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;>img border0 data-original-height1868 data-original-width3875 height154 srchttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqu2-13EkEQSr-e2Pl4C-3vWSArdv0t6JLL4Z4Ts0Cc0aPovolsFJV9d0v9P2Ib0RfSozSMGCTcxAKh1TBopJoIEb7dPzu_H-dT3XFDUXTvMFWGJd3OwK9WgoQfovHZrlJSO-1qjpSxLT7-ZshgXSYKwKTH-3GwnLHP6Gq24unvHPiB_xdwgOzIkXTQ1s/s320/20240904_095702.jpg width320 />/a>/div>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>div styletext-align: center;>The complete CMC Choke. With 5 feet of coax there are approximately 4 left as pigtails on each side./div>div styletext-align: center;>br />/div>div styletext-align: center;>b>span stylecolor: #0b5394; font-size: large;>Measurements/span>/b>/div>/span>/div>div>br />/div>div>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>a hrefhttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXmh8DPLBtLa6nvkvXxTCDQHBhBwnToDFzrqgtHhD-Mq0oFzUznEdZ6IGq4h6JmVHZT_e_GNqhUu6JswG6_HTaQsGAHQVcDjW3qsZU5HZR1LN6ODO4Af6m_uoMZQGOG7trlCnHz2E7EJWDXndItWipt_l4kJtY1PysAS5TIWgVuuNfTQ7P5QPbBHxIerk/s1960/20240904_095543.jpg stylemargin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;>img border0 data-original-height1836 data-original-width1960 height300 srchttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXmh8DPLBtLa6nvkvXxTCDQHBhBwnToDFzrqgtHhD-Mq0oFzUznEdZ6IGq4h6JmVHZT_e_GNqhUu6JswG6_HTaQsGAHQVcDjW3qsZU5HZR1LN6ODO4Af6m_uoMZQGOG7trlCnHz2E7EJWDXndItWipt_l4kJtY1PysAS5TIWgVuuNfTQ7P5QPbBHxIerk/s320/20240904_095543.jpg width320 />/a>/div>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>div styletext-align: center;>I built the CMC Choke Test fixture on a piece of FR4 material. Two SMA connectors are soldered on each side of a ground plane and a short Teflon-insulated wire with alligator-clips is soldered to the center conductor of each connector./div>div styletext-align: center;>A piece of high-density foam glued at the front edge of the board prevents the wires from getting too close to the ground plane during calibration and measurements./div>div styletext-align: center;>br />/div>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>a hrefhttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0sIdX_RPrkKvAG_h7oonqGJPpe8WEGI9Uz1Kdh0X8-i2ew7IyKnPVNMz6P85L5fOd3GjbGDKv1kiTFzX-hKFW7qedc2Sj0Jf498h2bFSAYx7Xr6unoja9hBIVxNBWfsE2nhi4IoK9HhGcro-GIzx9Lz9Gy0yu7ijhJI_20CTpmjHfrFQ1hgn-8ap-5Pw/s3580/20240904_095641.jpg stylemargin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;>img border0 data-original-height1868 data-original-width3580 height167 srchttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0sIdX_RPrkKvAG_h7oonqGJPpe8WEGI9Uz1Kdh0X8-i2ew7IyKnPVNMz6P85L5fOd3GjbGDKv1kiTFzX-hKFW7qedc2Sj0Jf498h2bFSAYx7Xr6unoja9hBIVxNBWfsE2nhi4IoK9HhGcro-GIzx9Lz9Gy0yu7ijhJI_20CTpmjHfrFQ1hgn-8ap-5Pw/s320/20240904_095641.jpg width320 />/a>/div>div styletext-align: center;>I added a 50 Ohm LOAD (2x 100Ohm 1206 SMD resistors in parallel) to be used at part of the VNAs OSLT calibration procedure./div>div styletext-align: center;>br />/div>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>a hrefhttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJHF5L2S4OfD-62ubCODFzVZ-p2FrM_XgBoTedb_1Y03GEPydhFmyZIJh5hAa2qEh9dS_T5VZeu0utlZWtb8eWGEUTVrKoofkOYIRACmTlnYBt98B2wquGzwVPfX0STTolP8ISgtZxJqDwOOT_CZLpyCWk2fqWRfou5fMUgO6Ik8AW8Vmfqr9TLHjFQ6w/s3860/20240904_101202.jpg stylemargin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;>img border0 data-original-height1868 data-original-width3860 height155 srchttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJHF5L2S4OfD-62ubCODFzVZ-p2FrM_XgBoTedb_1Y03GEPydhFmyZIJh5hAa2qEh9dS_T5VZeu0utlZWtb8eWGEUTVrKoofkOYIRACmTlnYBt98B2wquGzwVPfX0STTolP8ISgtZxJqDwOOT_CZLpyCWk2fqWRfou5fMUgO6Ik8AW8Vmfqr9TLHjFQ6w/s320/20240904_101202.jpg width320 />/a>/div>div styletext-align: center;>OPEN calibration is done with the clips just laying far apart from each other. SHORT is done by clipping the S11 (Ch. 0) of the nanoVNA to the ground plane./div>/span>/div>div>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>br />/span>/div>div>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>a hrefhttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdzt6NFgZM9KqY5zGN-Uf8mKcQs0fNrnfvjZjRBgmV8aV-G3jQEK36xOz9u4h25DqAogybZh_YkXfyBJxM8ZTTc3srkMsKj5BZc_8yHj8FSGCeISOJDm8evHamMx6q3oikAObHlSy9bScEhacIIVGGc6L0H-gCJOH2wx9e-QfighE8Rgbx_rFECKo4yKA/s3330/20240904_101237.jpg stylemargin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;>img border0 data-original-height1435 data-original-width3330 height138 srchttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdzt6NFgZM9KqY5zGN-Uf8mKcQs0fNrnfvjZjRBgmV8aV-G3jQEK36xOz9u4h25DqAogybZh_YkXfyBJxM8ZTTc3srkMsKj5BZc_8yHj8FSGCeISOJDm8evHamMx6q3oikAObHlSy9bScEhacIIVGGc6L0H-gCJOH2wx9e-QfighE8Rgbx_rFECKo4yKA/s320/20240904_101237.jpg width320 />/a>/div>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>LOAD calibration on S11 is using the built-in LOAD standard./span>/div>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>br />/span>/div>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>a hrefhttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhw0Qs6cWSM66qBjm5xDuH2S96kjw76FXODc5IS8IETq0r7e2WqVugr9qwEZY4CnAaoZaoD9D0bvG-OM78D6CUH9rkinr32yN7jxUM9LPQwBYJs7wE226GLf-kwzvGwDsU_bYYZLIJ7Xsw0neDF_Rl3cDGLCpIgLpZP9OuKwT7S2Gf51VthMDvP-VN2Fyk/s3707/20240904_101311.jpg stylemargin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;>img border0 data-original-height1868 data-original-width3707 height161 srchttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhw0Qs6cWSM66qBjm5xDuH2S96kjw76FXODc5IS8IETq0r7e2WqVugr9qwEZY4CnAaoZaoD9D0bvG-OM78D6CUH9rkinr32yN7jxUM9LPQwBYJs7wE226GLf-kwzvGwDsU_bYYZLIJ7Xsw0neDF_Rl3cDGLCpIgLpZP9OuKwT7S2Gf51VthMDvP-VN2Fyk/s320/20240904_101311.jpg width320 />/a>/div>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>For the THRU calibration, used for the S21 measurements both clips are attached together./span>/div>br />div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>a hrefhttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkvk6Z3hxA1_TL8bLhyxZZaxqf10zpenrTCIVg6pVVwKPeiMjlrcj2XSIQMHb-EgyACWPa9HJDpBYCuSlrfohxfwPxaGpcADQff-zIUERbhltTcQ8knlMBhyphenhyphenFwnLN-QgC5puMIdPz0rMOgSyvZMXQRc1ubc3V_vazQcpRpoxVLLmZ5MewirvJBZzNcD88/s3592/20240904_102002.jpg stylemargin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;>img border0 data-original-height1868 data-original-width3592 height166 srchttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkvk6Z3hxA1_TL8bLhyxZZaxqf10zpenrTCIVg6pVVwKPeiMjlrcj2XSIQMHb-EgyACWPa9HJDpBYCuSlrfohxfwPxaGpcADQff-zIUERbhltTcQ8knlMBhyphenhyphenFwnLN-QgC5puMIdPz0rMOgSyvZMXQRc1ubc3V_vazQcpRpoxVLLmZ5MewirvJBZzNcD88/s320/20240904_102002.jpg width320 />/a>/div>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>To measure the attenuation provided by the CMC Choke, the alligator clips are attached only to the outer shielding of the coax./span>br />span stylefont-family: Roboto;>br />/span>/div>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>a hrefhttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXR_hBIx6WImop8V7j-w0ayysnMeWe6eXK3-O4QA3f_q6-icCoRvWMV_ABYAniKp9QnKILJJnFdREPirdVyNd-7r2U8YHYK1IpQFjhKzhtNGb5L3AoCAr7Bu14XAaxxoAeGLAxGvp6B8bQojFJpQVz5Y_Paes5soI0HTfSe265dsWBXR_RnOsWPx1vuOE/s2149/20240904_102122.jpg stylemargin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;>img border0 data-original-height1498 data-original-width2149 height223 srchttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXR_hBIx6WImop8V7j-w0ayysnMeWe6eXK3-O4QA3f_q6-icCoRvWMV_ABYAniKp9QnKILJJnFdREPirdVyNd-7r2U8YHYK1IpQFjhKzhtNGb5L3AoCAr7Bu14XAaxxoAeGLAxGvp6B8bQojFJpQVz5Y_Paes5soI0HTfSe265dsWBXR_RnOsWPx1vuOE/s320/20240904_102122.jpg width320 />/a>/div>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>The CMC chokes performance is excellent for the entire intended range - 160m to 6m!/span>/div>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>For reference - anything below -20dB is very good and below -30db is considered excellent!/span>/div>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>br />/span>/div>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>Marker 1 (80m band @3.5 MHz) -44.7dB./span>/div>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>Marker 2 (20m band @14.2MHz) -38.9dB/span>/div>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>Marker 3 (10m band @28.5MHz) -30.8dB/span>/div>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>Marker 4 (6m band @54.1 MHz) -19.5dB/span>/div>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>Performance on the 6m band while still very good is a bit lower than the lower HF range due to the coupling between multiple turns. As I mentioned, this an expected trade-off with the lower bands./span>/div>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>br />/span>/div>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>a hrefhttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUHEwpRGv2Kit94SQ5DGSSkyxyoI8_7O37HUnIF6P_lkeUe_nyMK4OqTkw_NY0j6AtQfjFXXBvKbYGkys2j-24LFBo-T4EugBhAoqjPgfucQO6M2audkxt7z5ZXQt_WrrZ8c6mmRzNStxrN7RhBigkNkI8dHHhtacucDqiyndgWxBX3XBy27nO_GqnLls/s2539/20240904_104629.jpg stylemargin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;>img border0 data-original-height1868 data-original-width2539 height235 srchttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUHEwpRGv2Kit94SQ5DGSSkyxyoI8_7O37HUnIF6P_lkeUe_nyMK4OqTkw_NY0j6AtQfjFXXBvKbYGkys2j-24LFBo-T4EugBhAoqjPgfucQO6M2audkxt7z5ZXQt_WrrZ8c6mmRzNStxrN7RhBigkNkI8dHHhtacucDqiyndgWxBX3XBy27nO_GqnLls/s320/20240904_104629.jpg width320 />/a>/div>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>As the VNA shows, on 20m the impedance (|Z|) is over 8KOhms and even higher on lower frequencies. Not too shabby!/span>/div>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>br />/span>/div>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>a hrefhttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgo8hjkoyUq8LUH3QwotJ4I1ji0JYIrjdWPCXBvt8yZrRyrP8UH-MmhuGEqB2c846khMXnJp04wWtBLsd8ZF2dqHmoaG_Yly49kgtbVw5-xYowrRjl6ZArc5qagNgKzPy16X2Szf8L8bWXVLzFBkebu6d6Y3vegz2OHgKlvKgtx1Ugk4ZTKE5VThnZb860/s3967/20240904_103258.jpg stylemargin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;>img border0 data-original-height1868 data-original-width3967 height151 srchttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgo8hjkoyUq8LUH3QwotJ4I1ji0JYIrjdWPCXBvt8yZrRyrP8UH-MmhuGEqB2c846khMXnJp04wWtBLsd8ZF2dqHmoaG_Yly49kgtbVw5-xYowrRjl6ZArc5qagNgKzPy16X2Szf8L8bWXVLzFBkebu6d6Y3vegz2OHgKlvKgtx1Ugk4ZTKE5VThnZb860/s320/20240904_103258.jpg width320 />/a>/div>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>In an attempt to test and improve further the performance on 6m, I added a split-core mix 31 bead with 3 turns to one of the pigtails./span>/div>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>br />/div>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>a hrefhttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglR2IkT93Q_E5NBpKBQwH_P4ab9BYDpzm6LXWD0ZGSd2KFVwnS7Xvp3LcSDc_bDFlWhXCnG3J5iiUFcdqmZ1aJJj4D0T2tsxj2cZeZMOhcC8H5U0zVlpWDJOXLY9h10A4yvqbqlhsW4a8t6pnyYVlLWSF-t1OZgaS5DAfbhqTcMFgJmhijh4iWibSFwuM/s2475/20240904_103128.jpg stylemargin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;>img border0 data-original-height1868 data-original-width2475 height242 srchttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglR2IkT93Q_E5NBpKBQwH_P4ab9BYDpzm6LXWD0ZGSd2KFVwnS7Xvp3LcSDc_bDFlWhXCnG3J5iiUFcdqmZ1aJJj4D0T2tsxj2cZeZMOhcC8H5U0zVlpWDJOXLY9h10A4yvqbqlhsW4a8t6pnyYVlLWSF-t1OZgaS5DAfbhqTcMFgJmhijh4iWibSFwuM/s320/20240904_103128.jpg width320 />/a>/div>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>The 3-turn split-core bead definitely improved the 6m band attenuation by -7dB, down to -26.5dB./span>br />span stylefont-family: Roboto;>This is a good-to-know option - I probably will keep the bead in my kit as an add-on for 6m. The improvement from this additional core on the lower frequencies is just a few dB over an already excellent performance so there is no need to be a permanent addition./span>/div>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>br />/span>/div>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>a hrefhttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_kqWWk4dkml5Akj4nEvGxKiSj7sIA9c0CBvBd8OCpIP6Ucl9buPnVp4fVIDwHo3yTCPwMZtjItkxDuUvSgqhYwhsNrYE3h8qmUsQFH45XaSrH6_CBGSPBKE5sTGelFkrerHv3b_eR444bEIVbG10BxnRXd6EaEit35Dz4O6o_G1q-dR9ET6bAwK39adk/s3735/20240904_163035.jpg stylemargin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;>img border0 data-original-height1685 data-original-width3735 height144 srchttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_kqWWk4dkml5Akj4nEvGxKiSj7sIA9c0CBvBd8OCpIP6Ucl9buPnVp4fVIDwHo3yTCPwMZtjItkxDuUvSgqhYwhsNrYE3h8qmUsQFH45XaSrH6_CBGSPBKE5sTGelFkrerHv3b_eR444bEIVbG10BxnRXd6EaEit35Dz4O6o_G1q-dR9ET6bAwK39adk/s320/20240904_163035.jpg width320 />/a>/div>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>S21 measurement for insertion loss. Since the two SMA-to-BNC adapters are M and F on the BNC side, just coupling them together for the THRU S21 calibration then yields a pretty accurate measurement./span>/div>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>br />span stylefont-family: Roboto;>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>a hrefhttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLNKbENxRPNKV2tKX4C7clkfoRZU-q24jeiZSQ6dhacAUBtqnj9KCR0xppwMzTU1huEHXa5d-dWQ49T7831grpzLV0EJRFej9h3hPdTziVIzNM2CdXQMPstWn7Avgi-LRwp2W3xziBuKqlPNiOqqtcF57LNgoKhy5hNvr_sFLGUX2frb3dje6goaihXbA/s2752/20240905_102138.jpg stylemargin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;>img border0 data-original-height1868 data-original-width2752 height217 srchttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLNKbENxRPNKV2tKX4C7clkfoRZU-q24jeiZSQ6dhacAUBtqnj9KCR0xppwMzTU1huEHXa5d-dWQ49T7831grpzLV0EJRFej9h3hPdTziVIzNM2CdXQMPstWn7Avgi-LRwp2W3xziBuKqlPNiOqqtcF57LNgoKhy5hNvr_sFLGUX2frb3dje6goaihXbA/s320/20240905_102138.jpg width320 />/a>/div>The insertion loss is mainly due to the 5 ft. of small diameter coax (RG-316) and it is absolutely acceptable with less than -0.2dB on 20m and -0.3dB on 6m./span>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>br />/span>/div>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>br />/span>/div>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>a hrefhttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheAi0kbbaZZdWEoreC2X1U9kUlehIYo8OmHvUCIc9qNuY5AewPf-P2_aivZpF2Po6BegEp-HuOxxPAAMRAGusiI8JfG3IES8oP-gst5tZWrDd80FZSoFIsxtvUiWmjM0ZZY7RuEIw95FESQ-Pee2X8u0rTAD14eDbPBj059KqjL3QH3k227zy3QOmotlc/s3208/20240904_110820.jpg stylemargin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;>img border0 data-original-height1868 data-original-width3208 height186 srchttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheAi0kbbaZZdWEoreC2X1U9kUlehIYo8OmHvUCIc9qNuY5AewPf-P2_aivZpF2Po6BegEp-HuOxxPAAMRAGusiI8JfG3IES8oP-gst5tZWrDd80FZSoFIsxtvUiWmjM0ZZY7RuEIw95FESQ-Pee2X8u0rTAD14eDbPBj059KqjL3QH3k227zy3QOmotlc/s320/20240904_110820.jpg width320 />/a>/div>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>The finished chokes looking like hockey pucks./span>/div>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>span stylefont-family: Roboto;>A piece of heatshrink tubing fixes the coax turns in place and adds a layer of protection./span>/div>/div>/div>div styleclear: both;>/div>/div>div classpost-footer>div classpost-footer-line post-footer-line-1>span classpost-author vcard>Posted byspan classfn itempropauthor itemscopeitemscope itemtypehttp://schema.org/Person>meta contenthttps://www.blogger.com/profile/12033396081050348304 itempropurl/>a classg-profile hrefhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/12033396081050348304 relauthor titleauthor profile>span itempropname>Andrey E. Stoev/span>/a>/span>/span>span classpost-timestamp>atmeta contenthttp://blog.kotarak.net/2024/09/efficient-common-mode-current-choke-for.html itempropurl/>a classtimestamp-link hrefhttp://blog.kotarak.net/2024/09/efficient-common-mode-current-choke-for.html relbookmark titlepermanent link>abbr classpublished itempropdatePublished title2024-09-04T16:04:00-04:00>4:04 PM/abbr>/a>/span>span classpost-comment-link>a classcomment-link hrefhttps://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/5557902467288736826/3637906035461217149 onclick>No comments: /a>/span>span classpost-icons>span classitem-control blog-admin pid-891165783>a hrefhttps://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID5557902467288736826&postID3637906035461217149&frompencil titleEdit Post>img alt classicon-action height18 srchttps://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif width18/>/a>/span>/span>div classpost-share-buttons goog-inline-block>/div>/div>div classpost-footer-line post-footer-line-2>span classpost-labels>/span>/div>div classpost-footer-line post-footer-line-3>span classpost-location>/span>/div>/div>/div>/div> /div>/div> div classdate-outer> h2 classdate-header>span>Sunday, July 7, 2024/span>/h2> div classdate-posts> div classpost-outer>div classpost hentry uncustomized-post-template itempropblogPost itemscopeitemscope itemtypehttp://schema.org/BlogPosting>meta contenthttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdf-bEkAxbZ2oFnKPa-5NYTTLeOiApvH1EWsBvZH4bPnfhj4L7AEF73csXHRqQ9DN09sCNaa2w6mIZwLDTqlhHVpmmw3FwoxQt4_7RMnQb3X3k7733GuNlvNWD7-9T1sxwnSnKlpYrJawTMktTRQDBKzyZlfZb5_EotYnTW5q9PI3xn1jsT0yD_CGTfBg/s320/20240706_184459.jpg itempropimage_url/>meta content5557902467288736826 itempropblogId/>meta content6820693273897940059 itemproppostId/>a name6820693273897940059>/a>h3 classpost-title entry-title itempropname>a hrefhttp://blog.kotarak.net/2024/07/moxtek-x-ray-tube-controller-part-3.html>Moxtek X-Ray Tube Controller - Part 3 - Enclosure/a>/h3>div classpost-header>div classpost-header-line-1>/div>/div>div classpost-body entry-content idpost-body-6820693273897940059 itemproparticleBody>p>span stylefont-family: verdana;>Finally, I got around to make an enclosure for the Moxtek X-Ray Tube Controller with a proper control panel./span>/p>p>/p>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>a hrefhttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdf-bEkAxbZ2oFnKPa-5NYTTLeOiApvH1EWsBvZH4bPnfhj4L7AEF73csXHRqQ9DN09sCNaa2w6mIZwLDTqlhHVpmmw3FwoxQt4_7RMnQb3X3k7733GuNlvNWD7-9T1sxwnSnKlpYrJawTMktTRQDBKzyZlfZb5_EotYnTW5q9PI3xn1jsT0yD_CGTfBg/s2514/20240706_184459.jpg stylemargin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;>img border0 data-original-height1868 data-original-width2514 height238 srchttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdf-bEkAxbZ2oFnKPa-5NYTTLeOiApvH1EWsBvZH4bPnfhj4L7AEF73csXHRqQ9DN09sCNaa2w6mIZwLDTqlhHVpmmw3FwoxQt4_7RMnQb3X3k7733GuNlvNWD7-9T1sxwnSnKlpYrJawTMktTRQDBKzyZlfZb5_EotYnTW5q9PI3xn1jsT0yD_CGTfBg/s320/20240706_184459.jpg width320 />/a>/div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>div styletext-align: center;>The complete X-Ray Tube Commander 2000 Controller in all of its glory./div>div styletext-align: center;> This enclosure might be further improved with an angled front panel at some point if I get too bored but for now it serves the purpose./div>div styletext-align: center;>The faceplate text is currently done quick-n-dirty style with a Label Maker but Ill print a nice colored laminated front decal for it to get the more refined lab equipment look, just the way I did with my N2PK VNA./div>div styletext-align: center;>br />div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>a hrefhttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZbA8dKmMUZPEM9eXT-UIt1coYsnepAQj8VBs9-MaEqKKYDemPApjRW5GvSqEX57Bo_zZLQqleB4BrzQ_f-O6akQXJ7SLOliWIZBHBZOTVe0hgJqOQBidwQdWfBnXKUVeGX2VwnW4P7t-yu57W8GBVd9K3SQSZX5eTGH8T_uRWWv59ZFNkKGexaFkmBU4/s1870/top.jpg stylemargin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;>img border0 data-original-height1051 data-original-width1870 height180 srchttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZbA8dKmMUZPEM9eXT-UIt1coYsnepAQj8VBs9-MaEqKKYDemPApjRW5GvSqEX57Bo_zZLQqleB4BrzQ_f-O6akQXJ7SLOliWIZBHBZOTVe0hgJqOQBidwQdWfBnXKUVeGX2VwnW4P7t-yu57W8GBVd9K3SQSZX5eTGH8T_uRWWv59ZFNkKGexaFkmBU4/s320/top.jpg width320 />/a>/div>/div>/span>span stylefont-family: verdana;>p styletext-align: center;>span stylefont-family: verdana;>The front panel component mounts include large LCD display, 2 backlit control buttons, a rotary encoder /w button, a keylock and a small speaker grill./span>/p>I designed the enclosure with TinkerCAD - this application is excellent for simple projects such as this one, and it is very fast to work with./span>div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>Once the measurements are taken, it literally takes minutes to create the design and output the STL file for printing./span>p>/p>p>/p>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>a hrefhttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiubcTNoqTW4zE8HtbYHLtX3CLwuLD7TD1nJN1WF2tg96MUH9zpU3fciiRoaWJ7CkMYisiDzjqiz9hFGpUyv74FT6PfCw3jWDd88HrF1St01pRC7TOtim8uFb2_wZXewgxyUGYZ_Ky3hdvJeMDzGqa8Vo71HOdaLQ_aRPLw169kGm-rOkTFmU_jrbyICmg/s1692/bottom.jpg stylemargin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;>img border0 data-original-height1439 data-original-width1692 height272 srchttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiubcTNoqTW4zE8HtbYHLtX3CLwuLD7TD1nJN1WF2tg96MUH9zpU3fciiRoaWJ7CkMYisiDzjqiz9hFGpUyv74FT6PfCw3jWDd88HrF1St01pRC7TOtim8uFb2_wZXewgxyUGYZ_Ky3hdvJeMDzGqa8Vo71HOdaLQ_aRPLw169kGm-rOkTFmU_jrbyICmg/s320/bottom.jpg width320 />/a>/div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>div styletext-align: center;>I made the bottom part of the enclosure a bit taller than necessary, just to have some spare room if I decide to change things around or add more connectors on the sides. Since it is a just a piece of benchtop equipment, the size is not critical./div>div styletext-align: center;> If I ever do another print of this, I will definitely make the box slimmer, round the corners and angle the front panel. /div>/span>p>/p>p>/p>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>a hrefhttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOh0TnqIWCnaL5zTtg7OcTpzIg3eX-jZPyFksqCnQIbwuhiA6A8U-Lm-TFu9c2p9T73VU4MSARMJznx2UuW4Ydd5QoqlvghvLPs-gaCBJI8SZCvAGcGPRXCwSfTdvuWI3Np2idjNTF1tJvH5Pxxp2b4s8B4BPSbIHBGBZFvjmvaLelFS3QSHI7W8GZOTk/s2525/20240706_151748.jpg stylemargin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;>img border0 data-original-height2525 data-original-width1851 height320 srchttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOh0TnqIWCnaL5zTtg7OcTpzIg3eX-jZPyFksqCnQIbwuhiA6A8U-Lm-TFu9c2p9T73VU4MSARMJznx2UuW4Ydd5QoqlvghvLPs-gaCBJI8SZCvAGcGPRXCwSfTdvuWI3Np2idjNTF1tJvH5Pxxp2b4s8B4BPSbIHBGBZFvjmvaLelFS3QSHI7W8GZOTk/s320/20240706_151748.jpg width235 />/a>/div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>div styletext-align: center;>The X-Ray Tube Controller PCB and components, installed in the enclosure. /div>div styletext-align: center;>br />/div>br />div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>a hrefhttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLQX4WF3ZibscE4rEmf6lqJXnJjZnfcFBvVXpGnmQIJnAXX4C9KtIEDzhG3MqZbKH4BVvf-9Su66g-_OqWKUTnJaeuftsrjig6PSLWv_TSA8c1srzscUXMyRK2oYEhPRIysjwN3NhIAznQAU7O0_Lju_2oCtT_vPv7Z93MXuAd403mTm9gFdSQAfa5-tY/s1862/20240825_120706.jpg stylemargin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;>img border0 data-original-height1862 data-original-width1691 height320 srchttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLQX4WF3ZibscE4rEmf6lqJXnJjZnfcFBvVXpGnmQIJnAXX4C9KtIEDzhG3MqZbKH4BVvf-9Su66g-_OqWKUTnJaeuftsrjig6PSLWv_TSA8c1srzscUXMyRK2oYEhPRIysjwN3NhIAznQAU7O0_Lju_2oCtT_vPv7Z93MXuAd403mTm9gFdSQAfa5-tY/s320/20240825_120706.jpg width291 />/a>/div>div styletext-align: center;>A Window on the side exposes the edge of the PCB where all tube interface connectors are located - a DB-9 for connecting to the tubes HV module, supplemental power connector for tubes working at higher power levels (>4W), terminal strip with all interface signals to external devices (test enclosure interlock switch, illuminated warning sign, etc.)/div>div styletext-align: center;>I used this window to feed thru temperature sensor cable, but I will drill and mount a proper 4-pin connector at some point./div>div styletext-align: center;>br />/div>div styletext-align: center;>The keylock is part of the X-Ray safety protocol and prevents from engaging the beam without a key. b>These types of X-Ray tubes create an incredibly high flux right at the aperture/b> and when setting up a sample for XRF the user should turn and remove the key to prevent any accidents./div>div styletext-align: center;> In addition, the XRF enclosure door interlock switch is in-series with the keylock so the control key must be turned to ON AND enclosure door closed for the beam to engage. A very serious X-Ray hazard is not only the direct exposure to the beam but also from scattering. Even air scatters and reflects X-Rays so no tube operation should be done without proper shielding. /div>/span>p>/p>p>/p>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>a hrefhttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5fmKRLX4FFh1JsNyH5A322b8QKEzigScbJkRD3c7e6lCrfZPJVa5GL6DtSj0qrDxIz-VGhamaFkRYYN-0-PAy53csK2x4pgErrxBwZ8qXZWSgo9SXXeqLT6ypc7OIyoEpvgFKXycJjYePgCCr9Aq2_4Ks1hA-N-HNd6rZWHZ0p25faYo9tdraaYBGZLQ/s2491/20240706_184525.jpg stylemargin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;>img border0 data-original-height1868 data-original-width2491 height240 srchttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5fmKRLX4FFh1JsNyH5A322b8QKEzigScbJkRD3c7e6lCrfZPJVa5GL6DtSj0qrDxIz-VGhamaFkRYYN-0-PAy53csK2x4pgErrxBwZ8qXZWSgo9SXXeqLT6ypc7OIyoEpvgFKXycJjYePgCCr9Aq2_4Ks1hA-N-HNd6rZWHZ0p25faYo9tdraaYBGZLQ/s320/20240706_184525.jpg width320 />/a>/div>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>span stylefont-family: verdana;>The yellow MODE Button serves multiple functions depending on the context./span>/div>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>span stylefont-family: verdana;>Single-press is RESET (for Timers, errors, time logging and also acts as an Emergency Stop while the X-Ray beam is ON)./span>/div>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>span stylefont-family: verdana;> Long-press changes beam operating modes and a double-click switches between the 2 memory presets. /span>/div>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>span stylefont-family: verdana;>This button also acts as a SHIFT while tube operating parameters are dialed in with the rotary encoder (for Timer and Min High Voltage). Holding the MODE button down while pressing the Encoder button will toggle ON/OFF the Tube Error Check feature./span>/div>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>span stylefont-family: verdana;>The yellow LED in the MODE button is a READY indicator showing that the x-ray beam can be engaged - it turns off if the current conditions disable the x-ray tube - during parameter entry, filament cooling stage or errors for example./span>/div>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>br />/div>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>a hrefhttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiS-N0VHgRwF6YpyyoyvlBbq-AsMnLNPlef7Z38zcucFcgoEB5ss2bXhzCcai2QI6JLB8Pru_XZQDgNUQDlwTSL3soaWujTqj93gA5cfLv9HUQ9p7F1qRXXY76idFRUaxKbGfIYVPBpLVYOR1b9y789cr7ZtRv4jW5EVqKu1K8BWzpt-okHJDWe8V9k-Y/s2491/20240706_184554.jpg stylemargin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;>img border0 data-original-height1868 data-original-width2491 height240 srchttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiS-N0VHgRwF6YpyyoyvlBbq-AsMnLNPlef7Z38zcucFcgoEB5ss2bXhzCcai2QI6JLB8Pru_XZQDgNUQDlwTSL3soaWujTqj93gA5cfLv9HUQ9p7F1qRXXY76idFRUaxKbGfIYVPBpLVYOR1b9y789cr7ZtRv4jW5EVqKu1K8BWzpt-okHJDWe8V9k-Y/s320/20240706_184554.jpg width320 />/a>/div>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>span stylefont-family: verdana;>The push-button on the Rotary encoder is used to enter Parameter Setup mode and scroll thru the different digit positions while entering the value. /span>/div>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>span stylefont-family: verdana;>Tube and Controller Parameters are then dialed in with the rotary encoder at the position of a blinking cursor. /span>/div>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>span stylefont-family: verdana;>This button also serves as an Emergency STOP button in Timer or Toggle modes, instantly and unconditionally terminating the X-Ray beam./span>/div>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>span stylefont-family: verdana;>When the beam is ON and operating in Timer mode, the rotary encoder can be used to add or remove time from the currently running timer by simply spinning the knob./span>/div>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>span stylefont-family: verdana;>The BLUE button is exclusively used to operate the X-Ray beam (according to the selected mode)./span>/div>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>span stylefont-family: verdana;>The blue LED in this button indicates if the beam is ON and it also flashes with 1 Hz period while the Timer is running./span>/div>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>span stylefont-family: verdana;>The status line on the display will show the status of the Filament heated signal returned by the tube with a message X-RAY ON!/span>/div>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>br />/div>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>a hrefhttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDbutqB2L8-SpUhbBcYOFjew9f7xg-XpieBDjvgwyptnCXAts2NRixoCi1AdgKFRWD9wBrzaQKVs3CnI7UcF6rPh2gXp6CGZ2QW7jWFGoumcsgG7pPZaT43leH-FIgJNMCbsEDYSz_MZDmoqUbQqIjFdL-za9uZkRq9Nq1uORDVPS2SEqYoBMwiSZ-fSU/s2460/20240706_184608.jpg stylemargin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;>img border0 data-original-height1868 data-original-width2460 height243 srchttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDbutqB2L8-SpUhbBcYOFjew9f7xg-XpieBDjvgwyptnCXAts2NRixoCi1AdgKFRWD9wBrzaQKVs3CnI7UcF6rPh2gXp6CGZ2QW7jWFGoumcsgG7pPZaT43leH-FIgJNMCbsEDYSz_MZDmoqUbQqIjFdL-za9uZkRq9Nq1uORDVPS2SEqYoBMwiSZ-fSU/s320/20240706_184608.jpg width320 />/a>/div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>div styletext-align: center;>On this picture, the status line displays Tube ERR! with Error Code E-111 due to operation with disconnected X-Ray tube./div>div styletext-align: center;>I also added an option to temporary disable the Tube Error Check./div>/span>p>/p>p>span stylefont-family: verdana;>The 3-digit error code is very easy to read:/span>/p>p>span stylefont-family: verdana;>First digit on the left shows the state of the Filament Ready signal, returned by the tube when the tube is turned ON: 0 - signal present, 1 - signal is missing. /span>/p>p>span stylefont-family: verdana;>Second digit shows the state of the High Voltage return: 0 means that the tube returns the same voltage as the one requested (Set) by the controller, 1 - returned voltage is lower than requested, 2 - return voltage is higher than requested. /span>/p>p>span stylefont-family: verdana;>The third (right) digit has the same functionality as the second digit but reflects the return of the Emission Current./span>/p>p>span stylefont-family: verdana;>Tube Return voltages are monitored within a specific preset tolerance. Emission current is only checked for Set current >5uA - at very low currents, below 5uA the tube return for Emission Current might fluctuate more than the established tolerance and could generate an error otherwise./span>/p>/div>div styleclear: both;>/div>/div>div classpost-footer>div classpost-footer-line post-footer-line-1>span classpost-author vcard>Posted byspan classfn itempropauthor itemscopeitemscope itemtypehttp://schema.org/Person>meta contenthttps://www.blogger.com/profile/12033396081050348304 itempropurl/>a classg-profile hrefhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/12033396081050348304 relauthor titleauthor profile>span itempropname>Andrey E. Stoev/span>/a>/span>/span>span classpost-timestamp>atmeta contenthttp://blog.kotarak.net/2024/07/moxtek-x-ray-tube-controller-part-3.html itempropurl/>a classtimestamp-link hrefhttp://blog.kotarak.net/2024/07/moxtek-x-ray-tube-controller-part-3.html relbookmark titlepermanent link>abbr classpublished itempropdatePublished title2024-07-07T07:06:00-04:00>7:06 AM/abbr>/a>/span>span classpost-comment-link>a classcomment-link hrefhttps://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/5557902467288736826/6820693273897940059 onclick>8 comments: /a>/span>span classpost-icons>span classitem-control blog-admin pid-891165783>a hrefhttps://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID5557902467288736826&postID6820693273897940059&frompencil titleEdit Post>img alt classicon-action height18 srchttps://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif width18/>/a>/span>/span>div classpost-share-buttons goog-inline-block>/div>/div>div classpost-footer-line post-footer-line-2>span classpost-labels>Labels:a hrefhttp://blog.kotarak.net/search/label/XRF reltag>XRF/a>/span>/div>div classpost-footer-line post-footer-line-3>span classpost-location>/span>/div>/div>/div>/div> /div>/div> div classdate-outer> h2 classdate-header>span>Sunday, February 18, 2024/span>/h2> div classdate-posts> div classpost-outer>div classpost hentry uncustomized-post-template itempropblogPost itemscopeitemscope itemtypehttp://schema.org/BlogPosting>meta contenthttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcn9B_uMCOfoNb4BRuH8gKs5r9I0K_gVVZgkPytrwQT3TvOaB1qD1F1mWv76VULEEQZV203xDiEz9bWt9clcDnnhNKaI5CNfo-Qjg5ay6TlNB72fiZ1yZoMgRiFJABe6hTXzJA_IcCPM7uXoE2ipb_4QIvLDlvOH0ouAsLlXXe5x2FE3MEyP5IoYaBnkU/s320/KX3_Stand.jpg itempropimage_url/>meta content5557902467288736826 itempropblogId/>meta content7608104625248133522 itemproppostId/>a name7608104625248133522>/a>h3 classpost-title entry-title itempropname>a hrefhttp://blog.kotarak.net/2024/02/lightwave-portable-magnetic-stand-for.html>Lightwave portable magnetic stand for Elecraft KX3 and PX3/a>/h3>div classpost-header>div classpost-header-line-1>/div>/div>div classpost-body entry-content idpost-body-7608104625248133522 itemproparticleBody>div styletext-align: left;>span stylefont-family: verdana;>Elecraft KX3 is a fantastic portable transceiver but one thing I thought could be improved on is the front panel presentation by using a better stand to the stock, foldable legs. /span>/div>div styletext-align: left;>span stylefont-family: verdana;>The built-in foldable legs of the radio are a bit annoying to deal with as they require the user to manipulate the thumbscrews used also for holding the radio together. Because the thumb screws are opposing, this needs to be done in different directions when standing in front of the radio, not to mention that the front panel sits at too low of an angle for my taste./span>/div>div styletext-align: left;>span stylefont-family: verdana;>I decided to design a lightweight stand that has small footprint, easily carried in the field and it can be assembled or taken apart in seconds. The goal is to give a good support for the radio without the need to completely unfold the stock legs./span>/div>div styletext-align: left;>span stylefont-family: verdana;>br />/span>/div>div styletext-align: left;>span stylefont-family: verdana;>The stand turned out to be a quick and fun half-day project./span>/div>div styletext-align: left;>span stylefont-family: verdana;>Anyone who wants to play with this project can get it from a hrefhttps://www.tinkercad.com/things/9NPLRO7Vzv9-elecraft-kx3-stand>TinkerCad/a>/span>/div>div styletext-align: left;>span stylefont-family: verdana;>br />/span>/div>div styletext-align: left;>span stylefont-family: verdana;>br />/span>/div>div styletext-align: left;>span stylefont-family: verdana;>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>a hrefhttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcn9B_uMCOfoNb4BRuH8gKs5r9I0K_gVVZgkPytrwQT3TvOaB1qD1F1mWv76VULEEQZV203xDiEz9bWt9clcDnnhNKaI5CNfo-Qjg5ay6TlNB72fiZ1yZoMgRiFJABe6hTXzJA_IcCPM7uXoE2ipb_4QIvLDlvOH0ouAsLlXXe5x2FE3MEyP5IoYaBnkU/s2557/KX3_Stand.jpg stylemargin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;>img border0 data-original-height1757 data-original-width2557 height220 srchttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcn9B_uMCOfoNb4BRuH8gKs5r9I0K_gVVZgkPytrwQT3TvOaB1qD1F1mWv76VULEEQZV203xDiEz9bWt9clcDnnhNKaI5CNfo-Qjg5ay6TlNB72fiZ1yZoMgRiFJABe6hTXzJA_IcCPM7uXoE2ipb_4QIvLDlvOH0ouAsLlXXe5x2FE3MEyP5IoYaBnkU/s320/KX3_Stand.jpg width320 />/a>/div>div styletext-align: center;>The two legs of the stand were designed with TinkerCad and then 3D printed./div>/span>/div>div styletext-align: left;>span stylefont-family: verdana;>br />/span>/div>div styletext-align: left;>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>a hrefhttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYv1VSJxY-il0qTe4HTfk59WMcNFkblKHpTtkTaWdTUVG0jSTqfOmHkWkVLrQ-vKj3xA6epYxt6ylK7W-Xk6_aKdrL7O-K7EUgAVKTC0OM_WOnn6tLp_oo2mCwq9kKbwKrS3fDDFCgFeisd526uO9dbTWnh_2EokA4OkKft2GEIWwqJH43H_x6bMO2Mbk/s1868/20240218_155009.jpg stylemargin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;>img border0 data-original-height1715 data-original-width1868 height294 srchttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYv1VSJxY-il0qTe4HTfk59WMcNFkblKHpTtkTaWdTUVG0jSTqfOmHkWkVLrQ-vKj3xA6epYxt6ylK7W-Xk6_aKdrL7O-K7EUgAVKTC0OM_WOnn6tLp_oo2mCwq9kKbwKrS3fDDFCgFeisd526uO9dbTWnh_2EokA4OkKft2GEIWwqJH43H_x6bMO2Mbk/s320/20240218_155009.jpg width320 />/a>/div>div styletext-align: center;>span stylefont-family: verdana;>All of the components for the stand - the 3 spacer rods (made from carbon-fiber arrow shafts) and the 2 3D-prineted legs. /span>/div>div styletext-align: center;>span stylefont-family: verdana;>The weight is exactly 2oz. but there is a room to shave off some of the weight (in the next version)./span>/div>div styletext-align: center;>span stylefont-family: verdana;>br />/span>/div>div styletext-align: center;>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>a hrefhttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1nkxhquMYVJ52XocsWa94J8tyczKS55L_etejRcPGCnAUumv9FOQXFx8G9KHtpC1xaDemg5WlOvb4YxwAPH9boGzZRBhT3IVilrtlLITF-d7E4JXFT_NVhaVtCvGGwq0wef90HKzcW8FtzasVAqqtLgDHAk6nlIAkreUwoEwt_FtLBQbu0pg25R_giG4/s2094/20240218_155122.jpg stylemargin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;>img border0 data-original-height1868 data-original-width2094 height285 srchttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1nkxhquMYVJ52XocsWa94J8tyczKS55L_etejRcPGCnAUumv9FOQXFx8G9KHtpC1xaDemg5WlOvb4YxwAPH9boGzZRBhT3IVilrtlLITF-d7E4JXFT_NVhaVtCvGGwq0wef90HKzcW8FtzasVAqqtLgDHAk6nlIAkreUwoEwt_FtLBQbu0pg25R_giG4/s320/20240218_155122.jpg width320 />/a>/div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>Inside the blind holes of the legs used for the carbon-fiber spacer rods, I glued small neodymium magnets (source eBay - 1/4 x 1/8 N42 type). I made a bed for friction-fit of each magnet which has a slightly smaller diameter than the main hole, matching the inside diameter of the rod. All magnets are pressed into the bed, glued in the same orientation (polarity) by adding a drop of Super Glue before pressing the magnet in place./span>/div>div styletext-align: center;>span stylefont-family: verdana;>The tricky part is to get right the size of the main opening of the arrow-shaft receptacle. Arrow shafts come in different spine level (amount of flexing). This is controlled by the manufacturer with the thickness of the arrow-shaft wall or more specifically, the outside diameter - stiffer shaft (lower spine number like 350) will have a larger outside diameter than a 600 spine. Furthermore, when 3D printing, the plastic also shrinks as it cools so it takes some experimentation to get the size just right for a snug fit that will also afford smooth and effortless assembly / disassembly. /span>/div>div styletext-align: center;>br />/div>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>a hrefhttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOnCcHv-TXSsp-Q44HjeJVBrJ-3iKS-Lyiyzu215rCTwWPn82tXOYU3KrbZDwi6tWmT4Whm4oO5xkFJw1NIoU5SKA93Tm37kttjjnv5aw4rke2KASCDtHYFHvXMCUF1fGprAn5wDy45nmCS8wqOU-TnwHjkDv84Qfgsxm09ugxDWGVTAi8fdN8SeHRofo/s2001/20240218_155129.jpg stylemargin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;>img border0 data-original-height1868 data-original-width2001 height299 srchttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOnCcHv-TXSsp-Q44HjeJVBrJ-3iKS-Lyiyzu215rCTwWPn82tXOYU3KrbZDwi6tWmT4Whm4oO5xkFJw1NIoU5SKA93Tm37kttjjnv5aw4rke2KASCDtHYFHvXMCUF1fGprAn5wDy45nmCS8wqOU-TnwHjkDv84Qfgsxm09ugxDWGVTAi8fdN8SeHRofo/s320/20240218_155129.jpg width320 />/a>/div>div styletext-align: center;>span stylefont-family: verdana;>For the spacer rods I used scrap cut-offs from carbon fiber arrow shafts. These are very strong and lightweight tubes and as bonus they have quite nice smooth finish. /span>/div>div styletext-align: center;>span stylefont-family: verdana;>I have a whole bunch of these pieces in varying lengths leftover from sizing my kids archery arrows./span>/div>div styletext-align: center;>span stylefont-family: verdana;> Inside each of the arrow shafts I glued the same size neodymium magnets, making sure that the polarity is the opposite of the ones in the legs. The glue was applied on the perimeter of the magnet and then inserted into the arrow shaft, on a flat surface, making sure it is perfectly flush with the end of the tube./span>/div>div styletext-align: center;>span stylefont-family: verdana;>br />/span>/div>div styletext-align: center;>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>a hrefhttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSeTv3HvNK8o3pfBfEPo8F1FuZnlJLliOjL08ncdjmYfcEp37vXreqPuPWKCx-zrg4NSmuZ2EmGmpuNX9pHmVptjMGzo0gX83QXLLcI-WLAZENN-7GCz5I5iw_IbZ4M8aYzWf_eRZPLDo4q8_rpUAf3WbsSQJZsQJo3Gzdcgy4-vfY6od59E2u1Ff86hE/s2517/20240218_154845.jpg stylemargin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;>img border0 data-original-height1868 data-original-width2517 height237 srchttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSeTv3HvNK8o3pfBfEPo8F1FuZnlJLliOjL08ncdjmYfcEp37vXreqPuPWKCx-zrg4NSmuZ2EmGmpuNX9pHmVptjMGzo0gX83QXLLcI-WLAZENN-7GCz5I5iw_IbZ4M8aYzWf_eRZPLDo4q8_rpUAf3WbsSQJZsQJo3Gzdcgy4-vfY6od59E2u1Ff86hE/s320/20240218_154845.jpg width320 />/a>/div>br />span stylefont-family: verdana;>The stand can be assembled together literally in seconds. The spacer rods just snap firmly in place and hold the entire stand together. Disassembling is just as easy by pulling everything apart. /span>/div>div styletext-align: center;>span stylefont-family: verdana;>The magnet-to-magnet attraction provides just the right amount of holding force without making it difficult to pull apart. /span>/div>div styletext-align: center;>span stylefont-family: verdana;>br />/span>/div>div styletext-align: center;>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>a hrefhttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgG_t5Y7da4FTMsmZOuXWwMhQaVmz-XNFY47UfyUzKgbQvCXlh9XQww527KBF6tvDn4COq4IGgxpYdtfuA52WTs-8rlqpUMnozFpju7xScWDEvhmHaEEjMWmjExI-pi97DoSQM7t-M1QnAHdAHIYJmHLd4hWjcaNUrsUMmndD7ANkAwLskY-1XzZpjwmV8/s2625/20240218_155341.jpg stylemargin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;>img border0 data-original-height1868 data-original-width2625 height228 srchttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgG_t5Y7da4FTMsmZOuXWwMhQaVmz-XNFY47UfyUzKgbQvCXlh9XQww527KBF6tvDn4COq4IGgxpYdtfuA52WTs-8rlqpUMnozFpju7xScWDEvhmHaEEjMWmjExI-pi97DoSQM7t-M1QnAHdAHIYJmHLd4hWjcaNUrsUMmndD7ANkAwLskY-1XzZpjwmV8/s320/20240218_155341.jpg width320 />/a>/div>br />span stylefont-family: verdana;>The original foldable legs of the KX3 can be unfolded ever so-slightly to lock the stand in place so the radio cannot move sideways. This is not really necessary as the stands legs fit between the stock legs rubber booths, but it can provide additional support if needed./span>/div>div styletext-align: center;>span stylefont-family: verdana;>br />/span>/div>div styletext-align: center;>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>a hrefhttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrj_WA7pWpo0wy7Evf0qYtjojd5B8_ppneRKx3t0SoaxGUlB6uYzPB9XR44n43FSiy_LEWwQorYNy3CMvR9_MEQ0G-rOCqkkvOr4qQuihXsOvYbZtLWBUkfHZLyaidbxVT4Z9kynMNozbcEw85NO9vfPLEqBVX4tNdIRLK_wf5z-VNbDIVslBq5DNbYEQ/s3179/20240218_155250.jpg stylemargin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;>img border0 data-original-height1868 data-original-width3179 height188 srchttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrj_WA7pWpo0wy7Evf0qYtjojd5B8_ppneRKx3t0SoaxGUlB6uYzPB9XR44n43FSiy_LEWwQorYNy3CMvR9_MEQ0G-rOCqkkvOr4qQuihXsOvYbZtLWBUkfHZLyaidbxVT4Z9kynMNozbcEw85NO9vfPLEqBVX4tNdIRLK_wf5z-VNbDIVslBq5DNbYEQ/s320/20240218_155250.jpg width320 />/a>/div>br />span stylefont-family: verdana;>The angle of the front panel with the radio on the stand is not as low as with the original foldable KX3 legs./span>/div>div styletext-align: center;>span stylefont-family: verdana;>The radio sits angled at exactly 45 degrees which I find to be more ergonomic - both, for viewing the display and operating the controls./span>/div>div styletext-align: center;>span stylefont-family: verdana;>br />/span>/div>div styletext-align: center;>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>iframe allowfullscreen classBLOG_video_class height266 srchttps://www.youtube.com/embed/U-06MxyqJSc width320 youtube-src-idU-06MxyqJSc>/iframe>/div>br />span stylefont-family: verdana;>Short video of one-handed assembly of my KX3 stand./span>/div>div styletext-align: center;>span stylefont-family: verdana;> A set of shorter rods can turn this stand into a PX3 stand (the KX3s Panadapter). This stand also works great as a portable cell phone stand, and Ill be making another one for use during my air travels or when using the cell phone for logging in the field./span>/div>/div>div styleclear: both;>/div>/div>div classpost-footer>div classpost-footer-line post-footer-line-1>span classpost-author vcard>Posted byspan classfn itempropauthor itemscopeitemscope itemtypehttp://schema.org/Person>meta contenthttps://www.blogger.com/profile/12033396081050348304 itempropurl/>a classg-profile hrefhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/12033396081050348304 relauthor titleauthor profile>span itempropname>Andrey E. Stoev/span>/a>/span>/span>span classpost-timestamp>atmeta contenthttp://blog.kotarak.net/2024/02/lightwave-portable-magnetic-stand-for.html itempropurl/>a classtimestamp-link hrefhttp://blog.kotarak.net/2024/02/lightwave-portable-magnetic-stand-for.html relbookmark titlepermanent link>abbr classpublished itempropdatePublished title2024-02-18T19:01:00-05:00>7:01 PM/abbr>/a>/span>span classpost-comment-link>a classcomment-link hrefhttps://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/5557902467288736826/7608104625248133522 onclick>No comments: /a>/span>span classpost-icons>span classitem-control blog-admin pid-891165783>a hrefhttps://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID5557902467288736826&postID7608104625248133522&frompencil titleEdit Post>img alt classicon-action height18 srchttps://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif width18/>/a>/span>/span>div classpost-share-buttons goog-inline-block>/div>/div>div classpost-footer-line post-footer-line-2>span classpost-labels>/span>/div>div classpost-footer-line post-footer-line-3>span classpost-location>/span>/div>/div>/div>/div> /div>/div> div classdate-outer> h2 classdate-header>span>Wednesday, December 6, 2023/span>/h2> div classdate-posts> div classpost-outer>div classpost hentry uncustomized-post-template itempropblogPost itemscopeitemscope itemtypehttp://schema.org/BlogPosting>meta contenthttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTnfOM02GyC7tQzWpcG7HbXj0xy2l3qh3NbrZDs-rta9TANRmubf1kn8FF3NQwBv1Fnf3TD1ov3EoE-M1rRmiBzJ4VF4DVt9fy4k0GvgyU0mmx8aoYmPMv56AyytkOPvrjzwQZYqLzJeJdy-GqiXk8WJ8L_Y2abHTOOFwyc2IjW28PVxVC4elsIppl0_Y/s320/20240330_144843.jpg itempropimage_url/>meta content5557902467288736826 itempropblogId/>meta content334724148708422400 itemproppostId/>a name334724148708422400>/a>h3 classpost-title entry-title itempropname>a hrefhttp://blog.kotarak.net/2023/12/13-years-later.html>13 Years later .../a>/h3>div classpost-header>div classpost-header-line-1>/div>/div>div classpost-body entry-content idpost-body-334724148708422400 itemproparticleBody>p> span stylefont-family: verdana;>Today, 13 years after a hrefhttp://blog.kotarak.net/2010/01/one-absolutely-amazing-day.html>this post/a>, FCC issued my sons first callsign - KC1TVB. Congratulations to Vichren for passing the exam and joining the lines of the Amateur Radio Operators!/span>/p>p>span stylefont-family: verdana;>b>Update:/b> Vichren applied for and got a vanity callsign - b>N1VAS/b>. His very first DX on HF was a KH6 station in Hawaii on 10 meters using only 10W from an Elecraft KX3 into a portable Buddipole dipole, slicing thru a pileup with a 5/9 on his first call!/span>/p>p>span stylefont-family: verdana;>br />/span>/p>p>/p>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>a hrefhttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTnfOM02GyC7tQzWpcG7HbXj0xy2l3qh3NbrZDs-rta9TANRmubf1kn8FF3NQwBv1Fnf3TD1ov3EoE-M1rRmiBzJ4VF4DVt9fy4k0GvgyU0mmx8aoYmPMv56AyytkOPvrjzwQZYqLzJeJdy-GqiXk8WJ8L_Y2abHTOOFwyc2IjW28PVxVC4elsIppl0_Y/s4000/20240330_144843.jpg stylemargin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;>img border0 data-original-height1868 data-original-width4000 height149 srchttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTnfOM02GyC7tQzWpcG7HbXj0xy2l3qh3NbrZDs-rta9TANRmubf1kn8FF3NQwBv1Fnf3TD1ov3EoE-M1rRmiBzJ4VF4DVt9fy4k0GvgyU0mmx8aoYmPMv56AyytkOPvrjzwQZYqLzJeJdy-GqiXk8WJ8L_Y2abHTOOFwyc2IjW28PVxVC4elsIppl0_Y/s320/20240330_144843.jpg width320 />/a>/div>br />div styletext-align: center;>span stylefont-family: verdana;>Inside the W1VCM Club Station at the Vintage Radio and Communications Museum, Windsor, Connecticut./span>/div>p>/p>p styletext-align: center;>span stylefont-family: verdana;>Vichren, N1VAS discussing radios and repeater operations with Bob Allison, WB1GCM who was the Chief ARRL Test Engineer. /span>/p>div styleclear: both;>/div>/div>div classpost-footer>div classpost-footer-line post-footer-line-1>span classpost-author vcard>Posted byspan classfn itempropauthor itemscopeitemscope itemtypehttp://schema.org/Person>meta contenthttps://www.blogger.com/profile/12033396081050348304 itempropurl/>a classg-profile hrefhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/12033396081050348304 relauthor titleauthor profile>span itempropname>Andrey E. Stoev/span>/a>/span>/span>span classpost-timestamp>atmeta contenthttp://blog.kotarak.net/2023/12/13-years-later.html itempropurl/>a classtimestamp-link hrefhttp://blog.kotarak.net/2023/12/13-years-later.html relbookmark titlepermanent link>abbr classpublished itempropdatePublished title2023-12-06T06:34:00-05:00>6:34 AM/abbr>/a>/span>span classpost-comment-link>a classcomment-link hrefhttps://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/5557902467288736826/334724148708422400 onclick>1 comment: /a>/span>span classpost-icons>span classitem-control blog-admin pid-891165783>a hrefhttps://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID5557902467288736826&postID334724148708422400&frompencil titleEdit Post>img alt classicon-action height18 srchttps://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif width18/>/a>/span>/span>div classpost-share-buttons goog-inline-block>/div>/div>div classpost-footer-line post-footer-line-2>span classpost-labels>/span>/div>div classpost-footer-line post-footer-line-3>span classpost-location>/span>/div>/div>/div>/div> /div>/div> div classdate-outer> h2 classdate-header>span>Friday, November 3, 2023/span>/h2> div classdate-posts> div classpost-outer>div classpost hentry uncustomized-post-template itempropblogPost itemscopeitemscope itemtypehttp://schema.org/BlogPosting>meta contenthttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvX0oaVlJLAILb776z0evOFWIMuGzfcy-9YSnWlmd_IlXgMg9vxyaFsMkhsDFkv-2vZv7Y3LqJQnjX1jUQOy1tz0CarkGdScspVd_nhpFrflbt3yRfpd5_Rf71EtP6cU2PFxCg2_5bxN56teHNgjLtyMVhFEt2N7aDitVxN1RxSTmttBi0h4n39lc3saE/s320/OIG2.jpeg itempropimage_url/>meta content5557902467288736826 itempropblogId/>meta content3850737635677140947 itemproppostId/>a name3850737635677140947>/a>h3 classpost-title entry-title itempropname>a hrefhttp://blog.kotarak.net/2023/11/gamma-dog-asas-assisted-squelch-auto.html>Gamma Dog - Assisted Squelch Auto-Set (ASAS) / Smart Squelch System /a>/h3>div classpost-header>div classpost-header-line-1>/div>/div>div classpost-body entry-content idpost-body-3850737635677140947 itemproparticleBody>span stylefont-family: verdana;>One of the main features of the Gamma Dog project is the unique Squelch System controlling the audio output./span>div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>Anyone familiar with two-way radios will be familiar with the Squelch System used in FM Hand-Held Transceivers./span>/div>div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>In a nutshell, Gamma Dogs Squelch System mutes the audio output of the instrument if the currently detected rate is at or around the natural radiation background level. /span>span stylefont-family: verdana;>If the rate goes up, above the background level (in the presence of a radioactive specimen for example), the Squelch System enables the audio output of the instrument and a tone with variable pitch is produced. Once the rate drops back to background level or below, the squelch closes and the audio is again silenced./span>/div>div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>br />/span>/div>div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>This post will delve deeper into the inner workings of the Squelch algorithm and the Assisted Squelch Auto-Set (ASAS) System./span>div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>br />/span>div>div styletext-align: center;>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>a hrefhttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvX0oaVlJLAILb776z0evOFWIMuGzfcy-9YSnWlmd_IlXgMg9vxyaFsMkhsDFkv-2vZv7Y3LqJQnjX1jUQOy1tz0CarkGdScspVd_nhpFrflbt3yRfpd5_Rf71EtP6cU2PFxCg2_5bxN56teHNgjLtyMVhFEt2N7aDitVxN1RxSTmttBi0h4n39lc3saE/s675/OIG2.jpeg stylemargin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;>img border0 data-original-height675 data-original-width675 height320 srchttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvX0oaVlJLAILb776z0evOFWIMuGzfcy-9YSnWlmd_IlXgMg9vxyaFsMkhsDFkv-2vZv7Y3LqJQnjX1jUQOy1tz0CarkGdScspVd_nhpFrflbt3yRfpd5_Rf71EtP6cU2PFxCg2_5bxN56teHNgjLtyMVhFEt2N7aDitVxN1RxSTmttBi0h4n39lc3saE/s320/OIG2.jpeg width320 />/a>/div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>Before we get to the boring plots, here is something more amusing - h/span>span stylefont-family: verdana;>ere is AIs idea of what Gamma Dog is./span>/div>div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>br />/span>div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>The Gamma Dogs Squelch System works by detecting a differential between the Natural Radiation Background b>(NRB)/b> and the current detected rate coming from the scintillating detector. The Squelch System evaluates the Natural Background, mutes the audio and sets a threshold level at almost the same rate as the NRB. When the currently detected rate exceeds this threshold level, the audio output is enabled./span>/div>div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>br />/span>/div>div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>In other words, the current rate is treated as a relative rate to a pre-set reference point (the Squelch Level) and the absolute value is insignificant for the Squelch System./span>/div>div>br />/div>div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>I am saying almost the same as the NRB because establishing the optimal level (rate) for the Squelch system at any given moment is a bit tricky due to the randomness of radioactive decay and the constantly changing conditions during prospecting./span>/div>div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>br />/span>/div>div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>Gamma Dog will sample the NRB rate on startup or any time when the Assisted Squelch System or the user activates an Auto-Set action (by pressing and holding the blue Squelch button or using one the Pose-detection triggers)./span>/div>div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>br />/span>/div>div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>The term Auto-Set comes from the fact that the Squelch Level (rate) is established automatically, based on sampling of the current rate. This is always done on startup, but later a Manual Set can be done by the user, overriding the established level and setting it to a different value./span>/div>div>span stylefont-family: verdana;> /span>/div>div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>When Auto-Set is activated, Gamma Dog will use one of 3 available methods to determine the Squelch Level (the method used is selected by Menu Item #1):/span>/div>div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>br />/span>/div>div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>span> 1. b>SS/b> (Single Sample) - Squelch Level will be set to the currently detected rate, using a single sample at the moment when Auto-Set action is triggered./span>br />/span>/div>div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>span>br />/span>/span>/div>div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>span>span> 2. b>SD5/b> (default) - The Gamma Dog will/span>/span>/span>span stylefont-family: verdana;> average the rate over the last 5 seconds, calculate the Standard Deviation in the rate and then use the upper bound of the 1-sigma threshold to compute and set the Squelch Level./span>/div>div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>br />/span>/div>div>span stylefont-family: verdana;> 3. b>SD10/b> - same exact method as SD5 but the rate is evaluated over the last 10 seconds before Standard Deviation is calculated./span>/div>div>span stylefont-family: verdana;> /span>/div>div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>The 1-Sigma Upper Threshold is calculated simply by summing the mean rate over 5 or 10 seconds and the /span>span stylefont-family: verdana;>Standard Deviation of all samples taken in the data set. /span>/div>div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>br />/span>/div>div styletext-align: center;>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>a hrefhttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFOwfY5A4w4716e0RnfeW0IYLTyvfg3M-eMoS3Me9uEtOeQlVSJc5zs6NHxnwy1hfUaKBz7m_Rt5oLYKpdYIr_Zow6FBLGwpTbSm0ZMN_nA8T-2B8NKYcOinGChlukFM8tuZC5KFjFYuCrBosxRR1uWATk72i2fHtory8lqIdu0_vzzBikNveFJR_L_LU/s2048/Gammadog-SS.jpg stylemargin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;>img border0 data-original-height981 data-original-width2048 height153 srchttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFOwfY5A4w4716e0RnfeW0IYLTyvfg3M-eMoS3Me9uEtOeQlVSJc5zs6NHxnwy1hfUaKBz7m_Rt5oLYKpdYIr_Zow6FBLGwpTbSm0ZMN_nA8T-2B8NKYcOinGChlukFM8tuZC5KFjFYuCrBosxRR1uWATk72i2fHtory8lqIdu0_vzzBikNveFJR_L_LU/s320/Gammadog-SS.jpg width320 />/a>/div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>The horizontal purple line is the Squelch Level as result of a Single Sample (S-S Mode)./span>/div>div styletext-align: center;>span stylefont-family: verdana;>The orange line shows the actual current rate, and the blue line shows the smoothed rate./span>/div>div styletext-align: center;>span stylefont-family: verdana;>It is obvious that the Squelch level is set too close to the mean rate and the current rate deviates too often above it, opening the Squelch System./span>/div>div styletext-align: center;>span stylefont-family: verdana;> Another problem that can arise from this method - in some cases (purely random), it can cause the Squelch to be set too low or too high as it relies on a single rate sample in time and if this sample happens to be a random peak in the rate or a deep valley, the squelch level will be off./span>/div>div styletext-align: center;>span stylefont-family: verdana;>br />/span>/div>div styletext-align: center;>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>a hrefhttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXjRh0omc2lmsukxVBfadDmPmyi8xjR8c6TktlYyBSMtmZXhPDI7wDMAvp9PL-bnTYUtRRF3hAehgd950yMlD9m7MbgzgSNmEYT9Ppfff1PHu34h0KfDrHe1rEbdcT8LEA5Bv_KuXuUEy1fm6zNKPJzvEWutMbPXHOqYRAJVeSQf4WheXK1DfJ-Bzsz0A/s2048/Gammadog-SD5.jpg stylemargin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;>img border0 data-original-height982 data-original-width2048 height153 srchttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXjRh0omc2lmsukxVBfadDmPmyi8xjR8c6TktlYyBSMtmZXhPDI7wDMAvp9PL-bnTYUtRRF3hAehgd950yMlD9m7MbgzgSNmEYT9Ppfff1PHu34h0KfDrHe1rEbdcT8LEA5Bv_KuXuUEy1fm6zNKPJzvEWutMbPXHOqYRAJVeSQf4WheXK1DfJ-Bzsz0A/s320/Gammadog-SD5.jpg width320 />/a>/div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>In b>SD5/b> mode, the Squelch Level is set to the upper bound of 1-Sigma of the Standard Deviation, evaluated for the past 5 seconds (data set includes a history of 5 samples done at 1 sample per second)./span>/div>div styletext-align: center;>span stylefont-family: verdana;> b>This is the Gamma Dogs default method./b> It does a much better job at finding the correct Squelch Level while the system responds better to/span>span stylefont-family: verdana;> quick rate changes due to the short rate history being evaluated./span>/div>div styletext-align: center;>span stylefont-family: verdana;>br />/span>/div>div styletext-align: center;>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>a hrefhttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9g16VxYD5wDewwjN1H41p1R9jxX41dAcWJZS1SbnUBc0IdqzD_R7MNgwJAPLYQpdZGGj6-JNNgIEHnHvSdCN8GZFsL0K72C06wvjL7fZKLr7BozTKT0l2zzRznyIaZJgztOXbtTy-Y17zW93fXoQPT3GMmfWv3rFtYB41NgNv1w6fHzZCW9bM71MdUwI/s2048/Gammadog-SD10.jpg stylemargin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;>img border0 data-original-height982 data-original-width2048 height153 srchttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9g16VxYD5wDewwjN1H41p1R9jxX41dAcWJZS1SbnUBc0IdqzD_R7MNgwJAPLYQpdZGGj6-JNNgIEHnHvSdCN8GZFsL0K72C06wvjL7fZKLr7BozTKT0l2zzRznyIaZJgztOXbtTy-Y17zW93fXoQPT3GMmfWv3rFtYB41NgNv1w6fHzZCW9bM71MdUwI/s320/Gammadog-SD10.jpg width320 />/a>/div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>The last available option - b>SD10/b>, is the same as b>SD5/b> but the evaluation of the Standard Deviation is done for the count rate over the last 10 seconds. /span>/div>div styletext-align: center;>span stylefont-family: verdana;>It is the most precise way to find the correct Squelch level and results in very minimal number of excursions of the Current Rate above the Squelch Level but due to the longer history of rate samples in the data set, it is less dynamic.br />/span>span stylefont-family: verdana;>br />/span>/div>div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>i>Note: The plots above were made using the b>Gamma Dogs Bluetooth functionality/b> - all of the data displayed on these plots was sent in real-time via BT to a companion Android App and plotted there. /i>/span>/div>div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>i>The yellow line at the bottom of each plot shows the current battery capacity in percent./i>/span>/div>div>br />/div>div>div stylefont-family: verdana; text-align: left;>As discussed above, critical aspect to the operation of the instrument is a u>properly set Squelch Level/u> - the audio is used to alert the user of an anomaly in the detected rate. When the level is correctly set, it will make the squelch system responsive to small fluctuations detected just above the background level. The level should exclude or rather - minimize the effect of fluctuations of the rate due to the randomness of radioactive decay./div>div stylefont-family: verdana; text-align: left;>br />/div>div stylefont-family: verdana; text-align: left;>Why I calculate Standard Deviation and not just pad the mean rate with a fixed value? /div>div stylefont-family: verdana; text-align: left;>The answer is simple - padding or offsetting the level from the mean rate can cause inaccuracies because the deviation from the mean rate varies with the isotopic content, distribution of radioactive material, detector sensitivity, etc./div>/div>div stylefont-family: verdana; text-align: left;>br />/div>div stylefont-family: verdana; text-align: left;>For U and Th isotopes with extremely long half-lives as well as other decay-chain products, which makeup good part of the Natural Background, the distribution of decay events over a very short period of time (5-10 sec) can be reasonably approximated by a normal distribution, although the actual distribution is still governed by the exponential decay law./div>div stylefont-family: verdana; text-align: left;>br />/div>div stylefont-family: verdana; text-align: left;>In my testing, assuming normal distribution of the decay events and using 1-sigma of the Standard deviation works very well for figuring out a good and reliable Squelch Level./div>div stylefont-family: verdana; text-align: left;>br />/div>div>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>a hrefhttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOxTinNVDdqkVW8bxiOfvbiLUPOGxoglWSB2he47e-hwefufWTaM741440ofyt2mTeZvi0IJH4ZuKSwljjXQy8f7fpEvpZi9JeFpwGKGedB1EmFfOANjHQeYthj17z9-r9wmt9iqx7twakejgPG4mevqjwv-DvynxzULWqkWHhcIFSzYGphu3BApGqV4U/s1602/Gamma_Dog_Squelch_Level.png stylemargin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;>img border0 data-original-height1177 data-original-width1602 height235 srchttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOxTinNVDdqkVW8bxiOfvbiLUPOGxoglWSB2he47e-hwefufWTaM741440ofyt2mTeZvi0IJH4ZuKSwljjXQy8f7fpEvpZi9JeFpwGKGedB1EmFfOANjHQeYthj17z9-r9wmt9iqx7twakejgPG4mevqjwv-DvynxzULWqkWHhcIFSzYGphu3BApGqV4U/s320/Gamma_Dog_Squelch_Level.png width320 />/a>/div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>div styletext-align: center;>From a practical point, the sweet spot of the squelch level is when the current natural background rate (NRB) only occasionally opens up the Squelch System but not too often - up to 3-4 times per minute or less is a good level. /div>div styletext-align: center;>These Squelch opening events indicate to the user that the level is very close to the optimal one by the occasional breaks in the silence./div>div styletext-align: center;>br />/div>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>a hrefhttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlJkRRIaljskITyO8DDOSG8_in13HfY_5x0Kan1S7qw7FS6mEe3qcNOKSF96Er0FiIfUHJralst_J3p7ocFzQVXxonm2GpH1OzojCr9-hyVREVMuEKrnlFSWo9EwvjjHGsNIIYWboIeTTB8GVgnSBkZuwakvxOdUlSrj4F4DWp7bhIU6-x7u6coDjkl04/s3253/Gamma_Dog_Squelch_Level2.png stylemargin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;>img border0 data-original-height3253 data-original-width1647 height622 srchttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlJkRRIaljskITyO8DDOSG8_in13HfY_5x0Kan1S7qw7FS6mEe3qcNOKSF96Er0FiIfUHJralst_J3p7ocFzQVXxonm2GpH1OzojCr9-hyVREVMuEKrnlFSWo9EwvjjHGsNIIYWboIeTTB8GVgnSBkZuwakvxOdUlSrj4F4DWp7bhIU6-x7u6coDjkl04/w315-h622/Gamma_Dog_Squelch_Level2.png width315 />/a>/div>div styletext-align: center;>The Squelch level can be Auto-Set (by sampling the Natural Radiation Background rate) or adjusted Manually, when the user is modifying the already set level with the GD Squelch Level +/- controls./div>div styletext-align: center;>In either case, if the Squelch Level is incorrectly set against the NRB level, this could result in missing possible specimen finds or less-than-optimal Squelch performance. /div>div styletext-align: center;>br />/div>div styletext-align: center;>b>span stylefont-size: medium;>Lets make it Intelligent!/span>/b>/div>div styletext-align: center;>br />/div>/span>/div>div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>One of the problems Charles and I encountered in the field while surveying and prospecting different areas is the Squelch response to b>highly localized Natural Radiation Background Levels/b>./span>/div>div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>br />/span>/div>div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>For example, when surveying a REE deposit in Southern New Mexico we realized that the NRB is extremely localized to the terrain - there are very well-defined areas of the pegmatite exhibiting very high Natural Radiation Background (hot zones) and just a few yards away, other areas with comparatively very low NRB (cold zones). Some of these cold zones exhibit natural background even lower than what is considered normal for the general area! /span>/div>div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>Such contrast and localization posed a unique challenge - it meant that we had to constantly sample the NRB rate and activate Auto-Set of the Squelch system manually, every time we crossed over from one zone type to another. /span>/div>div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>On the other hand, to know that you have crossed over to a different zone you had to monitor constantly the displayed rate - something I didnt want to do all the time. With Charless version of the Gamma Dog, it was even more difficult due to the lack of display./span>/div>div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>It is also worth noting that both zones in this pegmatite produced very nice Euxenite crystals which can be easily missed if the squelch level is not correctly set. /span>/div>div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>br />/span>/div>div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>In a situation of such mineral deposits, if we focus only on moving through the terrain without paying attention at the current Squelch Level, we can enter an area where the NRB rate is much lower than Squelch Level and any small peaks or fluctuations, possibly indicating the presence of a specimen, will be masked and hidden by the rate gap in the Squelch System (that is if the rate is not promptly re-adjusted by the user). /span>/div>div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>It even could be some time, before one realizes that the instrument has been silent for too long due to a Squelch rate set too high for the current NRB Level./span>/div>div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>br />/span>/div>div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>The opposite is also true - crossing from an area with low background rate to an area with high NRB will cause the Squelch system to stay constantly open which defeats the purpose of having it in first place and it will require the user to activate the Auto-Set manually./span>/div>div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>br />/span>/div>div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>b>To resolve this issue, we came up with the Smart Squelch or Assisted Squelch Auto-Set /b>/span>b stylefont-family: verdana;>(ASAS/b>b stylefont-family: verdana;>) System./b>/div>div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>b>br />/b>/span>/div>div styletext-align: center;>span stylefont-family: verdana; font-size: medium;>span stylefont-family: verdana;>b>Assisted Squelch Auto-Set /b>/span>b>System/b>/span>/div>div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>b>br />/b>/span>/div>div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>The purpose of ASAS is to constantly monitor the current rate, compare it to the state of the Squelch System and detect conditions which can indicate that the Squelch rate might be incorrectly set for the current background. /span>/div>div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>Once ASAS determines that the Squelch Level needs an adjustment, it will trigger an Auto-Set action, same as if the user pressed the Auto-Set button and it will re-sample and evaluate the NRB./span>/div>div>span stylecolor: #990000; font-family: verdana;>This allows for very easy, smooth and worry-free operation - b>ASAS/b> does all of the monitoring and performs the necessary adjustments as they are needed, allowing the user can focus on the terrain and not on the instrument. /span>/div>div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>br />/span>/div>div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>i>Note: The implementation of ASAS is different between the one I designed, and the one Charles is using in his GD version. The main difference is the algorithm and the fact that in my version, due to the availability of display, menu system and persistent configuration parameters, I can configure many internal aspects of the ASAS behavior and make it/i>/span>i stylefont-family: verdana;> /i>i stylefont-family: verdana;>more flexible and /i>span stylefont-family: verdana;>i>more /i>/span>i stylefont-family: verdana;>customizable for a particular situation/i>i stylefont-family: verdana;>./i>/div>div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>i>br />/i>/span>/div>div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>a hrefhttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjodYMOV6a1Xn2o_ODKS7idXlXCpUj7P-rNkl9KacVWszdPgyNJmYZO3dBSUNpqYrZ9cEsDZvlyLU7RUe-abUCSq8HCG53shaftTxhIz9XxAhRq3g7d6vwFki-LiStmAldq__eb_br8Y5KVyJ-p2SLPBpNNDncryFj_PbiK3zh1JtfJ3LVBLuPE5kwQNF0/s2941/Gamma_Dog_Squelch_Level3.png stylemargin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;>img border0 data-original-height2941 data-original-width1903 height567 srchttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjodYMOV6a1Xn2o_ODKS7idXlXCpUj7P-rNkl9KacVWszdPgyNJmYZO3dBSUNpqYrZ9cEsDZvlyLU7RUe-abUCSq8HCG53shaftTxhIz9XxAhRq3g7d6vwFki-LiStmAldq__eb_br8Y5KVyJ-p2SLPBpNNDncryFj_PbiK3zh1JtfJ3LVBLuPE5kwQNF0/w367-h567/Gamma_Dog_Squelch_Level3.png width367 />/a>/div>div styletext-align: center;>These plots show how ASAS monitors the state of the Squelch System./div>div styletext-align: center;>Out of the 21 Configuration Menu Items, there are 4 menu items dedicated exclusively to the ASAS system./div>/span>/div>div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>br />/span>/div>div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>In my algorithm design, there are 2 separate timers configured with a single menu item, setting the period for a squelch condition to be present continuously, before an Auto-Set is triggered./span>/div>div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>One timer is reset every time the Squelch opens, while the other timer is reset every time the Squelch closes. /span>/div>div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>Basically, I continuously monitor the state of the Squelch System over time while constantly cross-reference the state with the currently detected rate and if a discrepancy is present for longer than the configured time window, an action is taken./span>/div>div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>The timers can be set for 15, 30, 45 or 60 seconds./span>/div>div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>br />/span>/div>div>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>a hrefhttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfFGngEyBncm6lIjMUrKEv38qexaAogHfOPWS_-TpFxpeR3U0MU-gyPcL0k1hSInJwiLtP7Q0rlNxdpXVAIWkqxWWf9gXkDsTtUxSk-E8ubR_z_msx7W8xzGvbhXden6HRq8SsR28TIV8iwMsW8hRLM5mtxjvIK_Jy9he6vrc7gpWI4rRktjcl9qd6flU/s2941/Gamma_Dog_Squelch_Level4.png stylemargin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;>img border0 data-original-height2941 data-original-width1903 height557 srchttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfFGngEyBncm6lIjMUrKEv38qexaAogHfOPWS_-TpFxpeR3U0MU-gyPcL0k1hSInJwiLtP7Q0rlNxdpXVAIWkqxWWf9gXkDsTtUxSk-E8ubR_z_msx7W8xzGvbhXden6HRq8SsR28TIV8iwMsW8hRLM5mtxjvIK_Jy9he6vrc7gpWI4rRktjcl9qd6flU/w360-h557/Gamma_Dog_Squelch_Level4.png width360 />/a>/div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>div styletext-align: center;>One additional functionality I implemented in ASAS is the ability to decide if Squelch Auto-Set is needed while the squelch has been open for a long time./div>/span>/div>div styletext-align: center;>span stylefont-family: verdana;>When the user needs to pinpoint the location of a specimen, it helps for the squelch to stay open so variations in the pitch of the audio tone can be closely monitored. In such case Auto-Set should not be triggered./span>/div>div styletext-align: center;>span stylefont-family: verdana;>br />/span>/div>div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>In my implementation of ASAS, I have a menu item which specifies a second, higher virtual threshold level which, when exceeded, it will prevent the Auto-Set from activating due to continuously open squelch event. This is done internally by resetting the Open Squelch Timer./span>/div>div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>br />/span>/div>div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>The logic behind this is that if a specimen is found and the user is now trying to localize it, the overall detected rate will be vastly higher than the NRB / Squelch Rate and not just slightly above it as expected - the ASAS system will identify this large difference in rates and it will not trigger an Auto-Set if the rate is sustained above the second threshold, thus allowing the user to listen to the audio tone without an interruption by a Squelch Set event./span>/div>div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>br />/span>/div>div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>The ASAS Reset Lvl Menu Item, determines the height of the virtual localization rate as a percent of the current rate above the squelch rate. This value can be configured as 37%, 50%, 62%, 75%, 100% and 150%./span>/div>div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>br />/span>/div>div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>For example - if ASAS Reset Lvl is set to 100%, the Squelch Rate is set to 200 CPS and the detector reports a current rate of >400 CPS (or exceeding the Squelch rate by more than 100%), ASAS will not trigger an Auto-Set assuming the user has found a specimen and just tries to pinpoint it. If the rate drops below 400CPS then the continuously open squelch condition will trigger an Auto-Set when the timer for it expires./span>/div>div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>br />/span>/div>div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>Another functionality in my ASAS System is the ability to add a padding (called ASAS Tolerance) between Squelch level and Current Detected Rate, while the squelch is monitored for continuously closed condition. The amount of padding or tolerance is adjustable with a menu item (ASql Toler) and specifies /span>span stylefont-family: verdana;>in CPS/span>span stylefont-family: verdana;> how low the current detected rate must drop below the Squelch Level before the timer of the continuously closed squelch activates an Auto-Set action./span>/div>div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>This differential can be set from just below the current Squelch Level to a few hundred CPS lower and it is intended to add adjustable damper for the response to constantly closed squelch./span>/div>div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>The options are Minimum, 100 CPS, 150 CPS, 200 CPS, 250 CPS and 500 CPS/span>/div>div>br />/div>div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>By default, when the Gamma Dog starts, the ASAS is deactivated and can be toggled ON/OFF by double-clicking the GREEN Button./span>/div>div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>The last menu item of the ASAS System configures whether the system is activated automatically at the startup of the instrument, or the user will activate it at a later time./span>/div>div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>br />/span>/div>div styletext-align: center;>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>iframe allowfullscreen classBLOG_video_class height266 srchttps://www.youtube.com/embed/cu1_gGNHVhI width320 youtube-src-idcu1_gGNHVhI>/iframe>/div>/div>div styletext-align: center;>span stylefont-family: verdana;>The ASAS System in action. /span>/div>div styletext-align: center;>span stylefont-family: verdana;>In this video, I simulate wrong squelch setting by manually overriding the established Squelch Level while ASAS is active, and the level is set too low and then too high. ASAS responds by issuing a corrective action./span>/div>div styletext-align: center;>span stylefont-family: verdana;>br />/span>/div>div styletext-align: center;>span stylefont-family: verdana;>When the ASAS is active, the Sql indicator above the Squelch Level is replaced with (A)./span>/div>div styletext-align: center;>span stylefont-family: verdana;>The ASAS timeout is set to 15 seconds in this demonstration./span>/div>div styletext-align: center;>span stylefont-family: verdana;>br />/span>/div>div styletext-align: center;>span stylefont-family: verdana;>The two separator bars on the display (above and below the rate readout) shrink, showing when one of the timers is about to expire. The top bar is for Open Squelch conditions and the bottom bar is for Closed Squelch conditions. /span>/div>div styletext-align: center;>span stylefont-family: verdana;>A full width bar represents the maximum duration the timer is set to, and the bar will shrink to a dot in the center (the trigger point, if conditions for adjustments are still present). /span>/div>div styletext-align: center;>span stylefont-family: verdana;>At the moment of the Auto-Set event, a short beep is produced to indicate that ASAS has taken an action./span>/div>div styletext-align: center;>span stylefont-family: verdana;>If a condition (a change in the detected rate) changes the state of the Squelch System, the bars reset back to full width and will start the timers again. /span>/div>div styletext-align: center;>br />/div>/div>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>iframe allowfullscreen classBLOG_video_class height266 srchttps://www.youtube.com/embed/oZ2lkrFl7OE width320 youtube-src-idoZ2lkrFl7OE>/iframe>/div>br />div styletext-align: center;>span stylefont-family: verdana;>Charles searching for REE in Petaca, NM while using the Smart Squelch System./span>/div>div styletext-align: center;>span stylefont-family: verdana;>The Gamma Dog produces distinctive beeps every time when the Automatic Squelch System is triggered to re-sample the Squelch level (Auto-Set)./span>/div>div styletext-align: center;>br />/div>/div>/div>/div>div styletext-align: center;>span stylefont-family: verdana;>UPDATE:/span>/div>div styletext-align: center;>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>iframe allowfullscreen classBLOG_video_class height266 srchttps://www.youtube.com/embed/n6WJH4WxxWY width320 youtube-src-idn6WJH4WxxWY>/iframe>/div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>A more extreme rockhounding in Petaca, NM by Charles in March, 2024/span>br />/div>div styleclear: both;>/div>/div>div classpost-footer>div classpost-footer-line post-footer-line-1>span classpost-author vcard>Posted byspan classfn itempropauthor itemscopeitemscope itemtypehttp://schema.org/Person>meta contenthttps://www.blogger.com/profile/12033396081050348304 itempropurl/>a classg-profile hrefhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/12033396081050348304 relauthor titleauthor profile>span itempropname>Andrey E. Stoev/span>/a>/span>/span>span classpost-timestamp>atmeta contenthttp://blog.kotarak.net/2023/11/gamma-dog-asas-assisted-squelch-auto.html itempropurl/>a classtimestamp-link hrefhttp://blog.kotarak.net/2023/11/gamma-dog-asas-assisted-squelch-auto.html relbookmark titlepermanent link>abbr classpublished itempropdatePublished title2023-11-03T10:40:00-04:00>10:40 AM/abbr>/a>/span>span classpost-comment-link>a classcomment-link hrefhttps://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/5557902467288736826/3850737635677140947 onclick>No comments: /a>/span>span classpost-icons>span classitem-control blog-admin pid-891165783>a hrefhttps://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID5557902467288736826&postID3850737635677140947&frompencil titleEdit Post>img alt classicon-action height18 srchttps://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif width18/>/a>/span>/span>div classpost-share-buttons goog-inline-block>/div>/div>div classpost-footer-line post-footer-line-2>span classpost-labels>Labels:a hrefhttp://blog.kotarak.net/search/label/Gamma%20Dog reltag>Gamma Dog/a>/span>/div>div classpost-footer-line post-footer-line-3>span classpost-location>/span>/div>/div>/div>/div> /div>/div> div classdate-outer> h2 classdate-header>span>Tuesday, September 5, 2023/span>/h2> div classdate-posts> div classpost-outer>div classpost hentry uncustomized-post-template itempropblogPost itemscopeitemscope itemtypehttp://schema.org/BlogPosting>meta contenthttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtihi-bVxYfJ7K9xhrndScmldfNgeKzxvplXByrWdbILyaldIIKx2rUCCue1uvpCtI14qmoSSzhmfaOAn9KG9wyDbfaza-V2zBosQVvpvbUEUl5ztHVKdmqDBYfaTyDUKZROptlRzXniWkgZZpD6r8B8Hjm9O3TRmrLrzQ213gegVG8j_SDQ5_dOgqq0w/s320/20230905_095245.jpg itempropimage_url/>meta content5557902467288736826 itempropblogId/>meta content3365111774121137070 itemproppostId/>a name3365111774121137070>/a>h3 classpost-title entry-title itempropname>a hrefhttp://blog.kotarak.net/2023/09/pulse-height-analyzer-pha-option-for.html>Pulse Height Analyzer (PHA) option for Eberline ASP-1/a>/h3>div classpost-header>div classpost-header-line-1>/div>/div>div classpost-body entry-content idpost-body-3365111774121137070 itemproparticleBody>p>span stylefont-family: verdana;>When it comes to those big, beige, analog metering systems, heavy metal and clunky radiation detection istruments from the 80s... I am a huge fan of ... not Ludlum Model X but the Eberline ASP-1. I have 3 such units and they are really cool and versatile blast from the past! /span>/p>p>span stylefont-family: verdana;>For anyone interested I made a brief review and comparison between a hrefhttps://www.reddit.com/r/Radioactive_Rocks/comments/kw231f/eberline_asp1_vs_ludlum_model_3_is_eberline_asp1/>Ludlum Model 3 and ASP-1/a>./span>/p>p>span stylefont-family: verdana;>Eberline ASP-1 was and still is a fantastic meter for its time! In the name Analog Smart Portable (ASP), the Smart stands for Microcontroller - an 8-bit Intel 80C31 is in the heart of the meter, driving an 8-bit DAC (AD7524) which on the other hand drives the Analog Metering System. Two old-school 74HC157 multiplexers read the state of various config DIP-switches and the main rotary Range switch./span>/p>p>span stylefont-family: verdana;>Reviewing the Service Manual for the meter years ago, I noticed that Eberline designed a Pulse Height Analyzer (PHA) module for it but for all these years I was never able to find, or even see a picture of one in existence. I am not even sure if this option was ever manufactured / sold for ASP-1 but I have seen dozens of ASP-1 units and not a single one had this module installed./span>/p>p>span stylefont-family: verdana;>The Pulse Height Analyzer allows the meter to count pulses only when they have a specific energy range (of course, when the meter is equipped with an energy discriminating detector (scintillator))./span>/p>p>span stylefont-family: verdana;>The PHA creates a window which has an adjustable width and can also be moved up and down the energy range so the counter can count only pulses produced due to gamma rays from a specific isotope - for example it can count only Cs-137 gamma at 662keV while ignoring any other energies, making it very selective at what activity is measured./span>/p>p>span stylefont-family: verdana;>From a practical point, I can set it up for a specific U or Th decay chain isotope and being able to differentiate in the field if I am dealing with U or Th for example (that is if I dont have my Raysid with me)/span>/p>p>span stylefont-family: verdana;>The PHA module is interfaced via a PHA Option socket on the main board of ASP-1. This socket must be populated with a special shorting connector when the PHA Option is not installed and so was the case with all of my 3 ASP-1 units, until now.../span>/p>p>span stylefont-family: verdana;>After I was unable to procure the ASP-1 PHA Option for years, I got tired of looking for it and decided to make my own modules./span>/p>p>/p>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>a hrefhttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtihi-bVxYfJ7K9xhrndScmldfNgeKzxvplXByrWdbILyaldIIKx2rUCCue1uvpCtI14qmoSSzhmfaOAn9KG9wyDbfaza-V2zBosQVvpvbUEUl5ztHVKdmqDBYfaTyDUKZROptlRzXniWkgZZpD6r8B8Hjm9O3TRmrLrzQ213gegVG8j_SDQ5_dOgqq0w/s1968/20230905_095245.jpg stylemargin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;>img border0 data-original-height1968 data-original-width1868 height320 srchttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtihi-bVxYfJ7K9xhrndScmldfNgeKzxvplXByrWdbILyaldIIKx2rUCCue1uvpCtI14qmoSSzhmfaOAn9KG9wyDbfaza-V2zBosQVvpvbUEUl5ztHVKdmqDBYfaTyDUKZROptlRzXniWkgZZpD6r8B8Hjm9O3TRmrLrzQ213gegVG8j_SDQ5_dOgqq0w/s320/20230905_095245.jpg width304 />/a>/div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>div styletext-align: center;>The PHA Option socket with the Shorting Connector removed./div>/span>span stylefont-family: verdana;>br />/span>p>/p>p>/p>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>a hrefhttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg95_rfFqMSyHqbfrJHwyDYEMvpSJYAQZmUI3Y9C5UYaF4-bNoJThkeSZC8hi-ROKgwjXbjlU16Sg65N6fR0QvNGsptcSFaCtZjkPKH44b9gAmh09eAtxLoXWoUEQireE38gZbIyJaC1hAzgjQWphGHW0_juFr4-o6az0Nb6QFl9jlUfNDk4gjX1xHkSJc/s2035/ESP-1.jpg stylemargin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;>img border0 data-original-height1469 data-original-width2035 height231 srchttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg95_rfFqMSyHqbfrJHwyDYEMvpSJYAQZmUI3Y9C5UYaF4-bNoJThkeSZC8hi-ROKgwjXbjlU16Sg65N6fR0QvNGsptcSFaCtZjkPKH44b9gAmh09eAtxLoXWoUEQireE38gZbIyJaC1hAzgjQWphGHW0_juFr4-o6az0Nb6QFl9jlUfNDk4gjX1xHkSJc/s320/ESP-1.jpg width320 />/a>/div>div styletext-align: center;>span stylefont-family: verdana;>The same PHA Option but for a different meter - the Eberline ESP-2. /span>/div>div styletext-align: center;>span stylefont-family: verdana;>The schematics are virtually identical - only board outline and component topology appear to be different from the one, specific to ASP-1./span>/div>p>span stylefont-family: verdana;>Fortunately, the Service Manual includes full documentation and schematics for this board./span>/p>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>a hrefhttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4hwisM6pWufxRPUc_AqbPCBPnKJ4DMWrO3lsJA5_A4YiMBk8Kbcp4JwCyMveu78leYZhGmqNNVNOYTZnjKVSLbqw8akMYZIrzRyht5zBjzhjUsmcsAZ_WlZFblKJTV0nG72k_mYLBNN5RaTZnuwI5IqhEaTENHUYVROWfM33bjMo0wSaFldjILDSZK2Y/s2556/PHA_EBERLINE.JPG stylemargin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;>img border0 data-original-height1000 data-original-width2556 height125 srchttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4hwisM6pWufxRPUc_AqbPCBPnKJ4DMWrO3lsJA5_A4YiMBk8Kbcp4JwCyMveu78leYZhGmqNNVNOYTZnjKVSLbqw8akMYZIrzRyht5zBjzhjUsmcsAZ_WlZFblKJTV0nG72k_mYLBNN5RaTZnuwI5IqhEaTENHUYVROWfM33bjMo0wSaFldjILDSZK2Y/s320/PHA_EBERLINE.JPG width320 />/a>/div>div styletext-align: center;>span stylefont-family: verdana;>This is the schematics for the PHA board published in the Eberline ASP-1 technical manual./span>/div>div styletext-align: center;>span stylefont-family: verdana;>There are no exotic components and everything for this circuit is readily available on DigiKey. /span>/div>div styletext-align: center;>span stylefont-family: verdana;>The circuit itself is fairly simple, using comparators and voltage dividers for reference to determine the energy window. There is also a Dual BCD up-counter alongside a bunch of other passive components. /span>/div>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>a hrefhttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDwikAl0LNuvLLSqWVofRs6z5ER_DjdUQXtv0ib2unA_f1TSPCLzzSkar8pLgaJg4L6iu1r_FjTD_KPRe8Fo1Fe3Vhya6seDtP3FOqXSWzWBcLGFLpHR-A2ZRxEv_tnQTdNfHCEdxfPIm7Q708snbu4a8jwte9WOICgTXifTbh-K17yq0rTp9Sdby7HE8/s1370/outline_PHA.JPG stylemargin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;>img border0 data-original-height1365 data-original-width1370 height319 srchttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDwikAl0LNuvLLSqWVofRs6z5ER_DjdUQXtv0ib2unA_f1TSPCLzzSkar8pLgaJg4L6iu1r_FjTD_KPRe8Fo1Fe3Vhya6seDtP3FOqXSWzWBcLGFLpHR-A2ZRxEv_tnQTdNfHCEdxfPIm7Q708snbu4a8jwte9WOICgTXifTbh-K17yq0rTp9Sdby7HE8/s320/outline_PHA.JPG width320 />/a>/div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>div styletext-align: center;>The board outline is very specific as this board needs to fit between existing connectors and components located on the top side of the main board. /div>div styletext-align: center;>The R32 Trimmer-potentiometer controls the width of the energy window, and the slide switch allows to turn off PHA counting mode and to GROSS count all pulses. /div>/span>p styletext-align: center;>/p>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>a hrefhttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlgKZqR2Tjjk1pGNR64FdgU55FKyZ9Q4Q-JRGO3rNkc7_J399ypkSaS0NUjRYg9efO_4zpgmxCSQitsk12hzBvketJYAcazr5nXQZgKn-gIT9X1Bppaj-DR67YIqIDbIyjJ_I2hwi0Y5wUi_y81DvxrOH4b9gos9FjZtd0oGGVuMz9Po6Nwqd4_ts-49o/s5679/PHA.png stylemargin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;>img border0 data-original-height3204 data-original-width5679 height181 srchttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlgKZqR2Tjjk1pGNR64FdgU55FKyZ9Q4Q-JRGO3rNkc7_J399ypkSaS0NUjRYg9efO_4zpgmxCSQitsk12hzBvketJYAcazr5nXQZgKn-gIT9X1Bppaj-DR67YIqIDbIyjJ_I2hwi0Y5wUi_y81DvxrOH4b9gos9FjZtd0oGGVuMz9Po6Nwqd4_ts-49o/s320/PHA.png width320 />/a>/div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>div styletext-align: center;>I started by re-creating the schematics in AutoCAD Eagle./div>/span>p>/p>p styletext-align: center;>span stylefont-family: verdana;> I decided to keep the old-school DIP-14/DIP-16 versions for the ICs but replaced all other components with their SMD versions, using 1206 footprint for quick and easy soldering. /span>/p>p styletext-align: center;>span stylefont-family: verdana;>Since it is a fixed size board there was no gain of going SMD for the ICs and their SMD versions were actually more expensive. /span>/p>p styletext-align: center;>span stylefont-family: verdana;>I kept the original component names as listed in the technical manual - this makes component installation and troubleshooting very easy./span>/p>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>a hrefhttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-ftiRkWeK_E1POCgPVdgoZ2XxlPq0vSO3kY_qZdOSxPv9dksBWMzY0K2Bk0OVLUfBvq3lWAXui6oK7RNQ6q-1yBjrAHF15XxhObSAYMXr6A7AL8_VoAq8rvSRnjR0wVt_8Uj_WmpEFxfHaF0_dS6SkDCfqryf-0xO-nBjjHpVm07CxscfBbrrtcCsLmo/s1805/Top_Layer_PHA.png stylemargin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;>img border0 data-original-height1322 data-original-width1805 height234 srchttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-ftiRkWeK_E1POCgPVdgoZ2XxlPq0vSO3kY_qZdOSxPv9dksBWMzY0K2Bk0OVLUfBvq3lWAXui6oK7RNQ6q-1yBjrAHF15XxhObSAYMXr6A7AL8_VoAq8rvSRnjR0wVt_8Uj_WmpEFxfHaF0_dS6SkDCfqryf-0xO-nBjjHpVm07CxscfBbrrtcCsLmo/s320/Top_Layer_PHA.png width320 />/a>/div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>div styletext-align: center;>The PCB Layout created in AutoCAD Eagle./div>/span>div>div styletext-align: center;>span stylefont-family: verdana;>Because of the location of the board, right behind the analog metering system, I realized that this board can also conveniently host LED backlighting for the metering system (the stock backlighting uses 2 incandescent light bulbs). /span>/div>div styletext-align: center;>span stylefont-family: verdana;>I utilized the unused pin 2 on the Option header to provide the switched ground to the LED lighting and a small modification of the main board ties Pin 2 to the light switch. The LED Anodes are connected by jumper wire to the +VBAT/span>/div>div styletext-align: center;>span stylefont-family: verdana;>br />/span>/div>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>a hrefhttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiiQKY6rTrCKBnIuwp9l0v2PoPhSnzv3LwOXAMScFd0KG14AdCVV20UqVQ1emQBaMfpYntUNauNzYpyRlJ4OFBVC557DQ932JBf61MWkWzH3GD_2NzIa54Q8Ub-gVthaS0_eBclKQLnqvTHSwyMNbNA6GQWfsdK2joBkS4hzNQ_Lqko_Mte1oTvnX7lfw/s2591/20230823_093412.jpg stylemargin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;>img border0 data-original-height1868 data-original-width2591 height231 srchttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiiQKY6rTrCKBnIuwp9l0v2PoPhSnzv3LwOXAMScFd0KG14AdCVV20UqVQ1emQBaMfpYntUNauNzYpyRlJ4OFBVC557DQ932JBf61MWkWzH3GD_2NzIa54Q8Ub-gVthaS0_eBclKQLnqvTHSwyMNbNA6GQWfsdK2joBkS4hzNQ_Lqko_Mte1oTvnX7lfw/s320/20230823_093412.jpg width320 />/a>/div>div styletext-align: center;>span stylefont-family: verdana;>Top Layer of the completed PHA Option Board. Some additional milling of the board outline was needed to make it fit between the components./span>/div>br />div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>a hrefhttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZBSRIUkumGVheMxe70pB2spo-IezYUU3kTgb9-owy6VwtUm4XF4aOIyhMmu6vmRrFfrFY2nHTYbHpTpoxbYZi9mgeavHZ8vvO-7m61NRu8nMtI7ZlekfXK7lBUBrUm84iLDYgbj-f6MLdVb2tUQjLt9OMvRgxT7KLuU5Y1WxSZPcft4kWM_lVkpNH08g/s2596/20230823_093527.jpg stylemargin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;>img border0 data-original-height1868 data-original-width2596 height230 srchttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZBSRIUkumGVheMxe70pB2spo-IezYUU3kTgb9-owy6VwtUm4XF4aOIyhMmu6vmRrFfrFY2nHTYbHpTpoxbYZi9mgeavHZ8vvO-7m61NRu8nMtI7ZlekfXK7lBUBrUm84iLDYgbj-f6MLdVb2tUQjLt9OMvRgxT7KLuU5Y1WxSZPcft4kWM_lVkpNH08g/s320/20230823_093527.jpg width320 />/a>/div>span stylefont-family: verdana;>div styletext-align: center;>Bottom PCB layer with the male DIP-16 header for interface with ASP-1/div>/span>br />div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>a hrefhttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjm9HqLUk7pICsZ0jTs0P-XzdWyyuLYc191t2-ZblB0NVbpzlR_m-dxCJLATrQERc-pnmtVo5PHPUATBOcchccFP2Q-ir1wThGNVtSyL1FF3vaG-ON8eQ9MIvALbEa2e1hStiTLlfV0DIWZHlvtDrVW46DRjY7e7xkbj89vVjxIovFORawrQKUyXz3XAbk/s2405/20230905_095756.jpg stylemargin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;>img border0 data-original-height2405 data-original-width1868 height320 srchttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjm9HqLUk7pICsZ0jTs0P-XzdWyyuLYc191t2-ZblB0NVbpzlR_m-dxCJLATrQERc-pnmtVo5PHPUATBOcchccFP2Q-ir1wThGNVtSyL1FF3vaG-ON8eQ9MIvALbEa2e1hStiTLlfV0DIWZHlvtDrVW46DRjY7e7xkbj89vVjxIovFORawrQKUyXz3XAbk/s320/20230905_095756.jpg width249 />/a>/div>div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>span stylefont-family: verdana;>The PHA Board installed in the Option socket. The Blue Pot is the Window trimmer, and the red slide switch changes the mode between GROSS and PHA counting./span>/div>br />div classseparator styleclear: both; text-align: center;>a hrefhttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXOKoBaL2Vz6U4fWjIoesDsQsSg1NzaWekDmzA4dCOaJlxgJZ0jlG9rfAoapQWEk-929M_5PyKvcLxMRFsN8-1cqxfBuug97iFSVGJJF7dTcg7YqbE0flLfdjUQutqIP4CL1OD0pJT4ghwkFuoda1lC_7SPPAefdiIsSxqRSzZrfCYc9iB98jVjUJYKqc/s3571/20230905_095849.jpg stylemargin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;>img border0 data-original-height1868 data-original-width3571 height167 srchttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXOKoBaL2Vz6U4fWjIoesDsQsSg1NzaWekDmzA4dCOaJlxgJZ0jlG9rfAoapQWEk-929M_5PyKvcLxMRFsN8-1cqxfBuug97iFSVGJJF7dTcg7YqbE0flLfdjUQutqIP4CL1OD0pJT4ghwkFuoda1lC_7SPPAefdiIsSxqRSzZrfCYc9iB98jVjUJYKqc/s320/20230905_095849.jpg width320 />/a>/div>div styletext-align: center;>span stylefont-family: verdana;>The PHA Option board sits nicely behind the Analog Metering System./span>/div>/div>div styletext-align: center;>span stylefont-family: verdana;>br />/span>/div>div styletext-align: left;>span stylefont-family: verdana;>b>I have 3 completed PHA Option for ASP-1 modules left, available for purchase at $50/b>/span>b stylefont-family: verdana;>/each/b>b stylefont-family: verdana;> + shipping./b>/div>div styleclear: both;>/div>/div>div classpost-footer>div classpost-footer-line post-footer-line-1>span classpost-author vcard>Posted byspan classfn itempropauthor itemscopeitemscope itemtypehttp://schema.org/Person>meta contenthttps://www.blogger.com/profile/12033396081050348304 itempropurl/>a classg-profile hrefhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/12033396081050348304 relauthor titleauthor profile>span itempropname>Andrey E. 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hrefjavascript:void(0)>span classzippy> ► /span>/a>a classpost-count-link hrefhttp://blog.kotarak.net/2012/04/>April/a>span classpost-count dirltr>(1)/span>/li>/ul>ul classhierarchy>li classarchivedate collapsed>a classtoggle hrefjavascript:void(0)>span classzippy> ► /span>/a>a classpost-count-link hrefhttp://blog.kotarak.net/2012/03/>March/a>span classpost-count dirltr>(2)/span>/li>/ul>ul classhierarchy>li classarchivedate collapsed>a classtoggle hrefjavascript:void(0)>span classzippy> ► /span>/a>a classpost-count-link hrefhttp://blog.kotarak.net/2012/02/>February/a>span classpost-count dirltr>(1)/span>/li>/ul>ul classhierarchy>li classarchivedate collapsed>a classtoggle hrefjavascript:void(0)>span classzippy> ► /span>/a>a classpost-count-link hrefhttp://blog.kotarak.net/2012/01/>January/a>span classpost-count dirltr>(1)/span>/li>/ul>/li>/ul>ul classhierarchy>li classarchivedate collapsed>a classtoggle hrefjavascript:void(0)>span classzippy> ► /span>/a>a classpost-count-link 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classzippy> ► /span>/a>a classpost-count-link hrefhttp://blog.kotarak.net/2010/07/>July/a>span classpost-count dirltr>(1)/span>/li>/ul>ul classhierarchy>li classarchivedate collapsed>a classtoggle hrefjavascript:void(0)>span classzippy> ► /span>/a>a classpost-count-link hrefhttp://blog.kotarak.net/2010/04/>April/a>span classpost-count dirltr>(3)/span>/li>/ul>ul classhierarchy>li classarchivedate collapsed>a classtoggle hrefjavascript:void(0)>span classzippy> ► /span>/a>a classpost-count-link hrefhttp://blog.kotarak.net/2010/02/>February/a>span classpost-count dirltr>(1)/span>/li>/ul>ul classhierarchy>li classarchivedate collapsed>a classtoggle hrefjavascript:void(0)>span classzippy> ► /span>/a>a classpost-count-link hrefhttp://blog.kotarak.net/2010/01/>January/a>span classpost-count dirltr>(1)/span>/li>/ul>/li>/ul>ul classhierarchy>li classarchivedate collapsed>a classtoggle hrefjavascript:void(0)>span classzippy> ► /span>/a>a classpost-count-link 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classhierarchy>li classarchivedate collapsed>a classtoggle hrefjavascript:void(0)>span classzippy> ► /span>/a>a classpost-count-link hrefhttp://blog.kotarak.net/2009/08/>August/a>span classpost-count dirltr>(3)/span>/li>/ul>ul classhierarchy>li classarchivedate collapsed>a classtoggle hrefjavascript:void(0)>span classzippy> ► /span>/a>a classpost-count-link hrefhttp://blog.kotarak.net/2009/06/>June/a>span classpost-count dirltr>(1)/span>/li>/ul>ul classhierarchy>li classarchivedate collapsed>a classtoggle hrefjavascript:void(0)>span classzippy> ► /span>/a>a classpost-count-link hrefhttp://blog.kotarak.net/2009/05/>May/a>span classpost-count dirltr>(1)/span>/li>/ul>ul classhierarchy>li classarchivedate collapsed>a classtoggle hrefjavascript:void(0)>span classzippy> ► /span>/a>a classpost-count-link hrefhttp://blog.kotarak.net/2009/04/>April/a>span classpost-count dirltr>(3)/span>/li>/ul>ul classhierarchy>li classarchivedate collapsed>a classtoggle hrefjavascript:void(0)>span classzippy> ► /span>/a>a classpost-count-link hrefhttp://blog.kotarak.net/2009/03/>March/a>span classpost-count dirltr>(1)/span>/li>/ul>ul classhierarchy>li classarchivedate collapsed>a classtoggle hrefjavascript:void(0)>span classzippy> ► /span>/a>a classpost-count-link hrefhttp://blog.kotarak.net/2009/02/>February/a>span classpost-count dirltr>(5)/span>/li>/ul>/li>/ul>ul classhierarchy>li classarchivedate collapsed>a classtoggle hrefjavascript:void(0)>span classzippy> ► /span>/a>a classpost-count-link hrefhttp://blog.kotarak.net/2008/>2008/a>span classpost-count dirltr>(19)/span>ul classhierarchy>li classarchivedate collapsed>a classtoggle hrefjavascript:void(0)>span classzippy> ► /span>/a>a classpost-count-link hrefhttp://blog.kotarak.net/2008/11/>November/a>span classpost-count dirltr>(2)/span>/li>/ul>ul classhierarchy>li classarchivedate collapsed>a classtoggle hrefjavascript:void(0)>span classzippy> ► /span>/a>a classpost-count-link hrefhttp://blog.kotarak.net/2008/10/>October/a>span classpost-count dirltr>(1)/span>/li>/ul>ul classhierarchy>li classarchivedate collapsed>a classtoggle hrefjavascript:void(0)>span classzippy> ► /span>/a>a classpost-count-link hrefhttp://blog.kotarak.net/2008/08/>August/a>span classpost-count dirltr>(4)/span>/li>/ul>ul classhierarchy>li classarchivedate collapsed>a classtoggle hrefjavascript:void(0)>span classzippy> ► /span>/a>a classpost-count-link hrefhttp://blog.kotarak.net/2008/07/>July/a>span classpost-count dirltr>(4)/span>/li>/ul>ul classhierarchy>li classarchivedate collapsed>a classtoggle hrefjavascript:void(0)>span classzippy> ► /span>/a>a classpost-count-link hrefhttp://blog.kotarak.net/2008/03/>March/a>span classpost-count dirltr>(6)/span>/li>/ul>ul classhierarchy>li classarchivedate collapsed>a classtoggle hrefjavascript:void(0)>span classzippy> ► /span>/a>a classpost-count-link hrefhttp://blog.kotarak.net/2008/02/>February/a>span classpost-count dirltr>(2)/span>/li>/ul>/li>/ul>/div>/div>div classclear>/div>/div>/div>div classwidget Image data-version1 idImage1>h2>Restoration of Heathkit SB-200/h2>div classwidget-content>a hrefhttp://blog.kotarak.net/2008_03_01_archive.html>img altRestoration of Heathkit SB-200 height87 idImage1_img srchttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKmNXdmDiidMk8y1wKRFah-PB7xEOCT6yOszxPW35dlcC2gxoaBC9fisZ8s7CEcRvpAnCP4dbRJcgCfAJORoUHv8WOOFx3UDbqXus0COJw2lPeLY4uy9KLjFnJAzzY7jCQ-VnWbFTHhyphenhyphenc/s240/SB-200.jpg width150/>/a>br/>span classcaption>For the amplifier restoration project see my posts from March 2008 and May 2009/span>/div>div classclear>/div>/div>div classwidget FeaturedPost data-version1 idFeaturedPost1>h2 classtitle>Featured Post/h2>div classpost-summary>h3>a hrefhttp://blog.kotarak.net/2021/10/gamma-dog-ultimate-radioactive-rock.html>Gamma Dog - The Ultimate Radioactive Rock / Mineral Finder!/a>/h3>img classimage 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valuehttp://www.dxsummit.fi/CustomFilter.aspx?customCount25&customRange10000/>10 Ghz option valuehttp://www.dxsummit.fi/CustomFilter.aspx?customCount25&customRange504/>Beacon option valuehttp://www.dxsummit.fi/CustomFilter.aspx?customCount25&customRange505/>Digital option valuehttp://www.dxsummit.fi/CustomFilter.aspx?customCount25&customRange509/>IOTA option valuehttp://www.dxsummit.fi/CustomFilter.aspx?customCount25&customRange506/>QRP option valuehttp://www.dxsummit.fi/CustomFilter.aspx?customCount25&customRange507/>Satellite option valuehttp://www.dxsummit.fi/CustomFilter.aspx?customCount25&customRange508/>Mobile /select> /div> /form>/td> td width291>div aligncenter>/div>/td>/tr>/table>/font>/!doctype>/div>div classclear>/div>/div>div classwidget HTML data-version1 idHTML6>h2 classtitle>Callsign Lookup/h2>div classwidget-content>table border1 cellpadding9 cellspacing0> tr>td valigncenter> form actionhttp://www.qrz.com/callsign.html methodGET> b>QRZ callsign lookup: p> input 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