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classtitle>Expression Software Blog/h1>/div>div classdescriptionwrapper>p classdescription>span>a hrefhttps://www.expressionsoftware.com>home/a>/span>/p>/div>/div>/div>div classwidget Blog data-version1 idBlog1>div classblog-posts hfeed>          div classdate-outer>        h2 classdate-header>span>12/31/16/span>/h2>          div classdate-posts>        div classpost-outer>div classpost hentry itemscopeitemscope itemtype//schema.org/BlogPosting>a name8403342461171573833>/a>h3 classpost-title entry-title itempropname>a hrefhttp://blog.expressionsoftware.com/2016/12/arduino-blink-sketch.html>Arduino Blink Sketch/a>/h3>div classpost-header>div classpost-header-line-1>/div>/div>div classpost-body entry-content idpost-body-8403342461171573833 itemproparticleBody>pre stylefont-family:courier new>   /*    * Upload Error: Error opening serial port '/dev/cu.usbmodem1421'    * Fix: Close Serial Monitor window, reopen after upload is done.    *     * Misc    * - On Micro, TX LED lights up when Serial print(), println() is called    * - Serial Monitor can be started after upload or reset    * - setup() runs once when you press reset or power the board    * - loop() is a run-loop    *     * Keyboard Shortcuts    * CS M  Serial Monitor    */// const int  kLedPin  LED_BUILTIN;   const int  kLedPin  10;   const long kBlinkInterval  400;   const int  kMaxLogCount  10;   unsigned long previousMillis  0;   boolean onceToken  false;   int ledState  LOW;   int logCount  0;   void setup() {              const String kBoard  "Arduino Micro, 5V";              Serial.begin(9600);       delay(6000);  // delay for serial monitor intialization       Serial.println(kBoard);              pinMode(kLedPin, OUTPUT);  // LED output       if (kLedPin  LED_BUILTIN) {           Serial.print("Built-In ");       }       Serial.print("LED Pin: ");       Serial.println(kLedPin);              Serial.print("LED Blink Interval: ");       Serial.println(kBlinkInterval);              Serial.print("Max Log Count: ");       Serial.println(kMaxLogCount);   }   void loop() {              if (onceToken  false) {           Serial.println("");           Serial.println("Loop started");           onceToken  true;       }       unsigned long currentMillis  millis();       if (currentMillis - previousMillis > kBlinkInterval) {           previousMillis  currentMillis;           if (ledState  LOW) {               ledState  HIGH;               log("On");           }           else {               ledState  LOW;               log("Off");           }           digitalWrite(kLedPin, ledState);       }   }   void log(String message) {       if (logCount < kMaxLogCount) {           Serial.println(message);           logCount++;       }   }   // Output            Arduino Micro, 5V      LED Pin: 10      LED Blink Interval: 400      Max Log Count: 10            Loop started      On      Off      On      Off      On      Off      On      Off      On      Off/pre>a href//expressionsoftware.com/docs/arduino-blink-breadboard.pdf imageanchor1>img border0 height350 src//expressionsoftware.com/docs/arduino-blink-breadboard.svg stylemargin-left: -24px width500 />/a>a href//expressionsoftware.com/docs/arduino-blink-schematic.pdf imageanchor1>img border0 src//expressionsoftware.com/docs/arduino-blink-schematic.svg stylemargin-left: 20px width500/>/a>br />br />a hrefhttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiT5WDxfJrgKWKsYtlYNw2ME5qoLFKjLvVqbpXxNWV6WiE4er_FnYWurZWzAppL48vow82u1kFsPpOgbv2xsMzs6ztiU_H4QWeG59Ym6Ef4SEiBA6qXhlDxtxXAsxxduCboS8LgT6Q81EOc/s1600/arduino-blink-sketch-breadboard-1.jpg imageanchor1>img border0 srchttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiT5WDxfJrgKWKsYtlYNw2ME5qoLFKjLvVqbpXxNWV6WiE4er_FnYWurZWzAppL48vow82u1kFsPpOgbv2xsMzs6ztiU_H4QWeG59Ym6Ef4SEiBA6qXhlDxtxXAsxxduCboS8LgT6Q81EOc/s800/arduino-blink-sketch-breadboard-1.jpg styleheight: 300px />/a>a hrefhttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAwAmRYYNAZps7Se6_gOtRIJWFdfUTOD-VRRNnM7fp903qTW-QpxMU1njOsKoAKVyCZ6K9_PEjJAJ0jOcc9dBkl5QpsIrl1m3Jp3FIQeHgdQceRqMXeS-myBVNy-7hheNLIG8bJgoV5gDB/s1600/arduino-blink-sketch-breadboard-2.jpg imageanchor1>img border0 srchttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAwAmRYYNAZps7Se6_gOtRIJWFdfUTOD-VRRNnM7fp903qTW-QpxMU1njOsKoAKVyCZ6K9_PEjJAJ0jOcc9dBkl5QpsIrl1m3Jp3FIQeHgdQceRqMXeS-myBVNy-7hheNLIG8bJgoV5gDB/s800/arduino-blink-sketch-breadboard-2.jpg stylemargin-left: 10px; height: 300px; />/a>a hrefhttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigxa4RcKeCexRkHXGv0eut1SJTWTV-wANpeU6cqONhlQIRqCF_nMgiMQzmD_j_Bm7jNT_LYcfcG1o7IreabMudkNz3btTGQEbWWBqlNJnavzArpvSd3GnrrmNFob0CBqlW_n05uW_ucBd9/s1600/arduino-blink-sketch-breadboard-3.jpg imageanchor1>img border0 srchttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigxa4RcKeCexRkHXGv0eut1SJTWTV-wANpeU6cqONhlQIRqCF_nMgiMQzmD_j_Bm7jNT_LYcfcG1o7IreabMudkNz3btTGQEbWWBqlNJnavzArpvSd3GnrrmNFob0CBqlW_n05uW_ucBd9/s800/arduino-blink-sketch-breadboard-3.jpg stylemargin-left: 10px; height: 300px; />/a>br />br />br />div styleclear: both;>/div>/div>div classpost-footer>div classpost-footer-line post-footer-line-1>span classpost-comment-link>a classcomment-link hrefhttp://blog.expressionsoftware.com/2016/12/arduino-blink-sketch.html#comment-form onclick>No comments:              /a>/span>span classpost-icons>span classitem-control blog-admin pid-825337817>a hrefhttps://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID2362511696290915939&postID8403342461171573833&frompencil titleEdit Post>img alt classicon-action height18 src//resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif width18/>/a>/span>/span>/div>div classpost-footer-line post-footer-line-2>span classpost-labels>/span>/div>div classpost-footer-line post-footer-line-3>/div>/div>/div>/div>          /div>/div>                  div classdate-outer>        h2 classdate-header>span>12/11/16/span>/h2>          div classdate-posts>        div classpost-outer>div classpost hentry itemscopeitemscope itemtype//schema.org/BlogPosting>a name630173669210213205>/a>h3 classpost-title entry-title itempropname>a hrefhttp://blog.expressionsoftware.com/2016/12/arduino.html>Arduino/a>/h3>div classpost-header>div classpost-header-line-1>/div>/div>div classpost-body entry-content idpost-body-630173669210213205 itemproparticleBody>b>span stylefont-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 19px>Uno/span>/b> span stylefont-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;>5V/span>br />b>span stylefont-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 19px>101/span>/b> span stylefont-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;>3.3V/span>br />b>span stylefont-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 19px>MKR1000/span>/b> span stylefont-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;>3.3V/span>br />b>span stylefont-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 19px>Micro/span>/b> span stylefont-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;>5V/span>br />br />iframe height451 srchttp://expressionsoftware.com/docs/arduino-boards.pdf width90% frameborder0 allowtransparencytrue stylebackground: #000000 scrollingno marginheight0 marginwidth0 allowfullscreen yes>/iframe>br />br />a hrefhttps://www.arduino.cc/en/Reference/HomePage>Arduino Language Reference/a>br/>a hrefhttp://expressionsoftware.com/docs/arduino-boards.pdf>Arduino Boards PDF/a>br />br />br />div styleclear: both;>/div>/div>div classpost-footer>div classpost-footer-line post-footer-line-1>span classpost-comment-link>a classcomment-link hrefhttp://blog.expressionsoftware.com/2016/12/arduino.html#comment-form onclick>No comments:              /a>/span>span classpost-icons>span classitem-control blog-admin pid-825337817>a hrefhttps://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID2362511696290915939&postID630173669210213205&frompencil titleEdit Post>img alt classicon-action height18 src//resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif width18/>/a>/span>/span>/div>div classpost-footer-line post-footer-line-2>span classpost-labels>/span>/div>div classpost-footer-line post-footer-line-3>/div>/div>/div>/div>          /div>/div>                  div classdate-outer>        h2 classdate-header>span>8/10/16/span>/h2>          div classdate-posts>        div classpost-outer>div classpost hentry itemscopeitemscope itemtype//schema.org/BlogPosting>a name2324325584917950238>/a>h3 classpost-title entry-title itempropname>a hrefhttp://blog.expressionsoftware.com/2013/10/c2.html>iOS macOS tvOS watchOS/a>/h3>div classpost-header>div classpost-header-line-1>/div>/div>div classpost-body entry-content idpost-body-2324325584917950238 itemproparticleBody>pre stylefont-family:courier new>// Swift        # swift repl      :version  // 5.7.2      :quit            swift package --version  # Apple Swift Package Manager - Swift 5.7.1      swift package --help      swift package init      swift package  generate-xcodeproj      swift build      swift test      swift test --filter "FooTests"      swift test --filter "BarTests"      swift test --filter "testFoo"                  import Darwin            M_PI                 // Double  3.1415926535897931      log2(100 as Float)   // 6.64385605      log2(100 as Double)  // 6.6438561897747244                  "Foo".lowercased()      "foo".count           // 3      "foo".index(of: "f")  // String.Index?                  let s  "foo bar"            if let idx: String.Index  s.firstIndex(of: "f") {          s.distance(from: s.startIndex, to: idx) |> p   // Int  0      }                  extension String {  // se                    // let c: Character?  s0          //           subscript(idx: Int) -> Character? {                            guard idx > 0 && idx < count              else {                  return nil              }                            return selfindex(startIndex, offsetBy: idx)          }                    // let idx: Int?  s.index("f")          //           func index(_ c: Character) -> Int? {                            guard let idx: String.Index  firstIndex(of: c)              else {                  return nil              }                            let id: Int  distance(from: startIndex, to: idx)              print("\"\(self)\" idx: \(c)  \(id)")                            return id          }                }            let c: Character?  s0                       // se      let cs: Array<Character?>  c, s1, s100      print(cs)                                      // Optional("f"), Optional("o"), nil      if let idx: Int  s.index("f") {               // se          print("DB idx  \(idx)")      }                        // replace      s.replacingOccurrences(of: "o", with: "*")  // f** bar      s.replacingOccurrences(of: ",", with: "").replacingOccurrences(of: " ", with: "_").lowercased()                  let range: Range<String.Index>  Range(uncheckedBounds: (lower: s.index(s.startIndex, offsetBy: 0),                                                               upper: s.index(s.endIndex,   offsetBy: 0)))            s.replacingOccurrences(of:      "o",                             with:    "*",                             options: NSString.CompareOptions.literal,                             range:   range)                  s.substring(from: s.index(s.startIndex, offsetBy: 0))  // foo bar      s.substring(from: s.index(s.startIndex, offsetBy: 1))  // oo bar      let startIdx     s.index(s.startIndex, offsetBy: 4)      s.substring(from: startIdx)                            // bar            s.substring(to: s.index(s.startIndex, offsetBy: 0))    //      s.substring(to: s.index(s.startIndex, offsetBy: 1))    // f, first char, string      s.substring(to: s.index(s.startIndex, offsetBy: 2))    // fo      let endIdx     s.index(s.startIndex, offsetBy: 3)      s.substring(to: endIdx)                                // foo            String(ss.startIndex ..< endIdx)                     // foo      let range: Range<String.Index>  Range(uncheckedBounds: (lower: s.index(s.startIndex, offsetBy:  1),                                                               upper: s.index(s.endIndex,   offsetBy: -1)))      s.substring(with: range)                               // oo ba      let c: Character  ss.startIndex  // f, first char      let p  CGPoint(x:1, y:2)  // CGPointMake(1, 2)      Locale.current.identifier    // en_US      Locale.current.languageCode  // en      Locale.current.regionCode    // US      ...  closed range operator      ..<  half-open range      for x in 0..<1  {  // 0      for x in 0...1  {  // 0 1          x |> p      }      for x in 1...8 {          x % 4 |> p  // 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0  mod      }      for _ in 1...10 { "." |> p }      String(repeating: ".", count: 10)  // ..........      for x in 1...3 { "\(x)." |> p }  // 1.                                       // 2.                                       // 3.      for x in stride(from: 10, through: 100, by: 10 ) { "\(x) " |> p }  // 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100  closed      for x in stride(from: 10, to:      100, by: 10 ) { "\(x) " |> p }  // 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90      half-open      let df  DateFormatter()      df.dateFormat  "MM-dd-yyyy"      let d1  df.date(from: "01-08-1947")!      let d2  df.date(from: "01-10-2016")!  // db      let cal  Calendar.current      cal.dateComponents(.day,  from: d1, to: d2).day   // 25204      cal.dateComponents(.year, from: d1, to: d2).year  // 69      let nf  NumberFormatter()      nf.numberStyle  .currency      let d  Double(0.99 + 42.00)      let n  NSNumber(value: d)      nf.string(from: n)            // $42.99      import GLKit      for x in stride(from:0, through:360, by:90) { String(format:"%3d degrees  %.2f radians", x, GLKMathDegreesToRadians(Float(x))) |> p }                      0 degrees  0.00 radians           90 degrees  1.57 radians          180 degrees  3.14 radians          270 degrees  4.71 radians          360 degrees  6.28 radians      //--------------------------------    swiftui    import SwiftUI            // ContentView.swift            struct ContentView: View {                    var body: some View {              let _  "DEBUG body" |> p                            VStack {                  Text("Hello SwiftUI")                                    Button("Test") {                      "DEBUG button tap" |> p                  }              }              .padding()              .frame(maxWidth: CGFloat.infinity, maxHeight: .infinity)              .onAppear() {                  "DEBUG onAppear()" |> p              }          }                }                  // App.swift            @main      struct xApp: App {                    var body: some Scene {              WindowGroup {                  let _  logProcessInfo()                  ContentView()              }          }                }                  func logProcessInfo() {          let pi  ProcessInfo.processInfo          """process infoid:   \(pi.processIdentifier)name: \(pi.processName)args: \(pi.arguments)cmd:  ps aux \(pi.processIdentifier)"""          |> log      }                  // output      process info      id:   4200      name: x      args: "/Users/a/Library/Developer/Xcode/DerivedData/*/Build/Products/Debug/x.app/Contents/MacOS/x", "-NSDocumentRevisionsDebugMode", "YES"      cmd:  ps aux 4200              //--------------------------------    binary            String(42, radix: 2)  // 101010  print int to binary            let b1:  UInt  0b1                                                                 //                    1  0x1      let b63: UInt  0b1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000  //  9223372036854775808  0x8000000000000000      let ba:  UInt  0b1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111  // 18446744073709551615  0xffffffffffffffff                 ba.nonzeroBitCount       // 64                                                   0b0.leadingZeroBitCount   // 64          0b0.trailingZeroBitCount  // 64                                                    b1.leadingZeroBitCount   // 63           b1.trailingZeroBitCount  //  0                                                0b1111.leadingZeroBitCount   // 60       0b1000.leadingZeroBitCount   // 60                                                0b1000.trailingZeroBitCount  //  3       0b1100.trailingZeroBitCount  //  2       0b1110.trailingZeroBitCount  //  1      0b11000.trailingZeroBitCount  //  3                  // c bit funcs      // 1-based, max input: Int64      //       flsll(0b1100)  // 4  find last bit set    most sig      ffsll(0b1100)  // 3  find first bit set  least sig                  let a   0b0100000       // 32     100000  0x20      let b   0b1000000       // 64    1000000  0x40      let ab  a | b           // 96    1100000  0x60                                              var b   0b1                                b | (1 << 3)        //  9       1001  0x9                                              let b: UInt  (1 << 63)  // 9223372036854775808      //--------------------------------    hex            0xa   // 10      0x2a  // 42            String(42, radix: 16)  // print int to hex            let h: UInt  0xffffffffffffffff  // 18446744073709551615            dec hex        0   0        1   1        2   2        3   3        4   4        5   5        6   6        7   7        8   8        9   9       10   A       11   B       12   C       13   D       14   E       15   F          //--------------------------------    int range                              min                   max      Int8                   -128                   127      Int16                -32768                 32767      Int32           -2147483648            2147483647      Int64  -9223372036854775808   9223372036854775807  // Int                                          UInt8                     0                   255      UInt16                    0                 65535      UInt32                    0            4294967295      UInt64                    0  18446744073709551615  // UInt              //--------------------------------    scope            do {          var a  0      }            ({          var a  0      })()              //--------------------------------    closures            let c  { }      let c  { weak self in                 self?.foo()              }            let c:  () -> Void   { }  // () -> ()      let c: (() -> Void)  { }            let c: (String) -> Void  { s in }              //--------------------------------    pipe operator            infix operator |> : LogicalConjunctionPrecedence            public func |> <T, U>(lhs: T, rhs: (T) -> U) -> U {          rhs(lhs)      }                 // generic pipe print wrapper     // "foo"             |> p     // #function         |> p     // 0, 7            |> p  // 0, 7     // Array<Int>(0...3) |> p  // 0, 1, 2, 3     //      func p<T>(_ data: T) {         Swift.print(data)     }          // generic pipe log     //      func log<T>(_ data: T) {         "\(Date().formatDateTimeMilliseconds()): \(data)" |> p     }            //--------------------------------    xcode: show errors and warnings on build only        disable "show live issues"    > prefs > gen > show live issues        dismiss errors and warnings    > prod > clear all issues              // alt no unused warn func      // param must be initd      //       // a       |> nuwarn      // (a, b)  |> nuwarn      // closure |> nuwarn      //       func nuwarn<T>(_ x: T) {          //       }          //--------------------------------    enums            enum WildThing {          case dragon, rous, troll      }            let wildThing  WildThing.rous            wildThing |> p  // rous  app.WildThing.rous              //--------------------------------    console input args      // app "foo, bar" 42      if CommandLine.argc  3 {  // arg count          //                 CommandLine.arguments0  // app path          let arg1: String  CommandLine.arguments1          let arg2: String  CommandLine.arguments2      }  //--------------------------------    app delegate      // AppKit      // NSApp  NSApplication.shared()      let appDelegate  NSApp.delegate      let wc  NSApp.mainWindow?.windowController      // UIKit      let appDelegate  UIApplication.shared.delegate      AppDelegate * appDelegate  (AppDelegate *)UIApplication.sharedApplication.delegate;  // OC      // WatchKit      let appDelegate  WKExtension.shared().delegate  //--------------------------------    user defaults, Swift 3      let keyPeerID  "peerID"      saveData(peerIDFromUser(), key:keyPeerID)      func peerIDFromUser() -> MCPeerID {          let peerID  "foo"  // UIDevice.current.name          return MCPeerID(displayName: peerID)      }      func saveData(_ data: Any, key: String) {          let archive: Data  NSKeyedArchiver.archivedData(withRootObject: data)          UserDefaults.standard.set(archive, forKey: key)      }      func getPeerID() -> MCPeerID? {          var peerID: MCPeerID?          let data: Data?  UserDefaults.standard.data(forKey: keyPeerID)          if data ! nil {              peerID  NSKeyedUnarchiver.unarchiveObject(with: data!) as? MCPeerID          }          return peerID      }      let defaults  UserDefaults.standard.dictionaryRepresentation()      for key in defaults.keys.sorted(by: { $0.caseInsensitiveCompare($1)  .orderedAscending }) {          print("\(key)  \(defaultskey!)")      }      // OC      NSDictionary * defaults  NSUserDefaults.standardUserDefaults dictionaryRepresentation;      for (NSString * key in defaults.allKeys sortedArrayUsingSelector:@selector(caseInsensitiveCompare:)) {          NSLog(@"%@  %@", key, defaults valueForKey:key);      }  //--------------------------------    file and directory comparisons, Swift 3      let file1  "~/temp.txt"      let file2  "/volumes/vol1/temp.txt"      let result  fileContentsEqual(file1, file2)      if result  .equal {          print("equal\n")      }      else if result  .notEqual {          print("NOT equal\n")      }      // alt file path build      let file1Base  "/volumes/vol1/"      let file2Base  "/volumes/vol2/"      let root  "temp/"      let file  "foo"      let file1  "\(file1Base)\(root)\(file)"      let file2  "\(file2Base)\(root)\(file)"      enum FileContentsEqualResult {          case equal, notEqual, error      }      func filesExist(_ filePath1: String, _ filePath2: String) -> Bool {          let file1Exists  FileManager().fileExists(atPath: filePath1)          let file2Exists  FileManager().fileExists(atPath: filePath2)          if !file1Exists { print("error, file 1 does not exist: \(filePath1)") }          if !file2Exists { print("error, file 2 does not exist: \(filePath2)") }          return file1Exists && file2Exists      }      func fileContentsEqual(_ filePath1: String, _ filePath2: String) -> FileContentsEqualResult {          print("comparing: \(filePath1)\n           \(filePath2)\n")          guard filesExist(filePath1, filePath2)                 else { return .error }          guard filePath1.lowercased() ! filePath2.lowercased() else { print("error, file paths are the same"); return .error }          return FileManager().contentsEqual(atPath: filePath1, andPath: filePath2) ? .equal : .notEqual      }  //--------------------------------    enumerate directories          import Foundation      let dir: URL  URL(fileURLWithPath: "/users/sn/documents", isDirectory: true)      let dirEnumerator: FileManager.DirectoryEnumerator  FileManager().enumerator(at: dir,                                                                                    includingPropertiesForKeys: ,                                                                                    options: ,                                                                                    errorHandler: { (file: URL, error: Error) -> Bool in                                                                                                      print("error: \(error) at file: \(file.path)")                                                                                                      return true                                                                                                  })!      let df  DateFormatter()      df.dateFormat  "yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss"      func date(_ date: Date) -> String {          return df.string(from: date)      }      func fileSize(_ file: URL) -> String {          let attrs: FileAttributeKey : Any  try! FileManager().attributesOfItem(atPath: file.path)          let sizeAttr: Any  attrsFileAttributeKey.size          let size  (sizeAttr as! NSNumber)          return ByteCountFormatter.string(fromByteCount: size.int64Value,                                           countStyle: ByteCountFormatter.CountStyle.file)      }      let fileResourceKeys: Set<URLResourceKey>  .contentModificationDateKey,                                                   .isDirectoryKey,                                                   .isPackageKey,                                                   .isRegularFileKey      for (index, object) in dirEnumerator.enumerated() {          let file  object as! URL          do {              let resource: URLResourceValues  try file.resourceValues(forKeys: fileResourceKeys)              if resource.isRegularFile! {                  print("\(index). \(file.path), size: \(fileSize(file)), mod: \(date(resource.contentModificationDate!))")              }              else if resource.isDirectory! {                  print("\(index). dir: \(file)")              }              else if resource.isPackage! {                  print("\(index). package: \(file)")              }              else {                  print("\(index). unknown file type: \(file)")              }          } catch {              print(error)          }      }  //--------------------------------    tax rate solver, Swift 3    - solve tax rate from subtotal and tax      solve total from subtotal and tax rate      solve subtotal from total and tax rate      import Foundation      protocol Singleton: class {          static var sharedInstance: Self { get }      }      final class Formatter: Singleton {          static let sharedInstance  Formatter()  // calls init          private let nfDollar             NumberFormatter()          private let nfDollarApproximate  NumberFormatter()          private let nfDecimal            NumberFormatter()          private init() {  // runs once              nfDollar.numberStyle  .currency              nfDollar.minimumFractionDigits  2              nfDollar.maximumFractionDigits  2              nfDollarApproximate.numberStyle  .currency              nfDollarApproximate.maximumFractionDigits  4              nfDecimal.numberStyle  .decimal              nfDecimal.maximumFractionDigits  8          }          // format dollar          static func dollar(_ val: Decimal) -> String {              let sval  String(describing: val) // convert decimal to double via string              let dval  Double(sval)!              let nval  NSNumber(value: dval)              return sharedInstance.nfDollar.string(from: nval)!          }          // one-liner version of dollar()          static func dollarApproximate(_ val: Decimal) -> String {              return sharedInstance.nfDollarApproximate.string(from: NSNumber(value: Double(String(describing: val))!))!          }          static func decimal(_ val: Decimal) -> String {              return sharedInstance.nfDecimal.string(from: NSNumber(value: Double(String(describing: val))!))!          }      }      extension String {          func leftPadding(toLength: Int, withPad character: Character) -> String {              let newLength  self.characters.count              if newLength < toLength {                  return String(repeatElement(character, count: toLength - newLength)) + self              } else {                  return self.substring(from: index(self.startIndex, offsetBy: newLength - toLength))              }          }      }      enum TaxCalculation {          case none,               solveTaxRateFromSubTotalAndTax,               solveTotalFromSubTotalAndTaxRate,               solveSubTotalFromTotalAndTaxRate      }      struct TaxRateSolver {          let subTotalDollar: Decimal          let taxRatePercent: Decimal          let taxDollar:      Decimal          let total:          Decimal          let calc:           TaxCalculation          init() {              self.calc            .none              self.subTotalDollar  0              self.taxDollar       0              self.taxRatePercent  0              self.total           0          }          init(subTotalDollar: Decimal, taxDollar: Decimal) {              calc  .solveTaxRateFromSubTotalAndTax              self.subTotalDollar  subTotalDollar              self.taxDollar       taxDollar              self.taxRatePercent  self.taxDollar / self.subTotalDollar  // solve, approximate              self.total           self.subTotalDollar + self.taxDollar          }          init(subTotalDollar: Decimal, taxRatePercent: Decimal) {              calc  .solveTotalFromSubTotalAndTaxRate              self.subTotalDollar  subTotalDollar              self.taxRatePercent  taxRatePercent              self.taxDollar       self.subTotalDollar * self.taxRatePercent  // solve total via tax, approximate              self.total           self.subTotalDollar + self.taxDollar       // solve, approximate          }          init(totalDollar: Decimal, taxRatePercent: Decimal) {              calc  .solveSubTotalFromTotalAndTaxRate              self.total           totalDollar              self.taxRatePercent  taxRatePercent              self.subTotalDollar  self.total / (1.0 + self.taxRatePercent)  // solve, approximate              self.taxDollar       self.total - self.subTotalDollar          // solve, approximate          }      }      extension TaxRateSolver: CustomStringConvertible, CustomDebugStringConvertible {          public var description: String {              // calc right-align formatting using total-dollar length              func formattedLength() -> Int {                  let nstr  Formatter.dollar(total)                  return nstr.characters.count + 1              }              func formatDollar(_ val: Decimal) -> String {                  return Formatter.dollar(val).leftPadding(toLength: formattedLength(), withPad: " ")              }              let solveSubTotal: String     calc  .solveSubTotalFromTotalAndTaxRate ? " \(Formatter.dollarApproximate(subTotalDollar))" : ""              let solveTaxRate:  String  "\(calc  .solveTaxRateFromSubTotalAndTax   ? " "                                               : "  ")\(Formatter.decimal(taxRatePercent))%"              let solveTotal:    String     calc  .solveTotalFromSubTotalAndTaxRate ? " \(Formatter.dollarApproximate(total))"          : ""              return "sub:   \(formatDollar(subTotalDollar))  " + "\(solveSubTotal)\n" +                     "tax:   \(formatDollar(taxDollar))  "      + "\(solveTaxRate)\n"  +                     "total: \(formatDollar(total))  "          + "\(solveTotal)\n"          }          // print(String(reflecting: taxInfo))          public var debugDescription: String {              get {                  return "calc:  \(calc)\n"                         +                         "sub:   \(subTotalDollar)\n"               +                         "tax:   \(taxDollar)  \(taxRatePercent)\n" +                         "total: \(total)"              }          }      }      // repl wrapper funcs      func taxrate( _ subTotal: Decimal, _ tax:     Decimal) { print(TaxRateSolver(subTotalDollar: subTotal,  taxDollar:      tax))     }      func total(   _ subTotal: Decimal, _ taxRate: Decimal) { print(TaxRateSolver(subTotalDollar: subTotal,  taxRatePercent: taxRate)) }      func subtotal(_ total:    Decimal, _ taxRate: Decimal) { print(TaxRateSolver(totalDollar:    total,     taxRatePercent: taxRate)) }      // example      let t  TaxRateSolver(subTotalDollar: 15.99, taxDollar: 1.40)      print(t.taxRatePercent)        // 0.0875547217010631644777986241400875547      print(t)                       // sub:    $15.99                                     // tax:     $1.40   0.08755472%                                     // total:  $17.39      taxrate(15.99, 1.40)           // sub:    $15.99                                     // tax:     $1.40   0.08755472%                                     // total:  $17.39      let taxRate: Decimal  0.0875      total(9.99,  taxRate)          // sub:     $9.99                                     // tax:     $0.87    0.0875%                                     // total:  $10.86   $10.8641      subtotal(17.39, taxRate)       // sub:    $15.99   $15.9908                                     // tax:     $1.40    0.0875%                                     // total:  $17.39      // unit test      import XCTest      let TR: Decimal  0.0875  // tax rate      let P:  Decimal  0.01    // 1 penny      let HP: Decimal  0.005   // 1/2 penny      let QP: Decimal  0.0025  // 1/4 penny      let TP: Decimal  0.001   // 1/10 penny      let CP: Decimal  0.0001  // 1/100 penny      class TaxRateSolver_1: XCTestCase {          let ST: Decimal  1     // subtotal          let TX: Decimal  0.09  // tax dollar          let T:  Decimal  1.09  // total          var t  TaxRateSolver()          func testInput() {              XCTAssertEqual(ST + TX, T)          }          /*             sub:    $1.00             tax:    $0.09   0.09%             total:  $1.09             sub:     1             tax:     0.09  0.09             total:   1.09           */          func testSolveTaxRate() {              t  TaxRateSolver(subTotalDollar: ST, taxDollar: TX)              XCTAssertEqual(t.calc, .solveTaxRateFromSubTotalAndTax)              XCTAssertEqual(t.subTotalDollar, ST)              XCTAssertEqual(t.taxDollar, TX)              XCTAssertEqual(t.taxRatePercent, TX)              XCTAssertEqual(abs(t.taxRatePercent - TR), QP)              XCTAssertEqual(t.total, T)          }          /*             sub:    $1.00             tax:    $0.09    0.0875%             total:  $1.09   $1.0875             sub:     1             tax:     0.0875  0.0875             total:   1.0875           */          func testSolveTotal() {              t  TaxRateSolver(subTotalDollar: ST, taxRatePercent: TR)              XCTAssertEqual(t.calc, .solveTotalFromSubTotalAndTaxRate)              XCTAssertEqual(t.subTotalDollar, ST)              XCTAssertEqual(t.taxDollar, TR)              XCTAssertEqual(t.taxRatePercent, TR)              XCTAssertEqual(abs(t.total - T), QP)          }          /*             sub:    $1.00   $1.0023             tax:    $0.09    0.0875%             total:  $1.09             sub:     1.002298850574712643678160919540229885             tax:     0.087701149425287356321839080459770115  0.0875             total:   1.09           */          func testSolveSubTotal() {              t  TaxRateSolver(totalDollar: T, taxRatePercent: TR)              XCTAssertEqual(t.calc, .solveSubTotalFromTotalAndTaxRate)              XCTAssertLessThan(abs(t.subTotalDollar - ST), HP)              XCTAssertLessThan(abs(t.taxDollar - TR), TP)              XCTAssertEqual(t.taxRatePercent, TR)              XCTAssertEqual(t.total, T)          }          override func setUp() {              super.setUp()              // Put setup code here. This method is called before the invocation of each test method in the class.          }          override func tearDown() {              // Put teardown code here. This method is called after the invocation of each test method in the class.              print(t)              print(String(reflecting: t))              super.tearDown()          }      }      class TaxRateSolver_70: XCTestCase {          let ST: Decimal  70     // subtotal          let TX: Decimal  6.12   // tax dollar          let T:  Decimal  76.12  // total          var t  TaxRateSolver()          func testInput() {              XCTAssertEqual(ST + TX, T)          }          /*             sub:    $70.00             tax:     $6.12   0.08742857%             total:  $76.12             sub:     70             tax:      6.12  0.087428571428571428571428571428571428571             total:   76.12           */          func testSolveTaxRate() {              t  TaxRateSolver(subTotalDollar: ST, taxDollar: TX)              XCTAssertEqual(t.calc, .solveTaxRateFromSubTotalAndTax)              XCTAssertEqual(t.subTotalDollar, ST)              XCTAssertEqual(t.taxDollar, TX)              XCTAssertLessThan(abs(t.taxRatePercent - TR), CP)              XCTAssertEqual(t.total, T)          }          /*             sub:    $70.00             tax:     $6.12    0.0875%             total:  $76.12   $76.125             sub:     70             tax:      6.125  0.0875             total:   76.125           */          func testSolveTotal() {              t  TaxRateSolver(subTotalDollar: ST, taxRatePercent: TR)              XCTAssertEqual(t.calc, .solveTotalFromSubTotalAndTaxRate)              XCTAssertEqual(t.subTotalDollar, ST)              XCTAssertEqual(abs(t.taxDollar - TX), HP)              XCTAssertEqual(t.taxRatePercent, TR)              XCTAssertEqual(abs(t.total - T), HP)          }          /*             sub:    $70.00   $69.9954             tax:     $6.12    0.0875%             total:  $76.12             sub:     69.995402298850574712643678160919540229             tax:      6.124597701149425287356321839080459771  0.0875             total:   76.12           */          func testSolveSubTotal() {              t  TaxRateSolver(totalDollar: T, taxRatePercent: TR)              XCTAssertEqual(t.calc, .solveSubTotalFromTotalAndTaxRate)              XCTAssertLessThan(abs(t.subTotalDollar - ST), HP)              XCTAssertLessThan(abs(t.taxDollar - TX), HP)              XCTAssertEqual(t.taxRatePercent, TR)              XCTAssertEqual(t.total, T)          }          override func setUp() {              super.setUp()              // Put setup code here. This method is called before the invocation of each test method in the class.          }          override func tearDown() {              // Put teardown code here. This method is called after the invocation of each test method in the class.              print(t)              print(String(reflecting: t))              super.tearDown()          }      }  //--------------------------------    group collection values by properties using this Group By collection extension    from Alejandro Martinez' blog post "GroupBy in Swift 2"    http://alejandromp.com/blog/2015/6/28/group-by-swift      extension CollectionType {          public func groupBy(grouper: (Self.Generator.Element, Self.Generator.Element) -> Bool) -> Self.Generator.Element {              var result : Array<Array<Self.Generator.Element>>                var previousItem : Self.Generator.Element?              var group : Self.Generator.Element                for item in self {                  defer { previousItem  item }                  guard let previous  previousItem else {                      group.append(item)                      continue                  }                  if grouper(previous, item) { // item in the same group                      group.append(item)                  }                  else { // new group                      result.append(group)                      group                        group.append(item)                  }              }              result.append(group)              return result          }      }      import Foundation      struct Match : Equatable, Hashable, CustomStringConvertible {          let id: NSUUID          let row: Int          let col: Int          var hashValue: Int { return self.id.hashValue }          init(row:Int, col: Int) {              id  NSUUID()              self.row  row              self.col  col          }          var description: String {              return "id: \(id.UUIDString), r: \(row), c: \(col)"          }      }      func (lhs: Match, rhs: Match) -> Bool {          return lhs.id  rhs.id      }      let m1  Match(row:  10, col:  20)      let m2  Match(row: 100, col: 200)      var data: Set<Match>  Set(m1, m2)      data.insert(Match(row: 500, col:   1))      data.insert(Match(row: 100, col: 201))      data.insert(Match(row:   1, col:   2))      data.insert(Match(row:   1, col:  42))      data.insert(Match(row:   1, col:  66))      data.insert(Match(row:  10, col:  20))      data.insert(Match(row:  42, col:   1))      data.insert(Match(row:   2, col:  42))      data.insert(Match(row:   1, col:  42))      let sortedData: Match  Array(data).sort { // sort by Column and Row          if $0.0.col ! $0.1.col {              return $0.0.col < $0.1.col          }          else {              return $0.0.row < $0.1.row          }      }      let groupedData: Match  sortedData.groupBy { $0.col  $1.col } // group by Column      print(groupedData) // 7 elements      // output       id: 0, r: 42,  c: 1,         id: 1, r: 500, c: 1,        id: 2, r: 1,   c: 2,        id: 3, r: 10,  c: 20,         id: 4, r: 10,  c: 20,        id: 5, r: 1,   c: 42,         id: 6, r: 1,   c: 42,         id: 7, r: 2,   c: 42,        id: 8, r: 1,   c: 66,        id: 9, r: 100, c: 200,        id: A, r: 100, c: 201        //--------------------------------    search using filter and map functions    - find records by key      find records where column count > search index      get record column by index, return data rows      func fooSearch()      {              func getData() -> String              {                  // data has duplicate keys                  let data  "A:a1,a2,a3\n"  // key : col1, col2, col3                           + "B:b1,b2,b3\n"                           + "B:b10,b20\n"                           + "B:b100\n"                           + "C:c1\n"                           + "F:";                  return split(data) { $0  "\n" }              }          let data:String  getData()              func search(query:(String, Int)) -> String              {                  let recs:String  data.filter { $0.hasPrefix(query.0) }  // filter - where data records match key               // var cols:String  recs.map { split( split($0) { $0  ":" }1 ) { $0  "," } }  // 1  "array index out of range" error if record is empty                  var cols:String  recs.map { split( split($0, { $0  ":" }, maxSplit:Int.max, allowEmptySlices:true)1 ) { $0  "," } }                  cols  cols.filter { $0.count > query.1 }         // filter - where records column count > search index                  var results:String  cols.map { $0query.1-1 }  // get column by index, return data rows                  return results              }              func searchQueries() -> (String, Int)  // array of tuples              {                  return ("A", 1), // key, column index                          ("A", 2),                          ("A", 3),                          ("A", 4),                          ("B", 2),                          ("C", 1),                          ("C", 2),                          ("F", 1);              }          for q:(String, Int) in searchQueries()          {              var results:String  search(q)              for x in results              {                  println(x)              }           }      }      // output      a1      a2      a3      b2      b20      c1  //--------------------------------    get unique objects from array by name, then by max date      // file: Foo.swift      import Foundation            class Foo {                    var name: String          var id: Int          var date: NSDate                    init(name:String, id:Int, date:NSDate) {              self.name  name              self.id  id              self.date  date          }      }            extension Foo: Comparable, Equatable { }                    func <(lhs:Foo, rhs:Foo) -> Bool {              return lhs.date.compare(rhs.date)  NSComparisonResult.OrderedAscending          }                    func (lhs:Foo, rhs:Foo) -> Bool {              return lhs.name  rhs.name          }                        // file: FooSet.swift      // Set Class by Kametrixom http://stackoverflow.com/questions/24044190/how-to-create-array-of-unique-object-list-in-swift      //       class Set<T: Equatable> {                    var items:T                      func add(item:T) {              if !contains(items, { $0  item }) {                  items.append(item)              }          }      }                  // file: FooViewController.swift      func debugFoo() {                            func getFooData() -> Foo {                  var i  0                      func getRandomFooName() -> String {                          return (arc4random_uniform(2) % 2)  1 ? "Foo" : "Bar"  // mod                      }                                            func getRandomFooDate() -> NSDate {                          let secondsPerDay  86400                          let dayRange:UInt32  30                          var randomTimeOffset  Double((Int(arc4random_uniform(dayRange)) * secondsPerDay) + (i * 1))                                                    return NSDate().dateByAddingTimeInterval(-randomTimeOffset)                      }                                                      var fooData  Foo()                  for (i  0; i < 10; i++) {                      let foo  Foo(name: getRandomFooName(), id: i, date: getRandomFooDate())                      fooData.append(foo)                  }                                    return fooData              }                                          func printFoos(a_foos: Foo) {                      func formatDate(a_date:NSDate) -> String {                          var df  NSDateFormatter()                          df.dateFormat  "MM-dd-yy HH:mm:ss"                          df.timeZone  NSTimeZone.localTimeZone()                                                    return df.stringFromDate(a_date)                      }                                                      println("\n\n----------------")                  for foo in a_foos {                      println("\(foo.name), id: \(foo.id), date: \(formatDate(foo.date))")                  }              }                                          func printMaxFoo(a_foos:Foo) {                  let maxFoo  maxElement(a_foos)                  printFoos(maxFoo)  // one element array              }                                          func printSortedFoos(a_foos:Foo) {                  let sortedFoos  sorted(a_foos)                  printFoos(sortedFoos)              }                                          func getSetFromArray(a_foos:Foo) -> Set<Foo> {                  var fooSet  Set<Foo>()                                    for foo in a_foos {                      fooSet.add(foo)                  }                                    return fooSet              }                              let foos:Foo  getFooData()          printFoos(foos)          printSortedFoos(foos)          printMaxFoo(foos)                    let fooSet:Set<Foo>  getSetFromArray(foos)          printFoos(fooSet.items)                    // loop thru the foo set and filter the foos array using the set element to find the matching max foo          var maxFoos  Foo()          for foo in fooSet.items {              maxFoos.append(maxElement((foos.filter({ $0  foo }))))          }                    printFoos(maxFoos)      }                  // output      // raw data      ----------------      Bar, id: 0, date: 10-29-14 19:42:17      Foo, id: 1, date: 10-21-14 19:42:16      Foo, id: 2, date: 10-16-14 19:42:15      Foo, id: 3, date: 11-02-14 18:42:14  // standard time diff      Bar, id: 4, date: 10-22-14 19:42:13      Foo, id: 5, date: 10-20-14 19:42:12      Bar, id: 6, date: 10-11-14 19:42:11      Bar, id: 7, date: 10-26-14 19:42:10      Foo, id: 8, date: 10-17-14 19:42:09      Foo, id: 9, date: 10-20-14 19:42:08      // sorted data      ----------------      Bar, id: 6, date: 10-11-14 19:42:11      Foo, id: 2, date: 10-16-14 19:42:15      Foo, id: 8, date: 10-17-14 19:42:09      Foo, id: 9, date: 10-20-14 19:42:08      Foo, id: 5, date: 10-20-14 19:42:12      Foo, id: 1, date: 10-21-14 19:42:16      Bar, id: 4, date: 10-22-14 19:42:13      Bar, id: 7, date: 10-26-14 19:42:10      Bar, id: 0, date: 10-29-14 19:42:17      Foo, id: 3, date: 11-02-14 18:42:14      // max foo      ----------------      Foo, id: 3, date: 11-02-14 18:42:14      // set data      ----------------      Bar, id: 0, date: 10-29-14 19:42:17      Foo, id: 1, date: 10-21-14 19:42:16      // unique foo by name, then by max date      ----------------      Bar, id: 0, date: 10-29-14 19:42:17      Foo, id: 3, date: 11-02-14 18:42:14  //--------------------------------    sort string array, Swift 3      let names  "foo", "bar", "", " ", "abc"      let sortedNames  names.sorted()                     // names.sorted() { $0 < $1 }                     // names.sorted(by: <)                     // names.sorted(by: { $0 < $1 })                     // names.sorted(by: { (s1: String, s2: String) -> Bool in return s1 < s2 })      for name in sortedNames {          "'\(name)'" |> p    // '' ' ' 'abc' 'bar' 'foo'      }  //--------------------------------    print unicode chars, Swift 4      let dog: Character  "\u{1F436}"      "animal farm: \(dog) \u{1F431} \u{1F638} \u{1F414} \u{1F42E}" |> p  // 🐶 🐱 😸 🐔 🐮  //--------------------------------    print number string, Swift 4      import Foundation      var s   String()      var ms  String()  // mod string      for x in 1...20 {          s  + "\(x),"      // 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,          ms + "\(x % 10)"  // 12345678901234567890      }      let r: Range<String.Index>  s.startIndex..<s.index(before: s.endIndex)  // range up to last char ","      let ss1  String(sr)                                                   // substring, subscript range to remove last char                1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20      let ss2  s..<s.index(s.endIndex, offsetBy: -1)                        // alt, substring, subscript range to remove last char w/offset  1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20  //--------------------------------    uuids, Swift 3      import Foundation      let uid  UUID()      uid.uuidString |> p  // 00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000      let buffSize  16      var bytes: UnsafeMutablePointer<UInt8>  UnsafeMutablePointer.allocate(capacity: buffSize)      (uid as NSUUID).getBytes(UnsafeMutablePointer(bytes))      for i in 0..<buffSize {          "\(bytesi) " |> p  // 4 98 113 71 54 71 70 187 161 54 82 147 74 33 226 33      }      bytes.deallocate(capacity: buffSize)  //--------------------------------    string to bytes, Swift 3      import Foundation      // String -> bytes      let s  "swift"      let b: (UInt8)  Array(s.utf8)  // UInt8(s.utf8)      b |> p  // 115, 119, 105, 102, 116      // NSString -> NSData -> bytes      let d: Data  ("swift" as NSString).data(using: String.Encoding.utf8.rawValue)!      var b1: (UInt8)  Array(repeating: 0, count: d.count)    // 7 values, 0..6  0                       // UInt8(repeating: 0, count: d.count)      (d as NSData).getBytes(&b1, length: d.count)  // copy data bytes into buffer      b1 |> p  // 115, 119, 105, 102, 116  //--------------------------------    decode url, Swift 3      func decodeURL(_ url: String) -> String {          return (url as NSString).replacingOccurrences(of: "%20", with: " ")      }      decodeURL("foo%20bar")  //--------------------------------    download url        - to test non-secure http endpoints disable App Transport Security restrictions for all network connections      info.plist: NSAppTransportSecurity > NSAllowsArbitraryLoads : YES            func syncDownloadString(_ url: URL) {          do {              let html  try NSString(contentsOf: url, encoding: String.Encoding.utf8.rawValue) as String              logHtml(html, url)          }          catch {              error |> log          }      }            func asyncDownloadString(_ url: URL) {          DispatchQueue.global().async {                            do {                  let html  try NSString(contentsOf: url, encoding: String.Encoding.utf8.rawValue) as String                                    DispatchQueue.main.async(execute: DispatchWorkItem {                      self.logHtml(html, url)                  })              }              catch {                  error |> log              }                        }      }            func sessionDataTask(_ url: URL) {          let task  URLSession.shared.dataTask(with: url,                                                completionHandler: { (data: Data?, urlResponse: URLResponse?, error: Error?) -> Void in                            if let error  error {                  error |> p              }              else {                  let statusCode: Int  (urlResponse as! HTTPURLResponse).statusCode                  let html  String(data: data!, encoding: String.Encoding.utf8)! as String                                    DispatchQueue.main.async(execute: DispatchWorkItem {                                            self.logHtml(html, url, statusCode)                                        })              }          })                    task.resume()      }                  // async await      //       Button("Download") {          Task {              let url  URL(string: "https://localhost:8443")!                            try await asyncAwaitDownload(url)          }      }            func asyncAwaitDownload(_ url: URL) async throws {          let result: (data: Data, response: URLResponse)  try await URLSession.shared.data(from: url)                    let statusCode: Int  (result.response as! HTTPURLResponse).statusCode          let html  String(data: result.data, encoding: String.Encoding.utf8)! as String                    self.logHtml(html, url, statusCode)      }                  func logHtml(_ html: String, _ url: URL, _ statusCode: Int?  nil) {          """url: \(url.absoluteString)sc:  \(String(describing: statusCode))\(html)"""          |> log                }          //--------------------------------    average, Swift 3      let add: (Int, Int) -> Int  { x, y in x + y }      func average(_ numbers: Int...) -> Float { let sum  numbers.reduce(0, add);                                  return Float(sum) / Float(numbers.count) }      func average(_ numbers: Int...) -> Float { let sum  numbers.reduce(0) { (x: Int, y: Int) -> Int in x + y };  return Float(sum) / Float(numbers.count) }      func average(_ numbers: Int...) -> Float { let sum  numbers.reduce(0) { $0 + $1 };                           return Float(sum) / Float(numbers.count) }      func average(_ numbers: Int...) -> Float { let sum  numbers.reduce(0, +);                                    return Float(sum) / Float(numbers.count) }      average(1, 2, 3)  // 2.0      let a: Array<Int>  1, 2, 3      apply(average, a)  // 2.0      // apply func from Matt Bradley's blog post "The Missing Apply Function in Swift"      // https://www.drivenbycode.com/the-missing-apply-function-in-swift      func apply<T, U>(_ fn: (T...) -> U, _ args: T) -> U {          typealias FunctionType  (T) -> U          return unsafeBitCast(fn, to: FunctionType.self)(args)      }  //--------------------------------    unique words, count    Swift 1.2 has Set data struct      let input  "FOO bar bar foo 123"      let data  input.componentsSeparatedByCharactersInSet(NSCharacterSet.whitespaceCharacterSet())      let uniqueWords  Set(data)  // string set elements are case-sensitive            println("count: \(uniqueWords.count)")  // 4            for word in uniqueWords {          println("\(word)")      }                  // output      foo      123      bar      FOO          //--------------------------------    swift algorithms    https://github.com/apple/swift-algorithms            - Combinations            // Collection extension      //       // func combinations(ofCount k: Int) -> CombinationsSequence<Self>      //       // Returns a sequence of all the different combinations of a collection’s elements      // with each combination in the order of the original collection.            import Algorithms            let fenCastling  "k", "q", "K", "Q"      let combos: Array<String>  combos(fenCastling)            combos.flatMap { combo in                         combo                     }            .sorted(by: { c1, c2 in                            if (c1.count  c2.count) {       // 1. sort by string length                                return c1 < c2                // 2. sort by string, asc <                            }                            else {                                return c1.count > c2.count    // sort by string length, desc >                            }                        })            .forEach { combo in                         combo |> p  //                     }      }            func combos(_ data: Array<String>) -> Array<String> {          let range: ClosedRange<Int>  (1...data.count)                    let sortAndJoin: (Array<String>) -> String  { cd in  // map closure              let combo: String  cd.sorted().joined()              return combo          }                                                  // algorithm                                        //           let combos: Array<String>  data.combinations(ofCount: range).map(sortAndJoin)                    return combos      }                  // output      // combos()  sort and print         k         KQkq         q         KQk          K         KQq          Q         Kkq          kq        Qkq          Kk        KQ           Qk        Kk           Kq        Kq           Qq        Qk           KQ        Qq           Kkq       kq           Qkq       K            KQk       Q            KQq       k            KQkq      q                 //--------------------------------    crypto            import CryptoKit            let s  "foo"      let data: Data  s.data(using: String.Encoding.utf8)!            let hash: SHA512.Digest  CryptoKit.SHA512.hash(data: data)                  "input  '\(s)'"              |> p    // 'foo'      "output \(hash.description)" |> p    // SHA512 digest: f7fbba6e0636f890e56fbbf3283e524c6fa3204ae298382d624741d0dc6638326e282c41be5e4254d8820772c5518a2c5a8c0c7f7eda19594a7eb539453e1ed7      SHA512.Digest.byteCount      |> p    // 64            let hashdata: Array<String>  hash.map { (byte: UInt8) in                                                 let hex  String(format: "%02x", byte)  // byte to hex                                                 return hex                                             }            hashdata.joined()               |> p      hashdata.joined(separator: " ") |> p            // f7fbba6e0636f890e56fbbf3283e524c6fa3204ae298382d624741d0dc6638326e282c41be5e4254d8820772c5518a2c5a8c0c7f7eda19594a7eb539453e1ed7      // f7 fb ba 6e 06 36 f8 90 e5 6f bb f3 28 3e 52 4c 6f a3 20 4a e2 98 38 2d 62 47 41 d0 dc 66 38 32 6e 28 2c 41 be 5e 42 54 d8 82 07 72 c5 51 8a 2c 5a 8c 0c 7f 7e da 19 59 4a 7e b5 39 45 3e 1e d7          //--------------------------------    c apis    https://developer.apple.com/library/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/BuildingCocoaApps/InteractingWithCAPIs.html      // file: foo.h      #ifndef fooApp__foo__      #define fooApp__foo__      const char foo  "foo";      const char * bar  "bar";      char * getCheezburger();      #endif      // file: foo.c      #include "foo.h"      char * getCheezburger() {          return "cheezburger!";      }      // file: fooApp-bridging-header.h      // import target public headers to expose to Swift      #import "foo.h"      // file: main.swift      import Foundation      // foo char array is tuple (Int8, Int8, Int8, Int8)      println(foo)  // (102, 111, 111, 0)      // iterate func by dankogai http://stackoverflow.com/users/1588574/dankogai      // http://stackoverflow.com/questions/24299045/any-way-to-iterate-a-tuple-in-swift      func iterate<C,R>(t:C, block:(Any)->R) {          let mirror  reflect(t)          for i in 0..<mirror.count {              block(mirrori.1.value)          }      }      // iterate tuple (foo char array)      iterate(foo) {          print( String(UnicodeScalar((("\($0)") as String).toInt()!)) )  // foo      }      println()      var _bar:UnsafePointer<Int8>  bar  // bar char pointer      println(_bar)                       // 0x00000000      println(String.fromCString(_bar)!)  // bar      var cb:UnsafeMutablePointer<CChar>  getCheezburger()  // typealias CChar  Int8      println(String.fromCString(cb)!)                       // cheezburger!- OpenGL  - OpenGL GPU Compatibility    iOS   OpenGL ES  https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/DeviceInformation/Reference/iOSDeviceCompatibility/HardwareGPUInformation/HardwareGPUInformation.html    macOS OpenGL/CL  https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT202823  - EAGL Version      // Swift 4      var major: UInt32  0      var minor: UInt32  0      EAGLGetVersion(&major, &minor)      print("EAGL version: \(major).\(minor)")  // 1.0      // OC      uint major, minor;      EAGLGetVersion(&major, &minor);      NSLog(@"EAGL version: %d.%d", major, minor);  // 1.0  - Upgrade iOS Game to OpenGL ES 3    1. Update vertex shader program    2. Update fragment shader program    3. Init the EAGLContext with OpenGL ES version 3      // 1. file: shader.vsh      #version 300 es      in vec4 position;      in vec3 normal;      out lowp vec4 colorVarying;      uniform mat4 modelViewProjectionMatrix;      uniform mat3 normalMatrix;      void main() {          vec3 eyeNormal  normalize(normalMatrix * normal);          vec3 lightPosition  vec3(0.0, 0.0, 1.0);          vec4 diffuseColor  vec4(0.4, 0.4, 1.0, 1.0);          float nDotVP  max(0.0, dot(eyeNormal, normalize(lightPosition)));          colorVarying  diffuseColor * nDotVP;          gl_Position  modelViewProjectionMatrix * position;      }      // 2. file: shader.fsh      #version 300 es      in lowp vec4 colorVarying;      out lowp vec4 fragmentColor;      void main() {          fragmentColor  colorVarying;      }      // 3. file: gameViewController.swift/m      self.context  EAGLContext(api: .openGLES3)                                   // Swift 4      self.context  EAGLContext alloc initWithAPI:kEAGLRenderingAPIOpenGLES3;  // OC  - OpenGL Version Info    Also available in debug capture GPU frame context info      print("vendor: \(String(cString: unsafeBitCast(glGetString(GLenum(GL_VENDOR)), to: UnsafePointer<CChar>.self)))")  // Swift 4      printf("vendor: %s", (char *)glGetString(GL_VENDOR));                                                              // OC        GL_VENDOR      Apple Inc.        GL_RENDERER    Apple A8   GPU   iphone 6/6+                       Apple A8X  GPU   ipad air 2                       Apple A9   GPU   iphone 6s/6s+                       Apple A9X  GPU   ipad pro                       Apple A10  GPU   iphone 7/7+                       Apple A10X GPU   ipad pro 2017                       Apple A11  GPU   iphone 8/8+/X        GL_VERSION     OpenGL ES 3.0 Apple A8X GPU - 75.11.5                       OpenGL ES 3.0 Apple A9  GPU - 75.11.5                       OpenGL ES 3.0 Apple A9X GPU - 75.11.5                       OpenGL ES 3.0 Metal         - 33         A9X/A10  iOS 10                       OpenGL ES 3.0 Metal         - 52.1.2     A10X/A11 iOS 11        GL_SHADING_LANGUAGE_VERSION    OpenGL ES GLSL ES 3.00  - OpenGL ES 3 Extensions    Also available in debug capture GPU frame context info      #import <OpenGLES/ES3/gl.h>      int count  0;      glGetIntegerv(GL_NUM_EXTENSIONS, &count);      NSLog(@"count: %d", count);  // 19      NSMutableArray * extensions  NSMutableArray array;      for (int i  0; i < count; i++)      {          char * ext  (char *)glGetStringi(GL_EXTENSIONS, i);          extensions addObject: NSString stringWithUTF8String:ext;      }      for (NSString * ext in extensions sortedArrayUsingSelector:@selector(caseInsensitiveCompare:))      {          NSLog(@"%@", ext);      }      // output      GL_APPLE_clip_distance      GL_APPLE_color_buffer_packed_float      GL_APPLE_copy_texture_levels      GL_APPLE_rgb_422      GL_APPLE_texture_format_BGRA8888      GL_EXT_color_buffer_half_float      GL_EXT_debug_label      GL_EXT_debug_marker      GL_EXT_pvrtc_sRGB      GL_EXT_read_format_bgra      GL_EXT_separate_shader_objects      GL_EXT_shader_framebuffer_fetch      GL_EXT_shader_texture_lod      GL_EXT_shadow_samplers      GL_EXT_texture_filter_anisotropic      GL_IMG_read_format      GL_IMG_texture_compression_pvrtc      GL_KHR_texture_compression_astc_ldr      GL_OES_standard_derivatives  - OpenGL Active Uniforms      GLchar * name;      GLint    nameBufSize;      GLsizei  nameLength;      GLint count, loc, size;      GLenum type;      glGetProgramiv(_program, GL_ACTIVE_UNIFORM_MAX_LENGTH, &nameBufSize);      name  (GLchar *)malloc(nameBufSize);      glGetProgramiv(_program, GL_ACTIVE_UNIFORMS, &count);      printf("uniform count: %d\n", count);      for (int i  0; i < count; i++)      {          glGetActiveUniform(_program, i, nameBufSize, &nameLength, &size, &type, name);          loc  glGetUniformLocation(_program, name);          printf("%d. loc: %d, name: %s, type: 0x%02x/%d, size: %d, len: %d\n", (i + 1), loc, name, type, type, size, nameLength);      }      free(name);                  // output      uniform count: 2      1. loc: 0, name: modelViewProjectionMatrix, type: 0x8b5c/35676, size: 1, len: 25  // type GL_FLOAT_MAT4 (GLKMatrix4)      2. loc: 4, name: normalMatrix, type: 0x8b5b/35675, size: 1, len: 12               //      GL_FLOAT_MAT3 (GLKMatrix3)- Sprite Kit  - Scene Frame Animation Loop Methods    https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/GraphicsAnimation/Conceptual/SpriteKit_PG/Actions/Actions.html      - SKScene              - SKSceneDelegate protocol        update:                update:forScene:               (NSTimeInterval)currentTime (SKScene *)scene        didEvaluateActions     didEvaluateActionsForScene:        didSimulatePhysics     didSimulatePhysicsForScene:        didApplyConstraints    didApplyConstraintsForScene:        didFinishUpdate        didFinishUpdateForScene:      - scene frame processing        update:        // execute actions and animations        didEvaluateActions        // simulate physics        didSimulatePhysics        // apply constraints        didApplyConstraints        didFinishUpdate        // render and display updated content  - SKPhysicsContactDelegate Protocol    Implement to receive messages when 2 physics bodies begin or end contact      -(void)didBeginContact:(SKPhysicsContact *)contact      {          NSLog(@"a: %@", contact.bodyA);          NSLog(@"b: %@", contact.bodyB);      }  - SKPhysicsBody -allContactedBodies    Use to check if any nodes of interest are in contact      -(void)didSimulatePhysics      {          NSArray * nodes  currentNode.physicsBody allContactedBodies;          if (nodes.count > 1)  // if nodes count > 1 then 3 or more nodes are in contact          {              for (SKNode * n in nodes)              {                  //              }          }      }  - Debug Frame Updates Every n Seconds      -(void)update:(NSTimeInterval)currentTime      {              void (^debugFrame)(float)  ^(float interval)              {                  static NSTimeInterval lastUpdateTime  0;                  if (lastUpdateTime  0)                  {                      lastUpdateTime  currentTime;                  }                  NSTimeInterval delta  (currentTime - lastUpdateTime);                  if (delta  0 || delta > interval)                  {                      lastUpdateTime  currentTime;                      // ...                  }              };          debugFrame(0.5f);      }      // NSDate * debugFrameTimer;  // ivar      -(void)didSimulatePhysics      {              void (^debugFrame)(float)  ^(float interval)              {                  if ((debugFrameTimer  nil) || (debugFrameTimer.timeIntervalSinceNow < -interval))                  {                      debugFrameTimer  NSDate date;                      // ...                  }              };          debugFrame(0.5f);      }  - Load SKTexture with Size      NSString * filePath  NSBundle mainBundle pathForResource:@"foo" ofType:@"png"      NSImage * image  NSImage alloc initWithContentsOfFile:filePath;      NSData * data  image TIFFRepresentation;      NSImageRep * rep  image representations0;      CGSize size  CGSizeMake(rep.pixelsWide, rep.pixelsHigh);  // actual image dimensions      SKTexture * texture  SKTexture textureWithData:data size:size;      SKSpriteNode * sprite  SKSpriteNode spriteNodeWithTexture:texture;  - TV Noise Shader with SKShader (OpenGL ES 2)      -(void)touchesBegan: (NSSet *)touches withEvent: (UIEvent *)event {          CGPoint location  touches anyObject locationInNode: self;                    SKShader * shader  SKShader shaderWithFileNamed: @"noise.fsh";          SKUniform * u_red  SKUniform uniformWithName: @"u_red" float: 0.20f;          shader addUniform: u_red;                    SKShapeNode * node  SKShapeNode shapeNodeWithRectOfSize: CGSizeMake(400, 300);          node.position  location;          node.fillShader  shader;                    self addChild:node;      }      // fragment shader file: noise.fsh      //       void main() {          highp float a   12.9898;          highp float b   78.233;          highp float c   43758.5453;          highp float dt  dot(v_tex_coord.xy, vec2(a, b));          highp float sn  (dt * u_time);          highp float n   fract(sin(sn) * c);                 // gl_FragColor  vec4(n, n, n, 1.0);          gl_FragColor  vec4(u_red, n, n, 1.0);      }- Scene Kit  - Node Transformation Properties      constraints     NSArray *      non-animatable      eulerAngles     SCNVector3     orientation as roll, yaw, and pitch angles      orientation     SCNQuaternion      pivot           SCNMatrix4     pivot point for position, rotation, and scale      position        SCNVector3      rotation        SCNVector4     orientation as a rotation angle about an axis      scale           SCNVector3      transform       SCNMatrix4      worldTransform  SCNMatrix4     read-only, non-animatable  - Scene Frame Animation Loop Methods    https://developer.apple.com/reference/scenekit/scnscenerendererdelegate      - SCNSceneRendererDelegate protocol        renderer:updateAtTime:                (id<SCNSceneRenderer>)aRenderer (NSTimeInterval)time        renderer:didApplyAnimationsAtTime:        renderer:didSimulatePhysicsAtTime:        renderer:willRenderScene:atTime:      (SCNScene *)scene        renderer:didRenderScene:atTime:      - scene frame processing        renderer:updateAtTime:        // execute actions and animations        renderer:didApplyAnimationsAtTime:        // simulate physics        renderer:didSimulatePhysicsAtTime:        // apply constraints        renderer:willRenderScene:atTime:        // render scene        renderer:didRenderScene:atTime:  - Determining Viewable Nodes      // SCNSceneRenderer protocol      if (aRenderer isNodeInsideFrustum:node withPointOfView:cameraNode)      {          NSLog(@"node visible");      }      else      {          NSLog(@"...");      }  - Modify Node-Copy Geometry and Material    Copied nodes share attributes, so copy geometry and material before mutating      SCNNode * debugNode  node copy;      debugNode.geometry  node.geometry copy;      debugNode.geometry.firstMaterial  node.geometry.firstMaterial copy;      debugNode.geometry.firstMaterial.diffuse.contents  UIColor redColor;      ((SCNPlane *)debugNode.geometry).widthSegmentCount  10;  // add detail      debugNode.position  SCNVector3Make(2.5, 0, 0);  // offset      scene.rootNode addChildNode:debugNode;  - Bananas Scene Kit Demo: Use a SCNLookAtConstraint to have monkeys look at player      // add head node property to SkinnedCharacter interface, monkey heads will look at player head      @property (nonatomic) SCNNode * head;      // set head nodes in char create, names are defined in dae file      self.playerCharacter  PlayerCharacter alloc initWithNode:characterRootNode;      self.playerCharacter.head  self.playerCharacter childNodeWithName:@"Bip001_Head" recursively:YES;      MonkeyCharacter * monkey  MonkeyCharacter alloc initWithNode:monkeyRootNode;      monkey.head  monkey childNodeWithName:@"Bone_Head" recursively:YES;      // in monkey update frame, set look-at-constraint based on distance and interact range      const CGFloat interactRange  1050;      CGFloat distanceToCharacter  GLKVector3Distance(SCNVector3ToGLKVector3(playerCharacter.position), position);      self.head.constraints  (distanceToCharacter < interactRange) ? @ SCNLookAtConstraint lookAtConstraintWithTarget:playerCharacter.head  : nil;  - Bananas Scene Kit Demo: Clone explorer w/o animations        PlayerCharacter * clone  self.playerCharacter clone;        clone.position  SCNVector3Make(clone.position.x + 100, clone.position.y, clone.position.z);        clone.geometry  self.playerCharacter.geometry copy;        clone.mainSkeleton  self.playerCharacter.mainSkeleton copy;        clone enumerateChildNodesUsingBlock:^(SCNNode * child, BOOL * stop)        {            if (child.skinner)            {                child.skinner.skeleton removeAllAnimations;                *stop  YES;            }        };        /* alt        SCNNode * n  clone childNodeWithName:@"explorer" recursively:YES;        n.skinner.skeleton removeAllAnimations; */        self.rootNode addChildNode:clone;  - Hit Test      // SCNSceneRenderer protocol      // (NSArray *)hitTest:(CGPoint)thePoint options:(NSDictionary *)options      -(void)tap:(UIGestureRecognizer *)gestureRecognize      {          SCNView * view  (SCNView *)self.view;          CGPoint tp  gestureRecognize locationInView:view;          NSArray * hitTestResults  view hitTest:tp options:nil;          hitTestResults enumerateObjectsUsingBlock:^(id obj, NSUInteger idx, BOOL * stop)          {              SCNHitTestResult * result  (SCNHitTestResult *)obj;              SCNNode * node  result.node;              printNode(node);         };      }  - JavaScript Bridge, JavaScript Core Framework      #import <JavaScriptCore/JavaScript.h>      #import <JavaScriptCore/JSContext.h>      #import <SceneKit/SCNJavascript.h>      // setup light node      SCNNode * light  SCNNode node;      light.light  SCNLight light;      light.light.type  SCNLightTypeOmni;      light.light.color  UIColor redColor;      light.position  SCNVector3Make(10, 10, 10);      scene.rootNode addChildNode:light;      // control light node via javascript      JSContext * ctx  JSContext alloc initWithVirtualMachine:JSVirtualMachine new;      SCNExportJavaScriptModule(ctx);      ctx.globalObject@"jsLight"  light;      // use evaluateScript to print, debug, and modify values, returns the last value generated by script      // get current light type      JSValue * jval  ctx evaluateScript:@"jsLight.light.type";      NSLog(@"%@", jval);  // omni      // set light type to ambient and color white      NSString * js  @"jsLight.light.type  'ambient'; \                        jsLight.light.color  SCNColor.color(1, 1, 1, 1);";      jval  ctx evaluateScript:js;      NSLog(@"%@", jval);  // UIDeviceRGBColorSpace 1 1 1 1- Double-Precision Literal Defines    usr/include/math.h    e           M_E         2.71 828182845904523536028747135266250    log2(e)     M_LOG2E     1.44 269504088896340735992468100189214    log10(e)    M_LOG10E    0.43 4294481903251827651128918916605082    loge(2)     M_LN2       0.69 3147180559945309417232121458176568    loge(10)    M_LN10      2.30 258509299404568401799145468436421    pi          M_PI        3.14 159265358979323846264338327950288    pi/2        M_PI_2      1.57 079632679489661923132169163975144    pi/4        M_PI_4      0.78 5398163397448309615660845819875721    1/pi        M_1_PI      0.31 8309886183790671537767526745028724    2/pi        M_2_PI      0.63 6619772367581343075535053490057448    2/sqrt(pi)  M_2_SQRTPI  1.12 837916709551257389615890312154517    sqrt(2)     M_SQRT2     1.41 421356237309504880168872420969808    1/sqrt(2)   M_SQRT1_2   0.70 7106781186547524400844362104849039- Core Foundation    typedef const CF_BRIDGED_TYPE(id) void * CFTypeRef;    typedef const struct CF_BRIDGED_TYPE(NSString)                __CFString * CFStringRef;    typedef       struct CF_BRIDGED_MUTABLE_TYPE(NSMutableString) __CFString * CFMutableStringRef;    toll-free bridging                                                 transfer of ownership    __bridge           CF <-> F   transfer a pointer between F and CF  none    __bridge_transfer  CF  -> F   moves a CF pointer to an F pointer   transfers ownership to ARC    __bridge_retained  F   -> CF  casts an F pointer to a CF pointer   transfers ownership to caller, must call CFRelease()    __bridge_transfer  CFBridgingRelease()  CF -> F    __bridge_retained  CFBridgingRetain()   F  -> CF                                                     (__bridge T)                    // CF <-> F                                                     (__bridge void *)               // CF <-> F    id        CFBridgingRelease(CFTypeRef X)  return (__bridge_transfer id)X         // CF  -> F    CFTypeRef CFBridgingRetain(id X)          return (__bridge_retained CFTypeRef)X  // F   -> CF    CFShow(CFSTR("foo"));    CFUUIDRef uid  CFUUIDCreate(kCFAllocatorDefault);    CFShow(uid);  // <CFUUID 0x00000000> 7E67C7A8-7DB3-4B80-AD0B-6C7E6E15A858    CFRelease(uid);- CoreGraphics/CGBase.h    typedef float CGFloat;   // 32-bit    typedef double CGFloat;  // 64-bit- CoreGraphics/CGGeometry.h    struct CGPoint    {        CGFloat x, y;    }    struct CGRect    {        CGPoint origin;        CGSize size;    }    struct CGSize    {        CGFloat width, height;    }    struct CGVector    {        CGFloat dx, dy;    }- CoreGraphics/CGAffineTransform.h    struct CGAffineTransform    {        CGFloat a,  b,                c,  d,                tx, ty;    }        a  b  0        c  d  0        tx ty 1    CGAffineTransformIdentity- CoreMotion/CMAttitude.h    struct CMRotationMatrix    {        double m11, m12, m13;               m21, m22, m23;               m31, m32, m33;    }    // q.x*i + q.y*j + q.z*k + q.w    struct CMQuaternion    {        double x, y, z, w;    }- CoreMotion/CMDeviceMotion.h    CMDeviceMotion: CMLogItem- CoreMotion/CMMotionManager.h    CMMotionManager- GameController/GCController.h    GCController- GameController/GCMotion.h    GCMotion    // 3-axis rotation rate data    struct GCRotationRate    {        double x, y, z;    }    // q.x*i + q.y*j + q.z*k + q.w    struct GCQuaternion    {        double x, y, z, w;    }- GLKit/GLKMathTypes.h    union GLKMatrix2    {        struct        {            float m00, m01;                  m10, m11;        }        float m222;        float m4;    }    union GLKMatrix3    {        struct        {            float m00, m01, m02;                  m10, m11, m12;                  m20, m21, m22;        }        float m9;    }    union GLKMatrix4    {        struct        {            float m00, m01, m02, m03;                  m10, m11, m12, m13;                  m20, m21, m22, m23;                  m30, m31, m32, m33;        }        float m16;    }    union GLKVector2    {        struct { float x, y; }        float v2;    }    union GLKVector3    {        struct { float x, y, z; }        float v3;    }    union GLKVector4    {        struct { float x, y, z, w; }        float v4;    }    union GLKQuaternion    {        struct        {            GLKVector3 v;            float s;  // scalar component        }        struct { float x, y, z, w; }        float q4;    }- GLKit/GLKMatrix3.h    GLKMatrix3Identity- GLKit/GLKMatrix4.h    GLKMatrix4Identity- GLKit/GLKMatrixStack.h    struct _GLKMatrixStack * GLKMatrixStackRef  // 4x4 matrices- QuartzCore/CATransform3D.h    struct CATransform3D    {        CGFloat m11, m12, m13, m14;                m21, m22, m23, m24;                m31, m32, m33, m34;                m41, m42, m43, m44;    }    CATransform3DIdentity- SceneKit/SceneKitTypes.h    struct SCNMatrix4    {        float m11, m12, m13, m14;              m21, m22, m23, m24;              m31, m32, m33, m34;              m41, m42, m43, m44;    }    SCNMatrix4Identity    struct SCNVector3    {        float x, y, z;    }    struct SCNVector4    {        float x, y, z, w;    }    // scene kit uses unit quaternions for node orientation, where quaternion components satisfy the equation: x*x + y*y + z*z + w*w  1    SCNVector4 SCNQuaternion- SIMD/matrix_types.h    matrix_float2x2    matrix_float3x3    matrix_float4x4- SIMD/matrix.h    matrix_identity_float3x3    matrix_identity_float4x4  {{ (0  1, 1  0, 2  0, 3  0)                                 (0  0, 1  1, 2  0, 3  0)                                 (0  0, 1  0, 2  1, 3  0)                                 (0  0, 1  0, 2  0, 3  1) }}- SIMD/vector_types.h    vector_float2    vector_float3    vector_float4    vector_int2    vector_int3    vector_int4- GLKit, Scene Kit, SIMD Conversions    - SceneKit/SceneKit_simd.h      scene kit to simd        SCNMatrix4ToMat4        SCNMatrix4FromMat4        SCNVector3ToFloat3        SCNVector4ToFloat4        SCNVector3FromFloat3        SCNVector4FromFloat4    - SceneKit/SceneKitTypes.h      scene kit to glkit        SCNMatrix4FromGLKMatrix4        SCNMatrix4ToGLKMatrix4        SCNVector3FromGLKVector3        SCNVector3ToGLKVector3        SCNVector4FromGLKVector4        SCNVector4ToGLKVector4    - GLKit/GLKMathUtils.h        GLKMathDegreesToRadians        GLKMathRadiansToDegrees        NSStringFromGLKMatrix2        NSStringFromGLKMatrix3        NSStringFromGLKMatrix4        NSStringFromGLKVector2        NSStringFromGLKVector3        NSStringFromGLKVector4        NSStringFromGLKQuaternion- OC  //--------------------------------      typedef NS_ENUM(NSInteger, FooType) {          None,          Foo,          Bar      };  //--------------------------------    debug      // file: main.m      NSLog(@"app start, in %s %d %s %s", __FILE__, __LINE__, __PRETTY_FUNCTION__, __FUNCTION__);               // /users/db/app/app/main.m 15 int main(int, char **) main      NSString * appDir  (NSSearchPathForDirectoriesInDomains(NSDocumentDirectory, NSAllDomainsMask, YES)0)  // /var/mobile/containers/data/application/<uid>/documents                          .stringByDeletingLastPathComponent;                                                   // /var/mobile/containers/data/application/<uid>                                                                                                                // /users/db/library/developer/coresimulator/devices/<uid>/data/containers/data/application/<uid>      NSLog(@"app dir: %@", appDir);      NSLog(@"app bundle id: %@", NSBundle mainBundle.bundleIdentifier);                                      // com.expressionSoftware.app          //--------------------------------    blocks    http://goshdarnblocksyntax.com      //         void (^b)(void)  ^(void) {      //         void (^b)(void)  ^() {      //         void (^b)()      ^() {      //         void (^b)()      ^{      // typedef void (^dispatch_block_t)(void);                 dispatch_block_t b  ^{                     NSLog(@"1");                 };                 b();      //         void (^b)(NSString *)  ^(NSString * s) {         typedef void (^b_t)(NSString *);                 b_t b  ^(NSString * s) {                     NSLog(@"%@", s);                 };                 b(@"2");      //         int (^b)()  ^{         typedef int (^b_t)();                 b_t b  ^{                     return 3;                 };                 NSLog(@"%d", b());      //         NSString * (^b)(NSString *)  ^(NSString * s) {         typedef NSString * (^b_t)(NSString *);                 b_t b  ^(NSString * s) {                     return s;                 };                 NSLog(@"%@", b(@"4"));      //--------------------------------    download url    info.plist NSAppTransportSecurity > NSAllowsArbitraryLoads : YES      -(void)syncDownloadString:(NSURL *)url {          NSError * error;          NSString * html  NSString stringWithContentsOfURL:url                                                     encoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding                                                        error:&error;          if (error) {              self logError:error;          }          else {              self showHtml:html url:url statusCode:0;          }      }      -(void)asyncDownloadString:(NSURL *)url {          dispatch_async(dispatch_get_global_queue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_DEFAULT, 0), ^(void){              NSError * error;              NSString * html  NSString stringWithContentsOfURL:url.absoluteURL                                                         encoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding                                                            error:&error;              if (error) {                  self logError:error;              }              else {                  dispatch_async(dispatch_get_main_queue(), ^(void){                      self showHtml:html url:url statusCode:0;                  });              }          });      }      -(void)sessionDataTask:(NSURL *)url {          NSURLSessionDataTask * task  NSURLSession.sharedSession dataTaskWithURL:url                                                                  completionHandler:^(NSData * data, NSURLResponse * response, NSError * error) {                                            if (error) {                                                self logError: error;                                            }                                            else {                                                NSInteger statusCode  ((NSHTTPURLResponse *)response).statusCode;                                                NSString * html  NSString alloc initWithData:data encoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding;                                                dispatch_async(dispatch_get_main_queue(), ^(void){                                                    self showHtml:html url:url statusCode:statusCode;                                                });                                            }                                        };          task resume;      }      -(void)logError:(NSError *)error {          NSLog(@"error: %@", error);          // sort dictionary keys w/NSString -(NSComparisonResult)caseInsensitiveCompare:(NSString *)aString          for (NSString * key in error.userInfo.allKeys sortedArrayUsingSelector:@selector(caseInsensitiveCompare:)) {              NSLog(@"%@  %@", key, error.userInfokey);          }      }      -(void)showHtml:(NSString *)html url:(NSURL *)url statusCode:(NSInteger)statusCode {          NSString * status  statusCode > 0 ? NSString stringWithFormat:@"\nstatus: %ld", (long)statusCode : @"";          self.textView.string  NSString stringWithFormat:@"url: %@%@\n\n%@", url, status, html;      }  //--------------------------------    save to webservice      // file: ESWebService.h      @import Foundation;      @interface ESWebService: NSObject<NSURLSessionDelegate>                    -(instancetype)initWithURL: (NSString *)aURL;          -(void)save: (NSData *)aData;      @end                  // file: ESWebService.m      #import "ESWebService.h"      @implementation ESWebService {          NSURLSession * session;          NSURL * url;      }                    -(instancetype)initWithURL: (NSString *)aURL {              if (self  super init) {                  session  NSURLSession sessionWithConfiguration: NSURLSessionConfiguration.ephemeralSessionConfiguration                                                          delegate: self                                                     delegateQueue: NSOperationQueue.mainQueue;                  url  NSURL URLWithString: aURL;              }                            return self;          }          -(void)save: (NSData *)aData {              NSMutableURLRequest * req  NSMutableURLRequest requestWithURL: url;              req setValue: @"application/x-www-form-urlencoded" forHTTPHeaderField:@"Content-Type";              req setValue: @"ios app"                           forHTTPHeaderField:@"User-Agent";              req.HTTPMethod  @"POST";              req.HTTPBody  aData;                            NSURLSessionUploadTask * task  session uploadTaskWithRequest: req                                                                    fromData: aData                                                           completionHandler: ^(NSData * data, NSURLResponse * response, NSError * error) {                                                               if (error) {                                                                   NSLog(@"error: %@", error);                                                               }                                                               else {                                                                   NSInteger statusCode  ((NSHTTPURLResponse *)response).statusCode;                                                                   NSLog(@"status: %ld", (long)statusCode);                                                               }                                                           };              task resume;          }                    // NSURLSessionTaskDelegate protocol (for self signed ssl cert)          //           -(void)URLSession: (NSURLSession *)session                       task: (NSURLSessionTask *)task                       didReceiveChallenge: (NSURLAuthenticationChallenge *)challenge                         completionHandler: (void (^)(NSURLSessionAuthChallengeDisposition disposition, NSURLCredential * credential))completionHandler {              completionHandler(NSURLSessionAuthChallengeUseCredential, NSURLCredential credentialForTrust: challenge.protectionSpace.serverTrust);          }      @end                  // file: ViewController.m      webservice  ESWebService alloc initWithURL: @"https://localhost:8443/foo/";                  -(void)saveData {          NSString * data  NSString stringWithFormat: @"userName%@&password%@", username, password;          data  crypto encrypt: data;  // encrypt data w/public key, decrypt on web server backend process w/private key          data  data stringByAddingPercentEscapesUsingEncoding: NSUTF8StringEncoding;          webservice save: data dataUsingEncoding: NSUTF8StringEncoding;      }  //--------------------------------    regex search and replace      -(NSString *)regexSearchAndReplaceString:(NSString *)string pattern:(NSString *)pattern template:(NSString *)template      {          NSError * error;          NSRegularExpression * regex  NSRegularExpression regularExpressionWithPattern:pattern options:NSRegularExpressionCaseInsensitive error:&error;          return error ? NSString stringWithFormat:@"regex error: %@", error : regex stringByReplacingMatchesInString:string options:0 range:NSMakeRange(0, string.length) withTemplate:template;      }      // block      NSString * (^regexSearchAndReplace)(NSString *, NSString *, NSString *)  ^(NSString * string, NSString * pattern, NSString * template)      self regexSearchAndReplaceString:content pattern:@"\r" template:@""      regexSearchAndReplace(content, @"\r", @"")  //--------------------------------    sound completion      @implementation ViewController      {          SystemSoundID boomSound;      }          // typedef void (*AudioServicesSystemSoundCompletionProc)(SystemSoundID ssID, void * clientData);          void soundCompletion(SystemSoundID ssid, void * clientData)          {              AudioServicesRemoveSystemSoundCompletion(ssid);              AudioServicesDisposeSystemSoundID(ssid);              UIButton * b  (__bridge UIButton *)clientData;              b setImage:UIImage imageNamed:@"default.png" forState:UIControlStateNormal;          }          -(void)playSound          {              NSString * soundFilePath  NSBundle.mainBundle pathForResource:@"boom.caf" ofType:nil;              NSURL * url  NSURL fileURLWithPath:soundFilePath;              AudioServicesCreateSystemSoundID((__bridge CFURLRef)url, &boomSound);           // AudioServicesAddSystemSoundCompletion(boomSound, nil, nil, soundCompletion, nil);              AudioServicesAddSystemSoundCompletion(boomSound, nil, nil, soundCompletion, (__bridge void *)self.button);              AudioServicesPlaySystemSound(boomSound);              self.button setImage:UIImage imageNamed:@"blowdUp.png" forState:UIControlStateNormal;          }      @end  //--------------------------------    macOS toggle bold font w/menu    add IBAction method, then control-drag Bold menu item to First Responder icon, connect      -(IBAction)toggleBoldText:(id)sender      {          NSLog(@"sender: %@", sender);  // <NSMenuItem: 0x00000000 Bold>          NSTextView * tv  (NSTextView *)self.textView.documentView;          NSMutableAttributedString * attrStr  tv.textStorage;          NSRange rangePointer  NSMakeRange(0, 0);          NSDictionary * indexAttributes  attrStr attributesAtIndex:tv.selectedRange.location effectiveRange:&rangePointer;          NSLog(@"index attributes: %@", indexAttributes);          NSLog(@"range pointer: %@", NSStringFromRange(rangePointer));          NSDictionary * selectedFontAttributes  attrStr fontAttributesInRange:tv.selectedRange;          NSLog(@"selected font attributes: %@", selectedFontAttributes);          NSFont * selectedFont  selectedFontAttributes@"NSFont";          NSLog(@"font: %@", selectedFont);          NSFontTraitMask indexFontTraits  NSFontManager sharedFontManager traitsOfFont:selectedFont;          if (indexFontTraits & NSBoldFontMask)          {           // NSFontManager sharedFontManager removeFontTrait:sender;              attrStr applyFontTraits:NSUnboldFontMask range:tv.selectedRange;          }          else          {           // NSFontManager sharedFontManager addFontTrait:sender;              attrStr applyFontTraits:NSBoldFontMask range:tv.selectedRange;          }      }  //--------------------------------    macOS key view loop custom tab order        -(void)viewDidLoad        {            super viewDidLoad;            self.tf3 setNextKeyView:self.tf2;            self.tf2 setNextKeyView:self.tf1;            self.tf1 setNextKeyView:self.tf3;        }        -(void)viewWillAppear        {            self.view.window setInitialFirstResponder:self.tf3;            super viewWillAppear;        }  //--------------------------------    byte array to base64 string      const char * chars  @"foo bar".UTF8String;   // char chars  { 102, 111, 111, 32, 98, 97, 114 };      int len  sizeof(chars)/sizeof(char);      NSData * data  NSData dataWithBytes:chars length:len;      NSString * base64String  data base64EncodedStringWithOptions:0;      NSLog(@"%@", base64String);  // Zm9vIGJhcgA  //--------------------------------    uuids      NSUUID * uid  NSUUID UUID;      printf("%s\n", uid.UUIDString.UTF8String);  // 00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000      uuid_t bytes;  // typedef unsigned char __darwin_uuid_t16;      uid getUUIDBytes:bytes;      for (int i  0; i< sizeof(bytes)/sizeof(unsigned char); i++)      {          printf("%d ", bytesi);  // 11 36 135 226 133 84 71 138 162 69 163 112 214 72 247 218      }  //--------------------------------    null dictionary values      NSString * k1  @"k1";      NSString * k2  @"k2";      NSString * k3  @"k3";      NSString * k4  @"k4";      NSString * s1  @"foo";      NSString * s2  nil ?: (NSString*)NSNull null;      NSString * s3  @"";      NSString * s4  @"bar";      NSDictionary * d  @{ k1 : s1,                            k2 : s2,                            k3 : s3,                            k4 : s4 };      for (NSString * k in d)      {          if (!d objectForKey:k isEqual:NSNull null)          {              NSLog(@"%@  %@", k, d objectForKey:k);          }      }      // output      k4  bar      k3       k1  foo      //--------------------------------    collection operators, flatten nested arrays    https://developer.apple.com/library/mac/documentation/Cocoa/Conceptual/KeyValueCoding/Articles/CollectionOperators.html      @@@1, @2, @3              valueForKeyPath: @"@unionOfArrays.self"  // 1, 2, 3      @@@1, @2, @@3           valueForKeyPath: @"@unionOfArrays.self"      @@@1, @2, @3, @4          valueForKeyPath: @"@unionOfArrays.self"  // 1, 2, 3, 4      @@@1, @2, @@30, @@4 valueForKeyPath: @"@unionOfArrays.self"      @@@1, @2, @@3, @@4    valueForKeyPath: @"@unionOfArrays.self"      @@@1, @2, @3, @@4       valueForKeyPath: @"@unionOfArrays.self"  //--------------------------------    OC++ GLKit      #import <GLKit/GLKit.h>      #include <iostream>      #include <vector>          using std::vector;          using std::cout;          using std::endl;          vector<float> data  { 0, 0                               , 0.0, 0.0                               , 0, 0                               , 1, 1                               , -1, -1                               , 1, 1                               , 1.5, 10.5                               , -2, -20                               };          GLKVector2 v1;          GLKVector2 v2;          GLKVector2 v3;          for (int i  0, n  1; i < data.size(); i++, n++) {              v1  GLKVector2Make(datai, datai + 1);              v2  GLKVector2Make(datai + 2, datai + 3);              v3  GLKVector2Add(v1, v2);           // printf("%d. %s + %s  %s\n", n, CStringFromGLKVector2(v1), CStringFromGLKVector2(v2), CStringFromGLKVector2(v3));              cout << n << ". " << CStringFromGLKVector2(v1) << " + " << CStringFromGLKVector2(v2) << "  " << CStringFromGLKVector2(v3) << endl;              i + 3;          }      // output      1. {0, 0} + {0, 0}  {0, 0}      2. {0, 0} + {1, 1}  {1, 1}      3. {-1, -1} + {1, 1}  {0, 0}      4. {1.5, 10.5} + {-2, -20}  {-0.5, -9.5}  //--------------------------------    glkit utils      const char * CStringFromGLKVector2(GLKVector2 aVector) {          return NSStringFromGLKVector2(aVector).UTF8String;      }      const char * CStringFromGLKVector3(GLKVector3 aVector) {          return NSStringFromGLKVector3(aVector).UTF8String;      }      // OC++      #ifdef __cplusplus      NSString * NSStringFromGLKVector2(GLKVector2 aVector) {          return NSString stringWithFormat:@"{%g, %g}", aVector.x, aVector.y;      }      NSString * NSStringFromGLKVector3(GLKVector3 aVector) {          return NSString stringWithFormat:@"{%g, %g, %g}", aVector.x, aVector.y, aVector.z;      }      #endif  //--------------------------------    glkit matrix rows columns      /* GLKMatrix4Identity  {{1, 0, 0, 0},                              {0, 1, 0, 0},                              {0, 0, 1, 0},                              {0, 0, 0, 1}} */      float matrixData  {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15};      GLKMatrix4 m  GLKMatrix4MakeWithArray(matrixData);  /* {{0, 1, 2, 3},                                                               {4, 5, 6, 7},                                                               {8, 9, 10, 11},                                                               {12, 13, 14, 15}} */      NSMutableString * mRows  NSMutableString string;      NSMutableString * mCols  NSMutableString string;      for (int i  0; i < 3; i++)      {          mRows appendFormat:@"row %i: %@\n", i, NSStringFromGLKVector4(GLKMatrix4GetRow(m, i));          mCols appendFormat:@"col %i: %@\n", i, NSStringFromGLKVector4(GLKMatrix4GetColumn(m, i));      }      NSLog(@"%@\n%@", mRows, mCols);      // output      row 0: {0, 4, 8, 12}      row 1: {1, 5, 9, 13}      row 2: {2, 6, 10, 14}      row 3: {3, 7, 11, 15}            col 0: {0, 1, 2, 3}      col 1: {4, 5, 6, 7}      col 2: {8, 9, 10, 11}      col 3: {12, 13, 14, 15}      //--------------------------------    glkit multiplication      GLKMatrix4 m  GLKMatrix4MakeTranslation(2, 4, 6);  /* {{1, 0, 0, 0},                                                              {0, 1, 0, 0},                                                              {0, 0, 1, 0},                                                              {2, 4, 6, 1}} */      GLKVector4 v  GLKVector4Make(1, 2, 3, 1);  // x, y, z, w      // matrix * vector  vector      GLKVector4 mv  GLKMatrix4MultiplyVector4(m, v);  // {3, 6, 9, 1}      // matrix * matrix  matrix      GLKMatrix4 mm  GLKMatrix4Multiply(m, m);  /* {{1, 0, 0, 0},                                                     {0, 1, 0, 0},                                                     {0, 0, 1, 0},                                                     {4, 8, 12, 1}} */      // matrix * vector formula by index      m               v     +                         v       0  1  2  3  *  0    m0v0 m4v1  m8v2 m12v3    x       4  5  6  7     1     m1v0 m5v1  m9v2 m13v3     y       8  9 10 11     2     m2v0 m6v1 m10v2 m14v3     z      12 13 14 15     3     m3v0 m7v1 m11v2 m15v3     w      // alpha      m        v     +               v      abcd  *  x    ax ey iz mw    x      efgh     y     bx fy jz nw     y      ijkl     z     cx gy kz ow     z      mnop     w     dx hy lz pw     w      // data      m        v     +        v      1000  *  1    1002    3 x      0100     2     0204     6 y      0010     3     0036     9 z      2461     1     0001     1 w      //--------------------------------        simd version        simd/matrix.h          matrix_float4x4 m  { .columns0  {1, 0, 0, 0},                                .columns1  {0, 1, 0, 0},                                .columns2  {0, 0, 1, 0},                                .columns3  {2, 4, 6, 1} };  /* {{ (0  1, 1  0, 2  0, 3  0)                                                                     (0  0, 1  1, 2  0, 3  0)                                                                     (0  0, 1  0, 2  1, 3  0)                                                                     (0  2, 1  4, 2  6, 3  1) }} */          vector_float4 v  {1, 2, 3, 1};  // (0  1, 1  2, 2  3, 3  1)          vector_float4 mv  matrix_multiply(m, v);  // (0  3, 1  6, 2  9, 3  1)          matrix_float4x4 mm  matrix_multiply(m, m);  /* {{ (0  1, 1  0, 2  0, 3  0)                                                             (0  0, 1  1, 2  0, 3  0)                                                             (0  0, 1  0, 2  1, 3  0)                                                             (0  4, 1  8, 2  12, 3  1) }} */      //--------------------------------        blender python version          import mathutils          m  Matrix.Translation((2, 4, 6, 1))  # Matrix(((1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 2.0),                                                #         (0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 4.0),                                                #         (0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 6.0),                                                #         (0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0)))          v  Vector((1, 2, 3, 1))  # Vector((1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 1.0))          mv  m * v  # Vector((3.0, 6.0, 9.0, 1.0))          mm  m * m  # Matrix(((1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 4.0),                      #         (0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 8.0),                      #         (0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 12.0),                      #         (0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0)))      //--------------------------------        r version          m4Identity  diag(4)  #      ,1 ,2 ,3 ,4                                # 1,    1    0    0    0                                # 2,    0    1    0    0                                # 3,    0    0    1    0                                # 4,    0    0    0    1          m  m4Identity          m4,  c(2, 4, 6, 1)  #      ,1 ,2 ,3 ,4                                 # 1,    1    0    0    0                                 # 2,    0    1    0    0                                 # 3,    0    0    1    0                                 # 4,    2    4    6    1          v  c(1, 2, 3, 1)  # 1 1 2 3 1          #vector * matrix  matrix          mv  v %*% m  #      ,1 ,2 ,3 ,4                        # 1,    3    6    9    1          #matrix * matrix  matrix          mm  m %*% m  #      ,1 ,2 ,3 ,4                        # 1,    1    0    0    0                        # 2,    0    1    0    0                        # 3,    0    0    1    0                        # 4,    4    8   12    1          mm4,            # 1 4 8 12 1          as.vector(mm)     # 1 1 0 0 4  0 1 0 8  0 0 1 12  0 0 0 1          as.vector(t(mm))  # 1 1 0 0 0  0 1 0 0  0 0 1 0  4 8 12 1  //--------------------------------    simd/geometry.h    geometry functions (float only)      // simd vs glkit      vector_float2 v  {skNode.physicsBody.velocity.dx, skNode.physicsBody.velocity.dy};      vector_length(v)  // float      GLKVector2 v  GLKVector2Make(skNode.physicsBody.velocity.dx, skNode.physicsBody.velocity.dy);      GLKVector2Length(v)  // float      vector_length_squared((vector_float2){skNode.physicsBody.velocity.dx, skNode.physicsBody.velocity.dy}))  //--------------------------------    image with color, alt to CIConstantColorGenerator core image filter      CIImage * getImageWithColor(CIColor * aColor, CGSize aSize)      {          CIImage * image  CIImage imageWithColor:aColor;          return image imageByCroppingToRect:CGRectMake(0, 0, aSize.width, aSize.height);      }  //--------------------------------    assets library, image picker controller    in iOS 8, the photos framework replaces the assets library, but does not provide an image picker control      // conform to protocol      @interface ViewController: UIViewController<UIImagePickerControllerDelegate>      -(void)pickImage      {          UIImagePickerController * ipc  UIImagePickerController new;          ipc.sourceType  UIImagePickerControllerSourceTypePhotoLibrary;          ipc.delegate  (id)self;          self presentViewController:ipc animated:YES completion:nil;      }      // UIImagePickerControllerDelegate      -(void)imagePickerController:(UIImagePickerController *)picker didFinishPickingMediaWithInfo:(NSDictionary *)info      {          NSLog(@"image picked, info: %@", info);  /* UIImagePickerControllerMediaType  "public.image";                                                      UIImagePickerControllerOriginalImage  "<UIImage:0x00000000> size {2048, 1536} orientation 0 scale 1.000000";                                                      UIImagePickerControllerReferenceURL  "assets-library://asset/asset.JPG?id5570A4B1-7E8B-434B-8BDB-F02538FD0B76&extJPG"; */          self dismissViewControllerAnimated:YES completion:nil;  // dismiss picker       // NSURL * url  info objectForKey:UIImagePickerControllerReferenceURL;          UIImage * image  info objectForKey:UIImagePickerControllerOriginalImage;          self imageView.image  image;      }      // UIImagePickerControllerDelegate      -(void)imagePickerControllerDidCancel:(UIImagePickerController *)picker      {          NSLog(@"image picker cancelled");          self dismissViewControllerAnimated:YES completion:nil;  // dismiss picker      }  //--------------------------------    load image using photos framework or assets library framework      #import <AssetsLibrary/AssetsLibrary.h>  // ALAssetsLibrary      @import Photos;      NSString * photoAssetLocalID  @"A3277D72-1FE7-4627-8534-D5B78C3A57D2/L0/001";      self loadPhotoAssetFromLocalID:photoAssetLocalID;      NSURL * alPhotoAssetURL  NSURL URLWithString:@"assets-library://asset/asset.JPG?id5570A4B1-7E8B-434B-8BDB-F02538FD0B76&extJPG";      self loadPhotoAssetFromURL:alPhotoAssetURL;      -(void)loadPhotoAssetFromLocalID:(NSString *)aPhotoAssetLocalID      {          NSArray * photoAssetLocalID  @aPhotoAssetLocalID;          PHFetchResult * fetchResult  PHAsset fetchAssetsWithLocalIdentifiers:photoAssetLocalID options:nil;          if (fetchResult.count > 0)          {              PHAsset * photoAsset  fetchResult0;              self loadPhotoAsset:photoAsset;          }      }      -(void)loadPhotoAssetFromURL:(NSURL *)aALPhotoAssetURL      {          NSArray * alPhotoAssetURL  @aALPhotoAssetURL;          PHFetchResult * fetchResult  PHAsset fetchAssetsWithALAssetURLs:alPhotoAssetURL options:nil;          if (fetchResult.count > 0)          {              PHAsset * photoAsset  fetchResult0;              self loadPhotoAsset:photoAsset;          }      }      -(void)loadPhotoAsset:(PHAsset *)aPhotoAsset      {          CGSize imageSize  CGSizeMake(aPhotoAsset.pixelWidth, aPhotoAsset.pixelHeight);          NSLog(@"image size w x h: %@\n", NSStringFromCGSize(imageSize));  // image size w x h: {1536, 2048}          PHImageRequestOptions * options  PHImageRequestOptions new;          options.deliveryMode  PHImageRequestOptionsDeliveryModeHighQualityFormat;          PHImageManager * im  PHImageManager defaultManager;          im requestImageForAsset:aPhotoAsset                        targetSize:imageSize                       contentMode:PHImageContentModeDefault                           options:options                     resultHandler:^(UIImage * result, NSDictionary * info)                                   {                                       // result handler executes on main thread                                       NSLog(@"info: %@", info);  /* PHImageFileOrientationKey  0;                                                                     PHImageFileSandboxExtensionTokenKey  "...";                                                                     PHImageFileURLKey  "file:///var/mobile/Media/PhotoStreamsData/1234567890/100APPLE/IMG_0999.JPG";  // photo stream                                                                     //                   file:///var/mobile/Media/DCIM/100APPLE/IMG_0123.JPG                           // camera roll                                                                     PHImageFileUTIKey  "public.jpeg";                                                                     PHImageResultDeliveredImageFormatKey  9999;                                                                     PHImageResultIsDegradedKey  0;                                                                     PHImageResultIsInCloudKey  0;                                                                     PHImageResultIsPlaceholderKey  0;                                                                     PHImageResultRequestIDKey  1;                                                                     PHImageResultWantedImageFormatKey  4037; */                                       self loadImage:result;                                   };      }      // on iOS 8, using assets library to load photo with url works only with camera roll, not photo stream      -(void)loadPhotoFromCameraRollWithAssetsLibrary:(NSURL *)aALPhotoAssetURL      {          ALAssetsLibrary * assetLib  ALAssetsLibrary new;          // assetForURL is async          assetLib assetForURL:aALPhotoAssetURL                    resultBlock:^(ALAsset * asset)                    {                        ALAssetRepresentation * assetRep  asset defaultRepresentation;                        CGImageRef cgImage  assetRep fullResolutionImage;                        if (cgImage ! nil)  // image exists                        {                            UIImage * image  UIImage alloc initWithCGImage:cgImage;                            self loadImage:image;                        }                        else  // image does not exist, deleted, etc                        {                            NSLog(@"image not available");                        }                    }                    failureBlock:^(NSError * error)                    {                        NSLog(@"image access denied");                    };      }      -(void)loadImage:(UIImage *)aImage      {          self imageView.image  aImage;      }  //--------------------------------    keychain security      #import <Security/Security.h>      NSString * service;  // foo service      NSString * key;      // foo key      -(void)setupKeychain      {          NSString * secret  @"foo";          NSData * secretData  secret dataUsingEncoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding;          NSDictionary * keychainAttributes  @{ (__bridge id)kSecClass       : (__bridge id)kSecClassGenericPassword,                                                 (__bridge id)kSecAttrService : service,                                                 (__bridge id)kSecAttrAccount : key,                                                 (__bridge id)kSecValueData   : secretData };          self addKeychainItem:keychainAttributes;      }      -(void)getKeychainItem      {          NSDictionary * keychainSearchAttributes  @{(__bridge id)kSecClass       : (__bridge id)kSecClassGenericPassword,                                                      (__bridge id)kSecMatchLimit  : (__bridge id)kSecMatchLimitOne,                                                      (__bridge id)kSecAttrService : service,                                                      (__bridge id)kSecAttrAccount : key,                                                      (__bridge id)kSecReturnData  : (__bridge id)kCFBooleanTrue };          NSString * result  self searchKeychain:keychainSearchAttributes;          NSLog(@"result: %@", result);      }      -(BOOL)addKeychainItem:(NSDictionary *)aKeychainAttributes      {          BOOL result;          CFTypeRef kcResultCode  NULL;          OSStatus status  SecItemAdd((__bridge CFDictionaryRef)aKeychainAttributes, &kcResultCode);          if (status  errSecSuccess)          {              NSLog(@"keychain item added");              result  YES;          }          else          {              NSLog(@"keychain error code: %ld", (long)status);          }          return result;      }      -(NSString *)searchKeychain:(NSDictionary *)aKeychainSearchAttributes      {          NSString * result;          CFTypeRef kcResultCode  NULL;          OSStatus status  SecItemCopyMatching((__bridge CFDictionaryRef)aKeychainSearchAttributes, &kcResultCode);          if (status  errSecSuccess)          {              NSLog(@"keychain item found");              NSData * resultData  (__bridge NSData *)kcResultCode;              result  NSString alloc initWithData:resultData encoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding;          }          else          {              NSLog(@"keychain error code: %ld", (long)status);          }          return result;      }  //--------------------------------    qr code core image filter    https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9328Iiz8qja5QkuI0H8pCuM2vablWRRQD1X3L47K9oR-BaObCFZTx5T5N0mTmKRgBushr9728yIJ7WdlU8JV7x8HO87v1ebx4_nP-iBZVUKTkbteFip1ldXhWEdtZMbKCAjQ47cjq67AY/s0/fooQRCode.png      @property (nonatomic, weak) IBOutlet UIImageView * qrCode;      NSString * message  @"foo";      NSData * messageData  message dataUsingEncoding:NSISOLatin1StringEncoding;      self.qrCode.image  self getQRCode:messageData size:self.qrCode.bounds.size;      -(UIImage *)getQRCode:(NSData *)aMessageData size:(CGSize)aSize      {          CIFilter * filter  CIFilter filterWithName:@"CIQRCodeGenerator"                                        withInputParameters:@{ @"inputMessage"         : aMessageData,                                                               @"inputCorrectionLevel" : @"L" };          CIImage * filterOutputImage  filter outputImage;          UIImage * qrCode  UIImage imageWithCIImage:filterOutputImage scale:1.0f orientation:UIImageOrientationUp;          UIGraphicsBeginImageContextWithOptions(aSize, YES, 1.0f);          CGContextRef context  UIGraphicsGetCurrentContext();          CGContextSetInterpolationQuality(context, kCGInterpolationNone);  // 1          qrCode drawInRect:CGRectMake(0.0f, 0.0f, aSize.width, aSize.height);  // error: BSXPCMessage received error for message: Connection interrupted          qrCode  UIGraphicsGetImageFromCurrentImageContext();          UIGraphicsEndImageContext();          return qrCode;      }  //--------------------------------    calayer bezier path      // file: ESLine.h      @import UIKit;      @interface ESLine: CALayer          -(instancetype)initWithRect:(CGRect)aRect;          @property (nonatomic) UIBezierPath * path;          @property (nonatomic) UIColor * color;      @end      // file: ESLine.m      @import UIKit;      #import "ESLine.h"      @implementation ESLine          -(instancetype)init          {              if (self  super init)              {                  self.contentsScale  UIScreen.mainScreen.scale;              }              return self;          }          -(instancetype)initWithRect:(CGRect)aRect          {              if (self  self init)              {                  self.frame  aRect;              }              return self;          }          -(void)drawInContext:(CGContextRef)ctx          {              UIGraphicsPushContext(ctx);              _color setStroke;              _path stroke;              UIGraphicsPopContext();          }      @end      // functions      UIBezierPath * getLine(CGPoint, CGPoint);      UIBezierPath * getHorizontalLine(CGSize);      UIBezierPath * getVerticalLine(CGSize);      UIBezierPath * getLine(CGPoint aStartPoint, CGPoint aEndPoint)      {          UIBezierPath * line  UIBezierPath bezierPath;          line moveToPoint:aStartPoint;          line addLineToPoint:aEndPoint;          return line;      }      UIBezierPath * getHorizontalLine(CGSize aSize)      {          CGFloat y  aSize.height/2.0f;          CGPoint startPoint  CGPointMake(0.0f, y);          CGPoint endPoint  CGPointMake(aSize.width, y);          UIBezierPath * line  getLine(startPoint, endPoint);          return line;      }      UIBezierPath * getVerticalLine(CGSize aSize)      {          CGFloat x  aSize.width/2.0f;          CGPoint startPoint  CGPointMake(x, 0.0f);          CGPoint endPoint  CGPointMake(x, aSize.height);          UIBezierPath * line  getLine(startPoint, endPoint);          return line;      }      // example      ESLine * line  ESLine alloc initWithRect:self.view.frame;      line.color  UIColor grayColor;      line.path  getHorizontalLine(line.frame.size);      line.path.lineWidth  2.0f;      CGFloat dashes  {10, 8};      line.path setLineDash:dashes count:2 phase:10;      self.view.layer addSublayer:line;      line setNeedsDisplay;  //--------------------------------    calayer border      self showLayerBorder:button.layer color:UIColor grayColor;      -(void)showLayerBorder:(CALayer *)aLayer color:(UIColor *)aColor      {          aLayer setMasksToBounds:YES;          aLayer setCornerRadius:0.0f;          aLayer setBorderWidth:1.0f;          aLayer setBorderColor:aColor.CGColor;      }  //--------------------------------    debug autolayout constraints      -(void)viewWillAppear:(BOOL)animated      {          self setupConstraints;          super viewWillAppear:animated;      }      -(void)viewDidAppear:(BOOL)animated      {          super viewDidAppear:animated;          debugAutolayoutConstraints(nodeView, @"node view");          debugAutolayoutConstraints(self.view, @"self.view");      }      -(void)setupConstraints      {          self.view.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints  NO;          nodeView.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints  NO;          // ...      }      void debugAutolayoutConstraints(UIView * aView, NSString * aViewDescription)      {          printf("\n");          NSLog(@"Debug Autolayout Constraints");          printf("view: %s %p\n", aViewDescription.UTF8String, aView);          printf("frame: %s\n", NSStringFromCGRect(aView.frame).UTF8String);          printf("ambiguous layout: %d\n", aView.hasAmbiguousLayout);              void (^printConstraints)(NSArray *, NSString *)  ^(NSArray * constraints, NSString * constraintsDescription)              {                  if (constraints.count > 0)                  {                      printf("\n%s constraints (%lu)\n", constraintsDescription.UTF8String, (unsigned long)constraints.count);                      for (int i  0; i < constraints.count; i++)                      {                          NSString * c  NSString stringWithFormat:@"%@", (NSLayoutConstraint *)constraintsi;                          printf("%d. %s\n", (i + 1), c.UTF8String);                      }                  }              };          printConstraints(aView constraintsAffectingLayoutForAxis:UILayoutConstraintAxisHorizontal, @"H");          printConstraints(aView constraintsAffectingLayoutForAxis:UILayoutConstraintAxisVertical,   @"V");          printConstraints(aView constraints, @"All");      }  //--------------------------------    autolayout with dynamic controls      NSMutableArray * buttons;      NSArray * buttonTitles  @ @"Foo",                                  @"Bar",                                  @"Button",                                  @"Button 4",                                  @"Button 5",                                  @"Button 6" ;      NSMutableDictionary * bindings;      NSArray * buttonBindings  @ @"b0",                                    @"b1",                                    @"b2",                                    @"b3",                                    @"b4",                                    @"b5" ;      NSMutableArray * bHorizontalConstraints;      NSMutableArray * bVerticalConstraints;      UIView * topLayoutGuide  (UIView *)self.topLayoutGuide;      NSLayoutConstraint * top  NSLayoutConstraint constraintWithItem:headerLabel                                                              attribute:NSLayoutAttributeTop                                                              relatedBy:NSLayoutRelationEqual                                                                 toItem:topLayoutGuide                                                              attribute:NSLayoutAttributeBottom                                                             multiplier:1.0f                                                               constant:0.0f;      -(void)setupBindings      {          bindings  NSMutableDictionary dictionary;          for (int i  0; i < buttons.count; i++)          {              bindingsbuttonBindingsi  buttonsi;          }      }      -(void)setupConstraints      {          self.view.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints  NO;          bHorizontalConstraints  NSMutableArray array;          bVerticalConstraints    NSMutableArray array;          self setupHorizontalConstraints;          self setupVerticalConstraints;          self updateFont;      }      -(void)setupHorizontalConstraints      {          BOOL port  UIApplication.sharedApplication.statusBarOrientation  UIDeviceOrientationPortrait;          NSDictionary * metrics  @{ @"maxWidth" : @(self.view.frame.size.width * (port ? 0.6f : 0.25f)) };          for (int i  0; i < buttons.count; i++)          {              NSString * vf  NSString stringWithFormat:@"H:|-%@(maxWidth)", buttonBindingsi;  // H:|-b0(maxWidth)              NSArray * c  NSLayoutConstraint constraintsWithVisualFormat:vf options:0 metrics:metrics views:bindings;              self.view addConstraints:c;              bHorizontalConstraints addObjectsFromArray:c;          }      }      -(void)setupVerticalConstraints      {          NSString * vf  @"V:|-yPos-b0-b1(b0)-b2(b0)-b3(b0)-b4(b0)-b5(b0)-(8@800)-|";          NSDictionary * metrics  @{ @"yPos" : @((self.view.frame.size.height * 0.33f)) };          NSArray * c  NSLayoutConstraint constraintsWithVisualFormat:vf options:0 metrics:metrics views:bindings;          self.view addConstraints:c;          bVerticalConstraints addObjectsFromArray:c;      }      -(void)updateViewConstraints      {          self.view removeConstraints:bHorizontalConstraints;          self.view removeConstraints:bVerticalConstraints;          self setupHorizontalConstraints;          self setupVerticalConstraints;          self updateFont;          super updateViewConstraints;      }  //--------------------------------    autolayout pin views opposite horizontally      -(void)setupConstraints      {          self.view.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints  NO;          a.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints  NO;          b.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints  NO;          NSDictionary * bindings  NSDictionaryOfVariableBindings(a, b);          NSMutableArray * constraints  NSMutableArray array;          constraints addObjectsFromArray:NSLayoutConstraint constraintsWithVisualFormat:@"H:|-a(40)-(>0)-b(a)-|"                                                                                   options:NSLayoutFormatAlignAllTop                                                                                   metrics:nil                                                                                     views:bindings;          constraints addObjectsFromArray:NSLayoutConstraint constraintsWithVisualFormat:@"V:|-50-a(20)"                                                                                   options:0                                                                                   metrics:nil                                                                                     views:bindings;          // set B view vertical constraint  A view          constraints addObjectsFromArray:NSLayoutConstraint constraintsWithVisualFormat:@"V:b(a)"                                                                                   options:0                                                                                   metrics:nil                                                                                     views:bindings;          self.view addConstraints:constraints;      }  //--------------------------------    set mutable array property with mutable or immutable array    if array param responds to addObject: then array param is mutable, no copy required    array isMemberOfClass:NSMutableArray class always returns false because of param type          -(void)setMutableArray: (NSArray *)array {          self.mutableArray  array respondsToSelector: @selector(addObject:) ? array : array mutableCopy;      }          //--------------------------------    tap gesture recognizer      -(void)viewDidLoad      {          super viewDidLoad;          UITapGestureRecognizer * tap  UITapGestureRecognizer alloc initWithTarget:self action:@selector(tap:);          self.view addGestureRecognizer:tap;      }      -(void)tap:(UIGestureRecognizer *)sender      {          NSLog(@"gr state: %ld", (long)sender.state);          NSLog(@"gr number of touches: %lu", (unsigned long)sender numberOfTouches);          NSLog(@"gr location: %@", NSStringFromCGPoint(sender locationInView:sender.view));      }  //--------------------------------    NSDate - (NSTimeInterval)timeIntervalSinceDate:(NSDate *)anotherDate      instance  param date   result      self      anotherDate      before    after        < 0      after     before       > 0                             0  //--------------------------------    table view data source      // file: TableViewDataSource.h      @import UIKit;      @interface TableViewDataSource : NSObject <UITableViewDataSource>      @property (nonatomic, strong) NSArray <NSString *> * data;      @end      // file: TableViewDataSource.m      #import "TableViewDataSource.h"      @implementation TableViewDataSource      - (NSUInteger)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView numberOfRowsInSection:(NSInteger)section {          return self.data.count;      }      - (UITableViewCell *)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView cellForRowAtIndexPath:(NSIndexPath *)indexPath {          static NSString * cellID  @"cellID";  // matches the ID that is set in the storyboard scene table view cell          UITableViewCell * cell  tableView dequeueReusableCellWithIdentifier:cellID;          cell.textLabel.text  self.dataindexPath.row;          return cell;      }      @end  //--------------------------------    kvc kvo      @interface LocationInfo : NSObject          @property (nonatomic, assign) CGPoint point;          @property (nonatomic, strong) NSDate * date;          @property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) NSUUID * uid;      @end      @interface LocationViewController : NSViewController          @property (nonatomic, strong) LocationInfo * locationInfo;      @end      @implementation ViewController      - (void)mouseUp:(NSEvent *)event {          NSStoryboard * storyBoard  NSStoryboard storyboardWithName:@"Main" bundle:nil;          LocationViewController * locationVC  storyBoard instantiateControllerWithIdentifier:@"locationVC_sbid";          self presentViewControllerAsModalWindow:locationVC;      }      @end      static void * const KVOContext  (void *)&KVOContext;      @implementation LocationInfo      - (instancetype)initWithPoint:(CGPoint)point {          if (self  super init) {              _point  point;              _date   NSDate date;              _uid    NSUUID UUID;          }          return self;      }      -(id)valueForUndefinedKey:(NSString *)key {          return NSString stringWithFormat:@"KVC getter error, undefined key: %@", key;      }      - (NSString *)description {          return NSString stringWithFormat:@"x: %f, y: %f, date: %@, uid: %@", self.point.x,                                                                                self.point.y,                                                                                self.date,                                                                                self.uid;      }      @end      @implementation LocationViewController      - (void)viewDidLoad {          super viewDidLoad;          self.locationInfo  LocationInfo alloc initWithPoint:CGPointZero;          self addKeyValueObservers;          NSLog(@"locationInfo: %@", self.locationInfo);          // kvc getter          NSValue * val  self.locationInfo valueForKey:@"point";          CGPoint point  val pointValue;          NSDate * date  self.locationInfo valueForKey:@"date";          NSUUID * uid   self.locationInfo valueForKey:@"uid";          NSLog(@"point: %@", NSStringFromPoint(point));          NSLog(@"date: %@", date);          NSLog(@"id: %@",  uid);          // kvc setter          point  CGPointMake(100, 200);          val    NSValue valueWithPoint:point;          self.locationInfo setValue:val forKey:@"point";          self.locationInfo setValue:NSDate date forKey:@"date";          self.locationInfo setValue:NSUUID UUID forKey:@"uid";   // set readonly property          self.locationInfo setValue:nil           forKey:@"uid";          NSLog(@"error val: %@", self.locationInfo valueForKey:@"foo");      }      - (void)addKeyValueObservers {          self.locationInfo addObserver:self                              forKeyPath:@"point"                                 options:NSKeyValueObservingOptionNew|NSKeyValueObservingOptionOld                                 context:KVOContext;          self.locationInfo addObserver:self                              forKeyPath:@"date"                                 options:NSKeyValueObservingOptionNew|NSKeyValueObservingOptionOld                                 context:KVOContext;          self.locationInfo addObserver:self                              forKeyPath:@"uid"                                 options:NSKeyValueObservingOptionNew|NSKeyValueObservingOptionOld                                 context:KVOContext;      }      - (void)observeValueForKeyPath:(NSString *)keyPath                            ofObject:(id)object                              change:(NSDictionary<NSKeyValueChangeKey,id> *)change                             context:(void *)context {          NSLog(@"observeValueForKeyPath: %@, old: %@, new: %@", keyPath,                                                                 changeNSKeyValueChangeOldKey,                                                                 changeNSKeyValueChangeNewKey);      }      - (void)mouseUp:(NSEvent *)event {          self.locationInfo.point  event locationInWindow;          self.locationInfo.date   NSDate date;          self.locationInfo setValue:NSUUID UUID forKey:@"uid";  // set readonly property      }      - (void)dealloc {          self.locationInfo removeObserver:self                                 forKeyPath:@"point"                                    context:KVOContext;          self.locationInfo removeObserver:self                                 forKeyPath:@"date"                                    context:KVOContext;          self.locationInfo removeObserver:self                                 forKeyPath:@"uid"                                    context:KVOContext;          self.locationInfo  nil;      }      @end      IB Storyboard - Bindings Inspector      Value      Bind To: Location  // ViewController      Model Key Path: self.locationInfo.point      // file: main.storyboard            <scene sceneID"100-00-000">          <objects>              <viewController id"200-00-000">                  <view>                      <subviews>                          <textField>                              <connections>                                  <binding destination"200-00-000" name"value" keyPath"self.locationInfo.point" id"300-00-000"/>                              </connections>                          </textField>                      </subviews>                  </view>              </viewController>          </objects>      </scene>  //--------------------------------    init      -(instancetype)init      {          if (self  super init)          {              // ...          }          return self;      }      -(instancetype)initWithSize:(CGSize)size      {          if (self  super init)          {              // ...          }          return self;      }  //--------------------------------    unit test      -(void)testRandomBounds      {          const int minLowValue  3;          const int randomUpperBound  10;          const int minIterations  100;          const int maxIterations  100000;          int min  randomUpperBound;          int max  0;          int r  0;          int i  0;          for (; i < maxIterations; i++)          {              r  fmax(arc4random_uniform(randomUpperBound), minLowValue);              min  r < min ? r : min;              max  r > max ? r : max;          //*              if ((i > minIterations) && (max > (randomUpperBound - 1)) && (min < minLowValue))                  break; //*/          }          // expected min 3, max 9          XCTAssert(min  minLowValue);          XCTAssert(max  (randomUpperBound - 1));          printf("\nmin: %d, max: %d, iterations: %d\n\n", min, max, i);      }  //--------------------------------    unit test    lower < random < upper bound    lower increases each iteration      -(void)testRandomLowerToUpperBound      {          const int upperBound  10;          int i, r, lower;          for (i  0; i < upperBound; i++)          {              lower  i;              r  arc4random_uniform(upperBound - lower) + lower;              printf("%d. r: %d%s\n", i, r, (r  i) ? " " : "");              XCTAssert(r > lower);              if (i  (upperBound - 1))              {                  XCTAssert(r  i);  // last r will always match index/lower              }          }      }      // output      0. r: 0       1. r: 5      2. r: 7      3. r: 3       4. r: 8      5. r: 6      6. r: 6       7. r: 8      8. r: 9      9. r: 9   // last r will always match index/lower  //--------------------------------    unit test      typedef void (^printDate_t)(NSDate *);      typedef void (^printDict_t)(id, id, BOOL *);      typedef void (^printJsonData_t)(NSData *);      -(void)testJsonSerialization      {              printDate_t printDate  ^(NSDate * aDate)              {                  NSDateFormatter * df  NSDateFormatter new;                  df.dateFormat  @"MM-dd-yyyy HH:mm:ss.SSS";                  NSLog(@"date: %@", df stringFromDate:aDate);              };              printDict_t printDict  ^(id key, id obj, BOOL *stop)              {                  printf("%s", NSString stringWithFormat:@"%@  %@\n", key, obj.UTF8String);              };              printJsonData_t printJsonData  ^(NSData * aJsonData)              {                  NSLog(@"json data:\n%@", NSString alloc initWithData:aJsonData encoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding);                  /* NSJSONSerialization dataWithJSONObject:options                     0, 1 NSJSONWritingPrettyPrinted                     0: {"panic":false,"foo":{"date":1428231364.498701,"code":"HG2G"},"answer":42,"trilogyParts":1,2,3,4,5,"question":null}                     1: {                          "panic" : false,                          "foo" : {                            "date" : 1428231364.498701,  // 04-05-2015 04:56:04.499                            "code" : "HG2G"                          },                          "answer" : 42,                          "trilogyParts" :                             1,                            2,                            3,                            4,                            5                          ,                          "question" : null                        } */              };          NSDate * date  NSDate date;          id dateVal  NSNumber numberWithDouble:date.timeIntervalSince1970;          printDate(date);          // json data source          NSDictionary * inData  @{ @"answer"       : @42,                                     @"question"     : NSNull null,                                     @"panic"        : @NO,                                     @"trilogyParts" : @ @1, @2, @3, @4, @5 ,                                     @"foo"          : @{ @"code" : @"HG2G",                                                          @"date" : dateVal } };          NSLog(@"in data");          inData enumerateKeysAndObjectsUsingBlock:printDict;          if (NSJSONSerialization isValidJSONObject:inData)          {              NSError * error;              // serialize              NSData * jsonData  NSJSONSerialization dataWithJSONObject:inData options:0 error:&error;              if (error)              {                  NSLog(@"json serialization error: %@", error);              }              else              {                  printJsonData(jsonData);                  printJsonData(NSJSONSerialization dataWithJSONObject:inData options:NSJSONWritingPrettyPrinted error:NULL);                  // deserialize                  NSDictionary * outData  NSJSONSerialization JSONObjectWithData:jsonData options:0 error:&error;                  if (error)                  {                      NSLog(@"json deserialization error: %@", error);                  }                  else                  {                      XCTAssert(outData isEqualToDictionary:inData);                      NSLog(@"out data");                      outData enumerateKeysAndObjectsUsingBlock:printDict;                   /* NSDictionary * foo  outData objectForKey:@"foo";                      date  NSDate dateWithTimeIntervalSince1970:foo objectForKey:@"date" doubleValue; */                      date  NSDate dateWithTimeIntervalSince1970:outData valueForKeyPath:@"foo.date" doubleValue;                      printDate(date);                  }              }          }      }   //--------------------------------     unit test      -(void)testRegexMatchDates      {          NSArray * dates  @ @"Jan 1 1201",                               @"Jan 01 1800",                               @"Jan 1 1899",                               @"Dec 31 1900",                               @"Jan 1 1901",                               @"Jan 24 2084",                               @"Jan 1 3000" ;          NSString * text  dates componentsJoinedByString:@" ; ";          NSError * regexError;          NSString * regexPattern  @"\\w{3}\\s+\\d{1,2}\\s+\\d{4}";          id regex  NSRegularExpression regularExpressionWithPattern:regexPattern options:0 error:&regexError;          if (regexError)          {              NSLog(@"regex error: %@", regexError);          }          else          {              NSDateFormatter * df  NSDateFormatter new;              df.dateFormat  @"MM-dd-yyyy";              NSRange textRange  NSMakeRange(0, text.length);              regex enumerateMatchesInString:text options:0 range:textRange usingBlock:^(NSTextCheckingResult * result, NSMatchingFlags flags, BOOL * stop)              {                  NSString * match  text substringWithRange:result.range;                  NSDate * date  df dateFromString:match;                  NSLog(@"%11s (%@)", match.UTF8String, df stringFromDate:date);              };              const NSUInteger matchCount  regex numberOfMatchesInString:text options:0 range:textRange;              const NSUInteger expectedMatchCount  dates.count;              XCTAssert(matchCount  expectedMatchCount, @"expected regex match count failed");          }      }      // output       Jan 1 1201 (01-01-1201)      Jan 01 1800 (01-01-1800)       Jan 1 1899 (01-01-1899)      Dec 31 1900 (12-31-1900)       Jan 1 1901 (01-01-1901)      Jan 24 2084 (01-24-2084)       Jan 1 3000 (01-01-3000)- Action Methods    #define IBAction void  // UINibDeclarations.h    // Swift 3    @IBAction func buttonTap(sender: UIButton) {        print("button was tapped, sender: \(sender)")  // button was tapped, sender: <UIButton: 0x00000000>    }    // OC    - (IBAction)buttonTap:(id)sender {        NSLog(@"button was tapped, sender: %@", sender);    }- C Dialects  //--------------------------------    Swift 3      import Foundation      let now  Date()      let df  DateFormatter()      df.dateFormat  "MM-dd-yyyy HH:mm:ss"      print("\(df.string(from:now))")  // 09-01-2016 00:00:00      let a  "HAL"      let x  9000      print("Swift hello \(a) \(x).")  // Swift hello HAL 9000.  //--------------------------------    OC      #import <Foundation/Foundation.h>      int main() {          @autoreleasepool {              NSDate * now  NSDate date;              NSDateFormatter * df  NSDateFormatter new;              df.dateFormat  @"MM-dd-yyyy HH:mm:ss";              NSLog(@"%@", df stringFromDate:now);  // 10-02-2013 00:00:00              NSString * a  @"HAL";              int x  9000;              NSLog(@"OC hello %@ %d%c", a, x, '.');  // OC hello HAL 9000.          }          return 0;      }  //--------------------------------    C++      #include <iostream>      #include <ctime>      int main() {          time_t now  time(0);          struct tm * t;          t  localtime(&now);          char buff20;          strftime(buff, sizeof(buff), "%m-%d-%Y %H:%M:%S", t);  // 10-02-2013 00:00:00          std::cout << buff << std::endl;          const std::string a  {"HAL"};          int x  9000;          std::cout << "C++ hello " << a << " " << x << '.' << std::endl;  // C++ hello HAL 9000.          return 0;      }  //--------------------------------    C      #include <stdio.h>      #include <time.h>      int main() {          time_t now  time(0);          struct tm * t;       // t  gmtime(&now);     // 10-02-2013 06:00:00          t  localtime(&now);  // 10-02-2013 00:00:00          char buff20;          strftime(buff, sizeof(buff), "%m-%d-%Y %H:%M:%S", t);          printf("%s\n", buff);          const char a  "HAL";          int x  9000;          printf("C hello %s %d%c\n", a, x, '.');  // C hello HAL 9000.          return 0;      }- C  //--------------------------------    linked list      // file: main.c      #include "list.h"      int getData();      void test();      int main()      {          test();          return 0;      }      void test()      {          const int nodeCount  4;          for (int i  0; i < nodeCount; i++)          {              int data  getData();              struct node * n  createNodeWithData(data);              appendNodeToList(n);          }          printList();          reverseList();          printList();          prependNodeToList(createNodeWithData(getData()));          printList();          freeList();      }      int getData()      {          static int dataValue;          dataValue + 100;          return dataValue;      }      // file: list.h      struct node      {          struct node * next;          int data;      };      struct node * createNodeWithData(int);      void appendNodeToList(struct node *);      void prependNodeToList(struct node *);      void reverseList();      void printList();      void freeList();      // file: list.c      #include <stdio.h>      #include <stdlib.h>      #include "list.h"      struct node * head;      struct node * tail;      struct node * createNodeWithData(int aData)      {          struct node * n  malloc(sizeof(struct node));          n->data  aData;          n->next  NULL;          return n;      }      void appendNodeToList(struct node * aNode)      {          if (head  NULL)          {              head  aNode;              tail  head;          }          else          {              tail->next  aNode;              tail  aNode;          }      }      void prependNodeToList(struct node * aNode)      {          if (head  NULL)          {              head  aNode;              tail  head;          }          else          {              aNode->next  head;              head  aNode;          }      }      void reverseList()      {          struct node * prev  NULL;          struct node * current  head;          struct node * next  NULL;          while (current ! NULL)          {              next  current->next;              current->next  prev;              prev  current;              current  next;          }          tail  head;          head  prev;      }      void printList()      {          const struct node * current  head;          while (current ! NULL)          {              printf("%p, %d, %p\n", current, current->data, current->next);              current  current->next;          }      }      void freeList()      {          struct node * current  head;          struct node * next;          while (current ! NULL)          {              next  current->next;              current->data  0;              current  NULL;              free(current);              current  next;          }      }- C++  //--------------------------------    C++ 11 range-based for-statements      #include <iostream>      #include <vector>      using namespace std;      int main()      {          int a  { 0, 1, 2 };          for (const auto &i: a)          {              //          }          vector<int> v;  //  { 0, 1, 2 };          for (int i  0; i < 3; ++i)          {              v.push_back(i);          }          for (const auto &i: v)          {              cout << i << " ";  // 0 1 2          }          cout << "\n";          for (auto &i: v)          {              i + 1;              cout << i << " ";  // 1 2 3          }          return 0;      }- String Conversions    - C string char * to C++      const char c  "foo";      std::string cc(c);      std::cout << cc << std::endl;    - C string char * to OC      const char c"foo";      NSString * oc  NSString stringWithUTF8String:c;      NSLog(@"%@", oc);    - C++ string to C char *      std::string cc  {"foo"};      const char * c  cc.c_str();      printf("%s\n", c);    - OC string to C char *      NSString * oc  @"foo";      const char * c  oc.UTF8String;      printf("%s\n", c);- Cocoa Framework Header Files    iOS      /Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/iPhoneOS.platform/Developer/SDKs/iPhoneOS.sdk/System/Library/Frameworks/Foundation.framework/Headers/NSObject.h             /Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/iPhoneOS.platform/Developer/SDKs/iPhoneOS.sdk/System/Library/Frameworks/UIKit.framework/Headers/UIView.h    macOS    /Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/System/Library/Frameworks/Foundation.framework/Versions/C/Headers/NSObject.h             /Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/System/Library/Frameworks/AppKit.framework/Versions/C/Headers/NSView.h    watchOS  /Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/WatchOS.platform/Developer/SDKs/WatchOS.sdk/System/Library/Frameworks/Foundation.framework/Headers/NSObject.h             /Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/WatchOS.platform/Developer/SDKs/WatchOS.sdk/System/Library/Frameworks/WatchKit.framework/Headers/WKInterfaceObject.h    - App Icon  Adobe Photoshop CC v 20.0.5  Preferences - Plug-Ins - Generator - Enable  File - Generate - Image Assets  https://helpx.adobe.com/photoshop/using/generate-assets-layers.html  https://github.com/adobe-photoshop/generator-core  https://github.com/adobe-photoshop/generator-assets  https://github.com/adobe-photoshop/generator-assets/wiki/Generate-Image-Assets-Functional-Spec  Layer Name  iPhone: 40x40 notification_20@2x.png, 60x60 notification_20@3x.png, 58x58 settings_29@2x.png, 87x87 settings_29@3x.png, 80x80 spotlight_40@2x.png, 120x120 spotlight_40@3x.png, 120x120 appicon_60@2x.png, 180x180 appicon_60@3x.png, 1024x1024 appicon_1024.png  iPad:   40x40 notification_20@2x.png, 58x58 settings_29@2x.png, 80x80 spotlight_40@2x.png, 152x152 appicon_76@2x.png, 167x167 appicon_83.5@2x.png, 1024x1024 appicon_1024.png  - iPhone    40x40 notification_20@2x.png    60x60 notification_20@3x.png    58x58 settings_29@2x.png    87x87 settings_29@3x.png    80x80 spotlight_40@2x.png    120x120 spotlight_40@3x.png    120x120 appicon_60@2x.png    180x180 appicon_60@3x.png    1024x1024 appicon_1024.png  - iPad    40x40 notification_20@2x.png    58x58 settings_29@2x.png    80x80 spotlight_40@2x.png    152x152 appicon_76@2x.png    167x167 appicon_83.5@2x.png    1024x1024 appicon_1024.png    - Xcode Regex Search and Replace    indent line    s:^(.)    r:    $1    replace first n chars    s:^.{3}    deleting first n chars, 2 part search & replace    s:^.{3}    r:  x    s:^  x    remove trailing chars    d:^(.{39}-)    # debug show length    s:^(.{39}-).*  # keep first 40 chars, delete everything after char 40    r:$1    add trailing chars    s:^(.{39}-)  # keep first 40 chars    r:$1----    s:spinner|((ui)?activityIndicator(View)?)    - Xcode Scheme Scripts      - Build Pre-Actions Script: Redirect Output to File        vLine"-------------------------------"    vDate$(date '+%m-%d-%y.%H%M%S')    echo "$vLine\n$vDate\nbuild pre-actions...\npwd: $(pwd)\n$vLine" >> ~/xcodeActions.txt        # build post-actions script    vDate$(date '+%m-%d-%y.%H%M%S')    echo "$vDate\nbuild post-actions..." >> ~/xcodeActions.txt            # text file output    -------------------------------    11-21-14.120100    build pre-actions...    pwd: /private/var/folders/p4/abc7123x999xyz_ab1qwe0xx9999xs/T    -------------------------------    11-21-14.120100    build post-actions...          - Test Post-Actions Script: Apple Script to set Focus on Xcode after Running Unit Tests    osascript -e 'tell application "Xcode" to activate'          - Disable debugging Document Versions for Run and Profile actions    Removes NSDocumentRevisionsDebugMode from app launch args    Nav to scheme window and uncheck Document Versions debugging from Run and Profile options        # script    open project    nav to scheme window (CS + <)    // > prod > scheme > edit scheme, will gen xcscheme file    esc to dismiss scheme window           close project                                                                 # run script from root           // scheme name  project name  # sed -i '' -e  s/'debugDocumentVersioning  "YES"'/'debugDocumentVersioning  "NO"'/g  x.xcodeproj/xcshareddata/xcschemes/x.xcscheme        open project        - Xcode Symbolic Breakpoints  symbol: Swift.print          NSLog          -Foo name      // read property          -Foo setName:  // write property          -Foo update    // method/pre>div styleclear: both;>/div>/div>div 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classtitle>Expression Software Blog/h1>/div>div classdescriptionwrapper>p classdescription>span>a hrefhttps://www.expressionsoftware.com>home/a>/span>/p>/div>/div>/div>div classwidget Blog data-version1 idBlog1>div classblog-posts hfeed>          div classdate-outer>        h2 classdate-header>span>12/31/16/span>/h2>          div classdate-posts>        div classpost-outer>div classpost hentry itemscopeitemscope itemtype//schema.org/BlogPosting>a name8403342461171573833>/a>h3 classpost-title entry-title itempropname>a hrefhttps://blog.expressionsoftware.com/2016/12/arduino-blink-sketch.html>Arduino Blink Sketch/a>/h3>div classpost-header>div classpost-header-line-1>/div>/div>div classpost-body entry-content idpost-body-8403342461171573833 itemproparticleBody>pre stylefont-family:courier new>   /*    * Upload Error: Error opening serial port '/dev/cu.usbmodem1421'    * Fix: Close Serial Monitor window, reopen after upload is done.    *     * Misc    * - On Micro, TX LED lights up when Serial print(), println() is called    * - Serial Monitor can be started after upload or reset    * - setup() runs once when you press reset or power the board    * - loop() is a run-loop    *     * Keyboard Shortcuts    * CS M  Serial Monitor    */// const int  kLedPin  LED_BUILTIN;   const int  kLedPin  10;   const long kBlinkInterval  400;   const int  kMaxLogCount  10;   unsigned long previousMillis  0;   boolean onceToken  false;   int ledState  LOW;   int logCount  0;   void setup() {              const String kBoard  "Arduino Micro, 5V";              Serial.begin(9600);       delay(6000);  // delay for serial monitor intialization       Serial.println(kBoard);              pinMode(kLedPin, OUTPUT);  // LED output       if (kLedPin  LED_BUILTIN) {           Serial.print("Built-In ");       }       Serial.print("LED Pin: ");       Serial.println(kLedPin);              Serial.print("LED Blink Interval: ");       Serial.println(kBlinkInterval);              Serial.print("Max Log Count: ");       Serial.println(kMaxLogCount);   }   void loop() {              if (onceToken  false) {           Serial.println("");           Serial.println("Loop started");           onceToken  true;       }       unsigned long currentMillis  millis();       if (currentMillis - previousMillis > kBlinkInterval) {           previousMillis  currentMillis;           if (ledState  LOW) {               ledState  HIGH;               log("On");           }           else {               ledState  LOW;               log("Off");           }           digitalWrite(kLedPin, ledState);       }   }   void log(String message) {       if (logCount < kMaxLogCount) {           Serial.println(message);           logCount++;       }   }   // Output            Arduino Micro, 5V      LED Pin: 10      LED Blink Interval: 400      Max Log Count: 10            Loop started      On      Off      On      Off      On      Off      On      Off      On      Off/pre>a href//expressionsoftware.com/docs/arduino-blink-breadboard.pdf imageanchor1>img border0 height350 src//expressionsoftware.com/docs/arduino-blink-breadboard.svg stylemargin-left: -24px width500 />/a>a href//expressionsoftware.com/docs/arduino-blink-schematic.pdf imageanchor1>img border0 src//expressionsoftware.com/docs/arduino-blink-schematic.svg stylemargin-left: 20px width500/>/a>br />br />a hrefhttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiT5WDxfJrgKWKsYtlYNw2ME5qoLFKjLvVqbpXxNWV6WiE4er_FnYWurZWzAppL48vow82u1kFsPpOgbv2xsMzs6ztiU_H4QWeG59Ym6Ef4SEiBA6qXhlDxtxXAsxxduCboS8LgT6Q81EOc/s1600/arduino-blink-sketch-breadboard-1.jpg imageanchor1>img border0 srchttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiT5WDxfJrgKWKsYtlYNw2ME5qoLFKjLvVqbpXxNWV6WiE4er_FnYWurZWzAppL48vow82u1kFsPpOgbv2xsMzs6ztiU_H4QWeG59Ym6Ef4SEiBA6qXhlDxtxXAsxxduCboS8LgT6Q81EOc/s800/arduino-blink-sketch-breadboard-1.jpg styleheight: 300px />/a>a 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srchttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigxa4RcKeCexRkHXGv0eut1SJTWTV-wANpeU6cqONhlQIRqCF_nMgiMQzmD_j_Bm7jNT_LYcfcG1o7IreabMudkNz3btTGQEbWWBqlNJnavzArpvSd3GnrrmNFob0CBqlW_n05uW_ucBd9/s800/arduino-blink-sketch-breadboard-3.jpg stylemargin-left: 10px; height: 300px; />/a>br />br />br />div styleclear: both;>/div>/div>div classpost-footer>div classpost-footer-line post-footer-line-1>span classpost-comment-link>a classcomment-link hrefhttps://blog.expressionsoftware.com/2016/12/arduino-blink-sketch.html#comment-form onclick>No comments:              /a>/span>span classpost-icons>span classitem-control blog-admin pid-825337817>a hrefhttps://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID2362511696290915939&postID8403342461171573833&frompencil titleEdit Post>img alt classicon-action height18 src//resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif width18/>/a>/span>/span>/div>div classpost-footer-line post-footer-line-2>span classpost-labels>/span>/div>div classpost-footer-line 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font-size: 14px;>3.3V/span>br />b>span stylefont-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 19px>Micro/span>/b> span stylefont-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;>5V/span>br />br />iframe height451 srchttp://expressionsoftware.com/docs/arduino-boards.pdf width90% frameborder0 allowtransparencytrue stylebackground: #000000 scrollingno marginheight0 marginwidth0 allowfullscreen yes>/iframe>br />br />a hrefhttps://www.arduino.cc/en/Reference/HomePage>Arduino Language Reference/a>br/>a hrefhttp://expressionsoftware.com/docs/arduino-boards.pdf>Arduino Boards PDF/a>br />br />br />div styleclear: both;>/div>/div>div classpost-footer>div classpost-footer-line post-footer-line-1>span classpost-comment-link>a classcomment-link hrefhttps://blog.expressionsoftware.com/2016/12/arduino.html#comment-form onclick>No comments:              /a>/span>span classpost-icons>span classitem-control blog-admin pid-825337817>a hrefhttps://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID2362511696290915939&postID630173669210213205&frompencil titleEdit Post>img alt classicon-action height18 src//resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif width18/>/a>/span>/span>/div>div classpost-footer-line post-footer-line-2>span classpost-labels>/span>/div>div classpost-footer-line post-footer-line-3>/div>/div>/div>/div>          /div>/div>                  div classdate-outer>        h2 classdate-header>span>8/10/16/span>/h2>          div classdate-posts>        div classpost-outer>div classpost hentry itemscopeitemscope itemtype//schema.org/BlogPosting>a name2324325584917950238>/a>h3 classpost-title entry-title itempropname>a hrefhttps://blog.expressionsoftware.com/2013/10/c2.html>iOS macOS tvOS watchOS/a>/h3>div classpost-header>div classpost-header-line-1>/div>/div>div classpost-body entry-content idpost-body-2324325584917950238 itemproparticleBody>pre stylefont-family:courier new>// Swift        # swift repl      :version  // 5.7.2      :quit            swift package --version  # Apple Swift Package Manager - Swift 5.7.1      swift package --help      swift package init      swift package  generate-xcodeproj      swift build      swift test      swift test --filter "FooTests"      swift test --filter "BarTests"      swift test --filter "testFoo"                  import Darwin            M_PI                 // Double  3.1415926535897931      log2(100 as Float)   // 6.64385605      log2(100 as Double)  // 6.6438561897747244                  "Foo".lowercased()      "foo".count           // 3      "foo".index(of: "f")  // String.Index?                  let s  "foo bar"            if let idx: String.Index  s.firstIndex(of: "f") {          s.distance(from: s.startIndex, to: idx) |> p   // Int  0      }                  extension String {  // se                    // let c: Character?  s0          //           subscript(idx: Int) -> Character? {                            guard idx > 0 && idx < count              else {                  return nil              }                            return selfindex(startIndex, offsetBy: idx)          }                    // let idx: Int?  s.index("f")          //           func index(_ c: Character) -> Int? {                            guard let idx: String.Index  firstIndex(of: c)              else {                  return nil              }                            let id: Int  distance(from: startIndex, to: idx)              print("\"\(self)\" idx: \(c)  \(id)")                            return id          }                }            let c: Character?  s0                       // se      let cs: Array<Character?>  c, s1, s100      print(cs)                                      // Optional("f"), Optional("o"), nil      if let idx: Int  s.index("f") {               // se          print("DB idx  \(idx)")      }                        // replace      s.replacingOccurrences(of: "o", with: "*")  // f** bar      s.replacingOccurrences(of: ",", with: "").replacingOccurrences(of: " ", with: "_").lowercased()                  let range: Range<String.Index>  Range(uncheckedBounds: (lower: s.index(s.startIndex, offsetBy: 0),                                                               upper: s.index(s.endIndex,   offsetBy: 0)))            s.replacingOccurrences(of:      "o",                             with:    "*",                             options: NSString.CompareOptions.literal,                             range:   range)                  s.substring(from: s.index(s.startIndex, offsetBy: 0))  // foo bar      s.substring(from: s.index(s.startIndex, offsetBy: 1))  // oo bar      let startIdx     s.index(s.startIndex, offsetBy: 4)      s.substring(from: startIdx)                            // bar            s.substring(to: s.index(s.startIndex, offsetBy: 0))    //      s.substring(to: s.index(s.startIndex, offsetBy: 1))    // f, first char, string      s.substring(to: s.index(s.startIndex, offsetBy: 2))    // fo      let endIdx     s.index(s.startIndex, offsetBy: 3)      s.substring(to: endIdx)                                // foo            String(ss.startIndex ..< endIdx)                     // foo      let range: Range<String.Index>  Range(uncheckedBounds: (lower: s.index(s.startIndex, offsetBy:  1),                                                               upper: s.index(s.endIndex,   offsetBy: -1)))      s.substring(with: range)                               // oo ba      let c: Character  ss.startIndex  // f, first char      let p  CGPoint(x:1, y:2)  // CGPointMake(1, 2)      Locale.current.identifier    // en_US      Locale.current.languageCode  // en      Locale.current.regionCode    // US      ...  closed range operator      ..<  half-open range      for x in 0..<1  {  // 0      for x in 0...1  {  // 0 1          x |> p      }      for x in 1...8 {          x % 4 |> p  // 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0  mod      }      for _ in 1...10 { "." |> p }      String(repeating: ".", count: 10)  // ..........      for x in 1...3 { "\(x)." |> p }  // 1.                                       // 2.                                       // 3.      for x in stride(from: 10, through: 100, by: 10 ) { "\(x) " |> p }  // 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100  closed      for x in stride(from: 10, to:      100, by: 10 ) { "\(x) " |> p }  // 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90      half-open      let df  DateFormatter()      df.dateFormat  "MM-dd-yyyy"      let d1  df.date(from: "01-08-1947")!      let d2  df.date(from: "01-10-2016")!  // db      let cal  Calendar.current      cal.dateComponents(.day,  from: d1, to: d2).day   // 25204      cal.dateComponents(.year, from: d1, to: d2).year  // 69      let nf  NumberFormatter()      nf.numberStyle  .currency      let d  Double(0.99 + 42.00)      let n  NSNumber(value: d)      nf.string(from: n)            // $42.99      import GLKit      for x in stride(from:0, through:360, by:90) { String(format:"%3d degrees  %.2f radians", x, GLKMathDegreesToRadians(Float(x))) |> p }                      0 degrees  0.00 radians           90 degrees  1.57 radians          180 degrees  3.14 radians          270 degrees  4.71 radians          360 degrees  6.28 radians      //--------------------------------    swiftui    import SwiftUI            // ContentView.swift            struct ContentView: View {                    var body: some View {              let _  "DEBUG body" |> p                            VStack {                  Text("Hello SwiftUI")                                    Button("Test") {                      "DEBUG button tap" |> p                  }              }              .padding()              .frame(maxWidth: CGFloat.infinity, maxHeight: .infinity)              .onAppear() {                  "DEBUG onAppear()" |> p              }          }                }                  // App.swift            @main      struct xApp: App {                    var body: some Scene {              WindowGroup {                  let _  logProcessInfo()                  ContentView()              }          }                }                  func logProcessInfo() {          let pi  ProcessInfo.processInfo          """process infoid:   \(pi.processIdentifier)name: \(pi.processName)args: \(pi.arguments)cmd:  ps aux \(pi.processIdentifier)"""          |> log      }                  // output      process info      id:   4200      name: x      args: "/Users/a/Library/Developer/Xcode/DerivedData/*/Build/Products/Debug/x.app/Contents/MacOS/x", "-NSDocumentRevisionsDebugMode", "YES"      cmd:  ps aux 4200              //--------------------------------    binary            String(42, radix: 2)  // 101010  print int to binary            let b1:  UInt  0b1                                                                 //                    1  0x1      let b63: UInt  0b1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000  //  9223372036854775808  0x8000000000000000      let ba:  UInt  0b1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111  // 18446744073709551615  0xffffffffffffffff                 ba.nonzeroBitCount       // 64                                                   0b0.leadingZeroBitCount   // 64          0b0.trailingZeroBitCount  // 64                                                    b1.leadingZeroBitCount   // 63           b1.trailingZeroBitCount  //  0                                                0b1111.leadingZeroBitCount   // 60       0b1000.leadingZeroBitCount   // 60                                                0b1000.trailingZeroBitCount  //  3       0b1100.trailingZeroBitCount  //  2       0b1110.trailingZeroBitCount  //  1      0b11000.trailingZeroBitCount  //  3                  // c bit funcs      // 1-based, max input: Int64      //       flsll(0b1100)  // 4  find last bit set    most sig      ffsll(0b1100)  // 3  find first bit set  least sig                  let a   0b0100000       // 32     100000  0x20      let b   0b1000000       // 64    1000000  0x40      let ab  a | b           // 96    1100000  0x60                                              var b   0b1                                b | (1 << 3)        //  9       1001  0x9                                              let b: UInt  (1 << 63)  // 9223372036854775808      //--------------------------------    hex            0xa   // 10      0x2a  // 42            String(42, radix: 16)  // print int to hex            let h: UInt  0xffffffffffffffff  // 18446744073709551615            dec hex        0   0        1   1        2   2        3   3        4   4        5   5        6   6        7   7        8   8        9   9       10   A       11   B       12   C       13   D       14   E       15   F          //--------------------------------    int range                              min                   max      Int8                   -128                   127      Int16                -32768                 32767      Int32           -2147483648            2147483647      Int64  -9223372036854775808   9223372036854775807  // Int                                          UInt8                     0                   255      UInt16                    0                 65535      UInt32                    0            4294967295      UInt64                    0  18446744073709551615  // UInt              //--------------------------------    scope            do {          var a  0      }            ({          var a  0      })()              //--------------------------------    closures            let c  { }      let c  { weak self in                 self?.foo()              }            let c:  () -> Void   { }  // () -> ()      let c: (() -> Void)  { }            let c: (String) -> Void  { s in }              //--------------------------------    pipe operator            infix operator |> : LogicalConjunctionPrecedence            public func |> <T, U>(lhs: T, rhs: (T) -> U) -> U {          rhs(lhs)      }                 // generic pipe print wrapper     // "foo"             |> p     // #function         |> p     // 0, 7            |> p  // 0, 7     // Array<Int>(0...3) |> p  // 0, 1, 2, 3     //      func p<T>(_ data: T) {         Swift.print(data)     }          // generic pipe log     //      func log<T>(_ data: T) {         "\(Date().formatDateTimeMilliseconds()): \(data)" |> p     }            //--------------------------------    xcode: show errors and warnings on build only        disable "show live issues"    > prefs > gen > show live issues        dismiss errors and warnings    > prod > clear all issues              // alt no unused warn func      // param must be initd      //       // a       |> nuwarn      // (a, b)  |> nuwarn      // closure |> nuwarn      //       func nuwarn<T>(_ x: T) {          //       }          //--------------------------------    enums            enum WildThing {          case dragon, rous, troll      }            let wildThing  WildThing.rous            wildThing |> p  // rous  app.WildThing.rous              //--------------------------------    console input args      // app "foo, bar" 42      if CommandLine.argc  3 {  // arg count          //                 CommandLine.arguments0  // app path          let arg1: String  CommandLine.arguments1          let arg2: String  CommandLine.arguments2      }  //--------------------------------    app delegate      // AppKit      // NSApp  NSApplication.shared()      let appDelegate  NSApp.delegate      let wc  NSApp.mainWindow?.windowController      // UIKit      let appDelegate  UIApplication.shared.delegate      AppDelegate * appDelegate  (AppDelegate *)UIApplication.sharedApplication.delegate;  // OC      // WatchKit      let appDelegate  WKExtension.shared().delegate  //--------------------------------    user defaults, Swift 3      let keyPeerID  "peerID"      saveData(peerIDFromUser(), key:keyPeerID)      func peerIDFromUser() -> MCPeerID {          let peerID  "foo"  // UIDevice.current.name          return MCPeerID(displayName: peerID)      }      func saveData(_ data: Any, key: String) {          let archive: Data  NSKeyedArchiver.archivedData(withRootObject: data)          UserDefaults.standard.set(archive, forKey: key)      }      func getPeerID() -> MCPeerID? {          var peerID: MCPeerID?          let data: Data?  UserDefaults.standard.data(forKey: keyPeerID)          if data ! nil {              peerID  NSKeyedUnarchiver.unarchiveObject(with: data!) as? MCPeerID          }          return peerID      }      let defaults  UserDefaults.standard.dictionaryRepresentation()      for key in defaults.keys.sorted(by: { $0.caseInsensitiveCompare($1)  .orderedAscending }) {          print("\(key)  \(defaultskey!)")      }      // OC      NSDictionary * defaults  NSUserDefaults.standardUserDefaults dictionaryRepresentation;      for (NSString * key in defaults.allKeys sortedArrayUsingSelector:@selector(caseInsensitiveCompare:)) {          NSLog(@"%@  %@", key, defaults valueForKey:key);      }  //--------------------------------    file and directory comparisons, Swift 3      let file1  "~/temp.txt"      let file2  "/volumes/vol1/temp.txt"      let result  fileContentsEqual(file1, file2)      if result  .equal {          print("equal\n")      }      else if result  .notEqual {          print("NOT equal\n")      }      // alt file path build      let file1Base  "/volumes/vol1/"      let file2Base  "/volumes/vol2/"      let root  "temp/"      let file  "foo"      let file1  "\(file1Base)\(root)\(file)"      let file2  "\(file2Base)\(root)\(file)"      enum FileContentsEqualResult {          case equal, notEqual, error      }      func filesExist(_ filePath1: String, _ filePath2: String) -> Bool {          let file1Exists  FileManager().fileExists(atPath: filePath1)          let file2Exists  FileManager().fileExists(atPath: filePath2)          if !file1Exists { print("error, file 1 does not exist: \(filePath1)") }          if !file2Exists { print("error, file 2 does not exist: \(filePath2)") }          return file1Exists && file2Exists      }      func fileContentsEqual(_ filePath1: String, _ filePath2: String) -> FileContentsEqualResult {          print("comparing: \(filePath1)\n           \(filePath2)\n")          guard filesExist(filePath1, filePath2)                 else { return .error }          guard filePath1.lowercased() ! filePath2.lowercased() else { print("error, file paths are the same"); return .error }          return FileManager().contentsEqual(atPath: filePath1, andPath: filePath2) ? .equal : .notEqual      }  //--------------------------------    enumerate directories          import Foundation      let dir: URL  URL(fileURLWithPath: "/users/sn/documents", isDirectory: true)      let dirEnumerator: FileManager.DirectoryEnumerator  FileManager().enumerator(at: dir,                                                                                    includingPropertiesForKeys: ,                                                                                    options: ,                                                                                    errorHandler: { (file: URL, error: Error) -> Bool in                                                                                                      print("error: \(error) at file: \(file.path)")                                                                                                      return true                                                                                                  })!      let df  DateFormatter()      df.dateFormat  "yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss"      func date(_ date: Date) -> String {          return df.string(from: date)      }      func fileSize(_ file: URL) -> String {          let attrs: FileAttributeKey : Any  try! FileManager().attributesOfItem(atPath: file.path)          let sizeAttr: Any  attrsFileAttributeKey.size          let size  (sizeAttr as! NSNumber)          return ByteCountFormatter.string(fromByteCount: size.int64Value,                                           countStyle: ByteCountFormatter.CountStyle.file)      }      let fileResourceKeys: Set<URLResourceKey>  .contentModificationDateKey,                                                   .isDirectoryKey,                                                   .isPackageKey,                                                   .isRegularFileKey      for (index, object) in dirEnumerator.enumerated() {          let file  object as! URL          do {              let resource: URLResourceValues  try file.resourceValues(forKeys: fileResourceKeys)              if resource.isRegularFile! {                  print("\(index). \(file.path), size: \(fileSize(file)), mod: \(date(resource.contentModificationDate!))")              }              else if resource.isDirectory! {                  print("\(index). dir: \(file)")              }              else if resource.isPackage! {                  print("\(index). package: \(file)")              }              else {                  print("\(index). unknown file type: \(file)")              }          } catch {              print(error)          }      }  //--------------------------------    tax rate solver, Swift 3    - solve tax rate from subtotal and tax      solve total from subtotal and tax rate      solve subtotal from total and tax rate      import Foundation      protocol Singleton: class {          static var sharedInstance: Self { get }      }      final class Formatter: Singleton {          static let sharedInstance  Formatter()  // calls init          private let nfDollar             NumberFormatter()          private let nfDollarApproximate  NumberFormatter()          private let nfDecimal            NumberFormatter()          private init() {  // runs once              nfDollar.numberStyle  .currency              nfDollar.minimumFractionDigits  2              nfDollar.maximumFractionDigits  2              nfDollarApproximate.numberStyle  .currency              nfDollarApproximate.maximumFractionDigits  4              nfDecimal.numberStyle  .decimal              nfDecimal.maximumFractionDigits  8          }          // format dollar          static func dollar(_ val: Decimal) -> String {              let sval  String(describing: val) // convert decimal to double via string              let dval  Double(sval)!              let nval  NSNumber(value: dval)              return sharedInstance.nfDollar.string(from: nval)!          }          // one-liner version of dollar()          static func dollarApproximate(_ val: Decimal) -> String {              return sharedInstance.nfDollarApproximate.string(from: NSNumber(value: Double(String(describing: val))!))!          }          static func decimal(_ val: Decimal) -> String {              return sharedInstance.nfDecimal.string(from: NSNumber(value: Double(String(describing: val))!))!          }      }      extension String {          func leftPadding(toLength: Int, withPad character: Character) -> String {              let newLength  self.characters.count              if newLength < toLength {                  return String(repeatElement(character, count: toLength - newLength)) + self              } else {                  return self.substring(from: index(self.startIndex, offsetBy: newLength - toLength))              }          }      }      enum TaxCalculation {          case none,               solveTaxRateFromSubTotalAndTax,               solveTotalFromSubTotalAndTaxRate,               solveSubTotalFromTotalAndTaxRate      }      struct TaxRateSolver {          let subTotalDollar: Decimal          let taxRatePercent: Decimal          let taxDollar:      Decimal          let total:          Decimal          let calc:           TaxCalculation          init() {              self.calc            .none              self.subTotalDollar  0              self.taxDollar       0              self.taxRatePercent  0              self.total           0          }          init(subTotalDollar: Decimal, taxDollar: Decimal) {              calc  .solveTaxRateFromSubTotalAndTax              self.subTotalDollar  subTotalDollar              self.taxDollar       taxDollar              self.taxRatePercent  self.taxDollar / self.subTotalDollar  // solve, approximate              self.total           self.subTotalDollar + self.taxDollar          }          init(subTotalDollar: Decimal, taxRatePercent: Decimal) {              calc  .solveTotalFromSubTotalAndTaxRate              self.subTotalDollar  subTotalDollar              self.taxRatePercent  taxRatePercent              self.taxDollar       self.subTotalDollar * self.taxRatePercent  // solve total via tax, approximate              self.total           self.subTotalDollar + self.taxDollar       // solve, approximate          }          init(totalDollar: Decimal, taxRatePercent: Decimal) {              calc  .solveSubTotalFromTotalAndTaxRate              self.total           totalDollar              self.taxRatePercent  taxRatePercent              self.subTotalDollar  self.total / (1.0 + self.taxRatePercent)  // solve, approximate              self.taxDollar       self.total - self.subTotalDollar          // solve, approximate          }      }      extension TaxRateSolver: CustomStringConvertible, CustomDebugStringConvertible {          public var description: String {              // calc right-align formatting using total-dollar length              func formattedLength() -> Int {                  let nstr  Formatter.dollar(total)                  return nstr.characters.count + 1              }              func formatDollar(_ val: Decimal) -> String {                  return Formatter.dollar(val).leftPadding(toLength: formattedLength(), withPad: " ")              }              let solveSubTotal: String     calc  .solveSubTotalFromTotalAndTaxRate ? " \(Formatter.dollarApproximate(subTotalDollar))" : ""              let solveTaxRate:  String  "\(calc  .solveTaxRateFromSubTotalAndTax   ? " "                                               : "  ")\(Formatter.decimal(taxRatePercent))%"              let solveTotal:    String     calc  .solveTotalFromSubTotalAndTaxRate ? " \(Formatter.dollarApproximate(total))"          : ""              return "sub:   \(formatDollar(subTotalDollar))  " + "\(solveSubTotal)\n" +                     "tax:   \(formatDollar(taxDollar))  "      + "\(solveTaxRate)\n"  +                     "total: \(formatDollar(total))  "          + "\(solveTotal)\n"          }          // print(String(reflecting: taxInfo))          public var debugDescription: String {              get {                  return "calc:  \(calc)\n"                         +                         "sub:   \(subTotalDollar)\n"               +                         "tax:   \(taxDollar)  \(taxRatePercent)\n" +                         "total: \(total)"              }          }      }      // repl wrapper funcs      func taxrate( _ subTotal: Decimal, _ tax:     Decimal) { print(TaxRateSolver(subTotalDollar: subTotal,  taxDollar:      tax))     }      func total(   _ subTotal: Decimal, _ taxRate: Decimal) { print(TaxRateSolver(subTotalDollar: subTotal,  taxRatePercent: taxRate)) }      func subtotal(_ total:    Decimal, _ taxRate: Decimal) { print(TaxRateSolver(totalDollar:    total,     taxRatePercent: taxRate)) }      // example      let t  TaxRateSolver(subTotalDollar: 15.99, taxDollar: 1.40)      print(t.taxRatePercent)        // 0.0875547217010631644777986241400875547      print(t)                       // sub:    $15.99                                     // tax:     $1.40   0.08755472%                                     // total:  $17.39      taxrate(15.99, 1.40)           // sub:    $15.99                                     // tax:     $1.40   0.08755472%                                     // total:  $17.39      let taxRate: Decimal  0.0875      total(9.99,  taxRate)          // sub:     $9.99                                     // tax:     $0.87    0.0875%                                     // total:  $10.86   $10.8641      subtotal(17.39, taxRate)       // sub:    $15.99   $15.9908                                     // tax:     $1.40    0.0875%                                     // total:  $17.39      // unit test      import XCTest      let TR: Decimal  0.0875  // tax rate      let P:  Decimal  0.01    // 1 penny      let HP: Decimal  0.005   // 1/2 penny      let QP: Decimal  0.0025  // 1/4 penny      let TP: Decimal  0.001   // 1/10 penny      let CP: Decimal  0.0001  // 1/100 penny      class TaxRateSolver_1: XCTestCase {          let ST: Decimal  1     // subtotal          let TX: Decimal  0.09  // tax dollar          let T:  Decimal  1.09  // total          var t  TaxRateSolver()          func testInput() {              XCTAssertEqual(ST + TX, T)          }          /*             sub:    $1.00             tax:    $0.09   0.09%             total:  $1.09             sub:     1             tax:     0.09  0.09             total:   1.09           */          func testSolveTaxRate() {              t  TaxRateSolver(subTotalDollar: ST, taxDollar: TX)              XCTAssertEqual(t.calc, .solveTaxRateFromSubTotalAndTax)              XCTAssertEqual(t.subTotalDollar, ST)              XCTAssertEqual(t.taxDollar, TX)              XCTAssertEqual(t.taxRatePercent, TX)              XCTAssertEqual(abs(t.taxRatePercent - TR), QP)              XCTAssertEqual(t.total, T)          }          /*             sub:    $1.00             tax:    $0.09    0.0875%             total:  $1.09   $1.0875             sub:     1             tax:     0.0875  0.0875             total:   1.0875           */          func testSolveTotal() {              t  TaxRateSolver(subTotalDollar: ST, taxRatePercent: TR)              XCTAssertEqual(t.calc, .solveTotalFromSubTotalAndTaxRate)              XCTAssertEqual(t.subTotalDollar, ST)              XCTAssertEqual(t.taxDollar, TR)              XCTAssertEqual(t.taxRatePercent, TR)              XCTAssertEqual(abs(t.total - T), QP)          }          /*             sub:    $1.00   $1.0023             tax:    $0.09    0.0875%             total:  $1.09             sub:     1.002298850574712643678160919540229885             tax:     0.087701149425287356321839080459770115  0.0875             total:   1.09           */          func testSolveSubTotal() {              t  TaxRateSolver(totalDollar: T, taxRatePercent: TR)              XCTAssertEqual(t.calc, .solveSubTotalFromTotalAndTaxRate)              XCTAssertLessThan(abs(t.subTotalDollar - ST), HP)              XCTAssertLessThan(abs(t.taxDollar - TR), TP)              XCTAssertEqual(t.taxRatePercent, TR)              XCTAssertEqual(t.total, T)          }          override func setUp() {              super.setUp()              // Put setup code here. This method is called before the invocation of each test method in the class.          }          override func tearDown() {              // Put teardown code here. This method is called after the invocation of each test method in the class.              print(t)              print(String(reflecting: t))              super.tearDown()          }      }      class TaxRateSolver_70: XCTestCase {          let ST: Decimal  70     // subtotal          let TX: Decimal  6.12   // tax dollar          let T:  Decimal  76.12  // total          var t  TaxRateSolver()          func testInput() {              XCTAssertEqual(ST + TX, T)          }          /*             sub:    $70.00             tax:     $6.12   0.08742857%             total:  $76.12             sub:     70             tax:      6.12  0.087428571428571428571428571428571428571             total:   76.12           */          func testSolveTaxRate() {              t  TaxRateSolver(subTotalDollar: ST, taxDollar: TX)              XCTAssertEqual(t.calc, .solveTaxRateFromSubTotalAndTax)              XCTAssertEqual(t.subTotalDollar, ST)              XCTAssertEqual(t.taxDollar, TX)              XCTAssertLessThan(abs(t.taxRatePercent - TR), CP)              XCTAssertEqual(t.total, T)          }          /*             sub:    $70.00             tax:     $6.12    0.0875%             total:  $76.12   $76.125             sub:     70             tax:      6.125  0.0875             total:   76.125           */          func testSolveTotal() {              t  TaxRateSolver(subTotalDollar: ST, taxRatePercent: TR)              XCTAssertEqual(t.calc, .solveTotalFromSubTotalAndTaxRate)              XCTAssertEqual(t.subTotalDollar, ST)              XCTAssertEqual(abs(t.taxDollar - TX), HP)              XCTAssertEqual(t.taxRatePercent, TR)              XCTAssertEqual(abs(t.total - T), HP)          }          /*             sub:    $70.00   $69.9954             tax:     $6.12    0.0875%             total:  $76.12             sub:     69.995402298850574712643678160919540229             tax:      6.124597701149425287356321839080459771  0.0875             total:   76.12           */          func testSolveSubTotal() {              t  TaxRateSolver(totalDollar: T, taxRatePercent: TR)              XCTAssertEqual(t.calc, .solveSubTotalFromTotalAndTaxRate)              XCTAssertLessThan(abs(t.subTotalDollar - ST), HP)              XCTAssertLessThan(abs(t.taxDollar - TX), HP)              XCTAssertEqual(t.taxRatePercent, TR)              XCTAssertEqual(t.total, T)          }          override func setUp() {              super.setUp()              // Put setup code here. This method is called before the invocation of each test method in the class.          }          override func tearDown() {              // Put teardown code here. This method is called after the invocation of each test method in the class.              print(t)              print(String(reflecting: t))              super.tearDown()          }      }  //--------------------------------    group collection values by properties using this Group By collection extension    from Alejandro Martinez' blog post "GroupBy in Swift 2"    http://alejandromp.com/blog/2015/6/28/group-by-swift      extension CollectionType {          public func groupBy(grouper: (Self.Generator.Element, Self.Generator.Element) -> Bool) -> Self.Generator.Element {              var result : Array<Array<Self.Generator.Element>>                var previousItem : Self.Generator.Element?              var group : Self.Generator.Element                for item in self {                  defer { previousItem  item }                  guard let previous  previousItem else {                      group.append(item)                      continue                  }                  if grouper(previous, item) { // item in the same group                      group.append(item)                  }                  else { // new group                      result.append(group)                      group                        group.append(item)                  }              }              result.append(group)              return result          }      }      import Foundation      struct Match : Equatable, Hashable, CustomStringConvertible {          let id: NSUUID          let row: Int          let col: Int          var hashValue: Int { return self.id.hashValue }          init(row:Int, col: Int) {              id  NSUUID()              self.row  row              self.col  col          }          var description: String {              return "id: \(id.UUIDString), r: \(row), c: \(col)"          }      }      func (lhs: Match, rhs: Match) -> Bool {          return lhs.id  rhs.id      }      let m1  Match(row:  10, col:  20)      let m2  Match(row: 100, col: 200)      var data: Set<Match>  Set(m1, m2)      data.insert(Match(row: 500, col:   1))      data.insert(Match(row: 100, col: 201))      data.insert(Match(row:   1, col:   2))      data.insert(Match(row:   1, col:  42))      data.insert(Match(row:   1, col:  66))      data.insert(Match(row:  10, col:  20))      data.insert(Match(row:  42, col:   1))      data.insert(Match(row:   2, col:  42))      data.insert(Match(row:   1, col:  42))      let sortedData: Match  Array(data).sort { // sort by Column and Row          if $0.0.col ! $0.1.col {              return $0.0.col < $0.1.col          }          else {              return $0.0.row < $0.1.row          }      }      let groupedData: Match  sortedData.groupBy { $0.col  $1.col } // group by Column      print(groupedData) // 7 elements      // output       id: 0, r: 42,  c: 1,         id: 1, r: 500, c: 1,        id: 2, r: 1,   c: 2,        id: 3, r: 10,  c: 20,         id: 4, r: 10,  c: 20,        id: 5, r: 1,   c: 42,         id: 6, r: 1,   c: 42,         id: 7, r: 2,   c: 42,        id: 8, r: 1,   c: 66,        id: 9, r: 100, c: 200,        id: A, r: 100, c: 201        //--------------------------------    search using filter and map functions    - find records by key      find records where column count > search index      get record column by index, return data rows      func fooSearch()      {              func getData() -> String              {                  // data has duplicate keys                  let data  "A:a1,a2,a3\n"  // key : col1, col2, col3                           + "B:b1,b2,b3\n"                           + "B:b10,b20\n"                           + "B:b100\n"                           + "C:c1\n"                           + "F:";                  return split(data) { $0  "\n" }              }          let data:String  getData()              func search(query:(String, Int)) -> String              {                  let recs:String  data.filter { $0.hasPrefix(query.0) }  // filter - where data records match key               // var cols:String  recs.map { split( split($0) { $0  ":" }1 ) { $0  "," } }  // 1  "array index out of range" error if record is empty                  var cols:String  recs.map { split( split($0, { $0  ":" }, maxSplit:Int.max, allowEmptySlices:true)1 ) { $0  "," } }                  cols  cols.filter { $0.count > query.1 }         // filter - where records column count > search index                  var results:String  cols.map { $0query.1-1 }  // get column by index, return data rows                  return results              }              func searchQueries() -> (String, Int)  // array of tuples              {                  return ("A", 1), // key, column index                          ("A", 2),                          ("A", 3),                          ("A", 4),                          ("B", 2),                          ("C", 1),                          ("C", 2),                          ("F", 1);              }          for q:(String, Int) in searchQueries()          {              var results:String  search(q)              for x in results              {                  println(x)              }           }      }      // output      a1      a2      a3      b2      b20      c1  //--------------------------------    get unique objects from array by name, then by max date      // file: Foo.swift      import Foundation            class Foo {                    var name: String          var id: Int          var date: NSDate                    init(name:String, id:Int, date:NSDate) {              self.name  name              self.id  id              self.date  date          }      }            extension Foo: Comparable, Equatable { }                    func <(lhs:Foo, rhs:Foo) -> Bool {              return lhs.date.compare(rhs.date)  NSComparisonResult.OrderedAscending          }                    func (lhs:Foo, rhs:Foo) -> Bool {              return lhs.name  rhs.name          }                        // file: FooSet.swift      // Set Class by Kametrixom http://stackoverflow.com/questions/24044190/how-to-create-array-of-unique-object-list-in-swift      //       class Set<T: Equatable> {                    var items:T                      func add(item:T) {              if !contains(items, { $0  item }) {                  items.append(item)              }          }      }                  // file: FooViewController.swift      func debugFoo() {                            func getFooData() -> Foo {                  var i  0                      func getRandomFooName() -> String {                          return (arc4random_uniform(2) % 2)  1 ? "Foo" : "Bar"  // mod                      }                                            func getRandomFooDate() -> NSDate {                          let secondsPerDay  86400                          let dayRange:UInt32  30                          var randomTimeOffset  Double((Int(arc4random_uniform(dayRange)) * secondsPerDay) + (i * 1))                                                    return NSDate().dateByAddingTimeInterval(-randomTimeOffset)                      }                                                      var fooData  Foo()                  for (i  0; i < 10; i++) {                      let foo  Foo(name: getRandomFooName(), id: i, date: getRandomFooDate())                      fooData.append(foo)                  }                                    return fooData              }                                          func printFoos(a_foos: Foo) {                      func formatDate(a_date:NSDate) -> String {                          var df  NSDateFormatter()                          df.dateFormat  "MM-dd-yy HH:mm:ss"                          df.timeZone  NSTimeZone.localTimeZone()                                                    return df.stringFromDate(a_date)                      }                                                      println("\n\n----------------")                  for foo in a_foos {                      println("\(foo.name), id: \(foo.id), date: \(formatDate(foo.date))")                  }              }                                          func printMaxFoo(a_foos:Foo) {                  let maxFoo  maxElement(a_foos)                  printFoos(maxFoo)  // one element array              }                                          func printSortedFoos(a_foos:Foo) {                  let sortedFoos  sorted(a_foos)                  printFoos(sortedFoos)              }                                          func getSetFromArray(a_foos:Foo) -> Set<Foo> {                  var fooSet  Set<Foo>()                                    for foo in a_foos {                      fooSet.add(foo)                  }                                    return fooSet              }                              let foos:Foo  getFooData()          printFoos(foos)          printSortedFoos(foos)          printMaxFoo(foos)                    let fooSet:Set<Foo>  getSetFromArray(foos)          printFoos(fooSet.items)                    // loop thru the foo set and filter the foos array using the set element to find the matching max foo          var maxFoos  Foo()          for foo in fooSet.items {              maxFoos.append(maxElement((foos.filter({ $0  foo }))))          }                    printFoos(maxFoos)      }                  // output      // raw data      ----------------      Bar, id: 0, date: 10-29-14 19:42:17      Foo, id: 1, date: 10-21-14 19:42:16      Foo, id: 2, date: 10-16-14 19:42:15      Foo, id: 3, date: 11-02-14 18:42:14  // standard time diff      Bar, id: 4, date: 10-22-14 19:42:13      Foo, id: 5, date: 10-20-14 19:42:12      Bar, id: 6, date: 10-11-14 19:42:11      Bar, id: 7, date: 10-26-14 19:42:10      Foo, id: 8, date: 10-17-14 19:42:09      Foo, id: 9, date: 10-20-14 19:42:08      // sorted data      ----------------      Bar, id: 6, date: 10-11-14 19:42:11      Foo, id: 2, date: 10-16-14 19:42:15      Foo, id: 8, date: 10-17-14 19:42:09      Foo, id: 9, date: 10-20-14 19:42:08      Foo, id: 5, date: 10-20-14 19:42:12      Foo, id: 1, date: 10-21-14 19:42:16      Bar, id: 4, date: 10-22-14 19:42:13      Bar, id: 7, date: 10-26-14 19:42:10      Bar, id: 0, date: 10-29-14 19:42:17      Foo, id: 3, date: 11-02-14 18:42:14      // max foo      ----------------      Foo, id: 3, date: 11-02-14 18:42:14      // set data      ----------------      Bar, id: 0, date: 10-29-14 19:42:17      Foo, id: 1, date: 10-21-14 19:42:16      // unique foo by name, then by max date      ----------------      Bar, id: 0, date: 10-29-14 19:42:17      Foo, id: 3, date: 11-02-14 18:42:14  //--------------------------------    sort string array, Swift 3      let names  "foo", "bar", "", " ", "abc"      let sortedNames  names.sorted()                     // names.sorted() { $0 < $1 }                     // names.sorted(by: <)                     // names.sorted(by: { $0 < $1 })                     // names.sorted(by: { (s1: String, s2: String) -> Bool in return s1 < s2 })      for name in sortedNames {          "'\(name)'" |> p    // '' ' ' 'abc' 'bar' 'foo'      }  //--------------------------------    print unicode chars, Swift 4      let dog: Character  "\u{1F436}"      "animal farm: \(dog) \u{1F431} \u{1F638} \u{1F414} \u{1F42E}" |> p  // 🐶 🐱 😸 🐔 🐮  //--------------------------------    print number string, Swift 4      import Foundation      var s   String()      var ms  String()  // mod string      for x in 1...20 {          s  + "\(x),"      // 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,          ms + "\(x % 10)"  // 12345678901234567890      }      let r: Range<String.Index>  s.startIndex..<s.index(before: s.endIndex)  // range up to last char ","      let ss1  String(sr)                                                   // substring, subscript range to remove last char                1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20      let ss2  s..<s.index(s.endIndex, offsetBy: -1)                        // alt, substring, subscript range to remove last char w/offset  1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20  //--------------------------------    uuids, Swift 3      import Foundation      let uid  UUID()      uid.uuidString |> p  // 00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000      let buffSize  16      var bytes: UnsafeMutablePointer<UInt8>  UnsafeMutablePointer.allocate(capacity: buffSize)      (uid as NSUUID).getBytes(UnsafeMutablePointer(bytes))      for i in 0..<buffSize {          "\(bytesi) " |> p  // 4 98 113 71 54 71 70 187 161 54 82 147 74 33 226 33      }      bytes.deallocate(capacity: buffSize)  //--------------------------------    string to bytes, Swift 3      import Foundation      // String -> bytes      let s  "swift"      let b: (UInt8)  Array(s.utf8)  // UInt8(s.utf8)      b |> p  // 115, 119, 105, 102, 116      // NSString -> NSData -> bytes      let d: Data  ("swift" as NSString).data(using: String.Encoding.utf8.rawValue)!      var b1: (UInt8)  Array(repeating: 0, count: d.count)    // 7 values, 0..6  0                       // UInt8(repeating: 0, count: d.count)      (d as NSData).getBytes(&b1, length: d.count)  // copy data bytes into buffer      b1 |> p  // 115, 119, 105, 102, 116  //--------------------------------    decode url, Swift 3      func decodeURL(_ url: String) -> String {          return (url as NSString).replacingOccurrences(of: "%20", with: " ")      }      decodeURL("foo%20bar")  //--------------------------------    download url        - to test non-secure http endpoints disable App Transport Security restrictions for all network connections      info.plist: NSAppTransportSecurity > NSAllowsArbitraryLoads : YES            func syncDownloadString(_ url: URL) {          do {              let html  try NSString(contentsOf: url, encoding: String.Encoding.utf8.rawValue) as String              logHtml(html, url)          }          catch {              error |> log          }      }            func asyncDownloadString(_ url: URL) {          DispatchQueue.global().async {                            do {                  let html  try NSString(contentsOf: url, encoding: String.Encoding.utf8.rawValue) as String                                    DispatchQueue.main.async(execute: DispatchWorkItem {                      self.logHtml(html, url)                  })              }              catch {                  error |> log              }                        }      }            func sessionDataTask(_ url: URL) {          let task  URLSession.shared.dataTask(with: url,                                                completionHandler: { (data: Data?, urlResponse: URLResponse?, error: Error?) -> Void in                            if let error  error {                  error |> p              }              else {                  let statusCode: Int  (urlResponse as! HTTPURLResponse).statusCode                  let html  String(data: data!, encoding: String.Encoding.utf8)! as String                                    DispatchQueue.main.async(execute: DispatchWorkItem {                                            self.logHtml(html, url, statusCode)                                        })              }          })                    task.resume()      }                  // async await      //       Button("Download") {          Task {              let url  URL(string: "https://localhost:8443")!                            try await asyncAwaitDownload(url)          }      }            func asyncAwaitDownload(_ url: URL) async throws {          let result: (data: Data, response: URLResponse)  try await URLSession.shared.data(from: url)                    let statusCode: Int  (result.response as! HTTPURLResponse).statusCode          let html  String(data: result.data, encoding: String.Encoding.utf8)! as String                    self.logHtml(html, url, statusCode)      }                  func logHtml(_ html: String, _ url: URL, _ statusCode: Int?  nil) {          """url: \(url.absoluteString)sc:  \(String(describing: statusCode))\(html)"""          |> log                }          //--------------------------------    average, Swift 3      let add: (Int, Int) -> Int  { x, y in x + y }      func average(_ numbers: Int...) -> Float { let sum  numbers.reduce(0, add);                                  return Float(sum) / Float(numbers.count) }      func average(_ numbers: Int...) -> Float { let sum  numbers.reduce(0) { (x: Int, y: Int) -> Int in x + y };  return Float(sum) / Float(numbers.count) }      func average(_ numbers: Int...) -> Float { let sum  numbers.reduce(0) { $0 + $1 };                           return Float(sum) / Float(numbers.count) }      func average(_ numbers: Int...) -> Float { let sum  numbers.reduce(0, +);                                    return Float(sum) / Float(numbers.count) }      average(1, 2, 3)  // 2.0      let a: Array<Int>  1, 2, 3      apply(average, a)  // 2.0      // apply func from Matt Bradley's blog post "The Missing Apply Function in Swift"      // https://www.drivenbycode.com/the-missing-apply-function-in-swift      func apply<T, U>(_ fn: (T...) -> U, _ args: T) -> U {          typealias FunctionType  (T) -> U          return unsafeBitCast(fn, to: FunctionType.self)(args)      }  //--------------------------------    unique words, count    Swift 1.2 has Set data struct      let input  "FOO bar bar foo 123"      let data  input.componentsSeparatedByCharactersInSet(NSCharacterSet.whitespaceCharacterSet())      let uniqueWords  Set(data)  // string set elements are case-sensitive            println("count: \(uniqueWords.count)")  // 4            for word in uniqueWords {          println("\(word)")      }                  // output      foo      123      bar      FOO          //--------------------------------    swift algorithms    https://github.com/apple/swift-algorithms            - Combinations            // Collection extension      //       // func combinations(ofCount k: Int) -> CombinationsSequence<Self>      //       // Returns a sequence of all the different combinations of a collection’s elements      // with each combination in the order of the original collection.            import Algorithms            let fenCastling  "k", "q", "K", "Q"      let combos: Array<String>  combos(fenCastling)            combos.flatMap { combo in                         combo                     }            .sorted(by: { c1, c2 in                            if (c1.count  c2.count) {       // 1. sort by string length                                return c1 < c2                // 2. sort by string, asc <                            }                            else {                                return c1.count > c2.count    // sort by string length, desc >                            }                        })            .forEach { combo in                         combo |> p  //                     }      }            func combos(_ data: Array<String>) -> Array<String> {          let range: ClosedRange<Int>  (1...data.count)                    let sortAndJoin: (Array<String>) -> String  { cd in  // map closure              let combo: String  cd.sorted().joined()              return combo          }                                                  // algorithm                                        //           let combos: Array<String>  data.combinations(ofCount: range).map(sortAndJoin)                    return combos      }                  // output      // combos()  sort and print         k         KQkq         q         KQk          K         KQq          Q         Kkq          kq        Qkq          Kk        KQ           Qk        Kk           Kq        Kq           Qq        Qk           KQ        Qq           Kkq       kq           Qkq       K            KQk       Q            KQq       k            KQkq      q                 //--------------------------------    crypto            import CryptoKit            let s  "foo"      let data: Data  s.data(using: String.Encoding.utf8)!            let hash: SHA512.Digest  CryptoKit.SHA512.hash(data: data)                  "input  '\(s)'"              |> p    // 'foo'      "output \(hash.description)" |> p    // SHA512 digest: f7fbba6e0636f890e56fbbf3283e524c6fa3204ae298382d624741d0dc6638326e282c41be5e4254d8820772c5518a2c5a8c0c7f7eda19594a7eb539453e1ed7      SHA512.Digest.byteCount      |> p    // 64            let hashdata: Array<String>  hash.map { (byte: UInt8) in                                                 let hex  String(format: "%02x", byte)  // byte to hex                                                 return hex                                             }            hashdata.joined()               |> p      hashdata.joined(separator: " ") |> p            // f7fbba6e0636f890e56fbbf3283e524c6fa3204ae298382d624741d0dc6638326e282c41be5e4254d8820772c5518a2c5a8c0c7f7eda19594a7eb539453e1ed7      // f7 fb ba 6e 06 36 f8 90 e5 6f bb f3 28 3e 52 4c 6f a3 20 4a e2 98 38 2d 62 47 41 d0 dc 66 38 32 6e 28 2c 41 be 5e 42 54 d8 82 07 72 c5 51 8a 2c 5a 8c 0c 7f 7e da 19 59 4a 7e b5 39 45 3e 1e d7          //--------------------------------    c apis    https://developer.apple.com/library/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/BuildingCocoaApps/InteractingWithCAPIs.html      // file: foo.h      #ifndef fooApp__foo__      #define fooApp__foo__      const char foo  "foo";      const char * bar  "bar";      char * getCheezburger();      #endif      // file: foo.c      #include "foo.h"      char * getCheezburger() {          return "cheezburger!";      }      // file: fooApp-bridging-header.h      // import target public headers to expose to Swift      #import "foo.h"      // file: main.swift      import Foundation      // foo char array is tuple (Int8, Int8, Int8, Int8)      println(foo)  // (102, 111, 111, 0)      // iterate func by dankogai http://stackoverflow.com/users/1588574/dankogai      // http://stackoverflow.com/questions/24299045/any-way-to-iterate-a-tuple-in-swift      func iterate<C,R>(t:C, block:(Any)->R) {          let mirror  reflect(t)          for i in 0..<mirror.count {              block(mirrori.1.value)          }      }      // iterate tuple (foo char array)      iterate(foo) {          print( String(UnicodeScalar((("\($0)") as String).toInt()!)) )  // foo      }      println()      var _bar:UnsafePointer<Int8>  bar  // bar char pointer      println(_bar)                       // 0x00000000      println(String.fromCString(_bar)!)  // bar      var cb:UnsafeMutablePointer<CChar>  getCheezburger()  // typealias CChar  Int8      println(String.fromCString(cb)!)                       // cheezburger!- OpenGL  - OpenGL GPU Compatibility    iOS   OpenGL ES  https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/DeviceInformation/Reference/iOSDeviceCompatibility/HardwareGPUInformation/HardwareGPUInformation.html    macOS OpenGL/CL  https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT202823  - EAGL Version      // Swift 4      var major: UInt32  0      var minor: UInt32  0      EAGLGetVersion(&major, &minor)      print("EAGL version: \(major).\(minor)")  // 1.0      // OC      uint major, minor;      EAGLGetVersion(&major, &minor);      NSLog(@"EAGL version: %d.%d", major, minor);  // 1.0  - Upgrade iOS Game to OpenGL ES 3    1. Update vertex shader program    2. Update fragment shader program    3. Init the EAGLContext with OpenGL ES version 3      // 1. file: shader.vsh      #version 300 es      in vec4 position;      in vec3 normal;      out lowp vec4 colorVarying;      uniform mat4 modelViewProjectionMatrix;      uniform mat3 normalMatrix;      void main() {          vec3 eyeNormal  normalize(normalMatrix * normal);          vec3 lightPosition  vec3(0.0, 0.0, 1.0);          vec4 diffuseColor  vec4(0.4, 0.4, 1.0, 1.0);          float nDotVP  max(0.0, dot(eyeNormal, normalize(lightPosition)));          colorVarying  diffuseColor * nDotVP;          gl_Position  modelViewProjectionMatrix * position;      }      // 2. file: shader.fsh      #version 300 es      in lowp vec4 colorVarying;      out lowp vec4 fragmentColor;      void main() {          fragmentColor  colorVarying;      }      // 3. file: gameViewController.swift/m      self.context  EAGLContext(api: .openGLES3)                                   // Swift 4      self.context  EAGLContext alloc initWithAPI:kEAGLRenderingAPIOpenGLES3;  // OC  - OpenGL Version Info    Also available in debug capture GPU frame context info      print("vendor: \(String(cString: unsafeBitCast(glGetString(GLenum(GL_VENDOR)), to: UnsafePointer<CChar>.self)))")  // Swift 4      printf("vendor: %s", (char *)glGetString(GL_VENDOR));                                                              // OC        GL_VENDOR      Apple Inc.        GL_RENDERER    Apple A8   GPU   iphone 6/6+                       Apple A8X  GPU   ipad air 2                       Apple A9   GPU   iphone 6s/6s+                       Apple A9X  GPU   ipad pro                       Apple A10  GPU   iphone 7/7+                       Apple A10X GPU   ipad pro 2017                       Apple A11  GPU   iphone 8/8+/X        GL_VERSION     OpenGL ES 3.0 Apple A8X GPU - 75.11.5                       OpenGL ES 3.0 Apple A9  GPU - 75.11.5                       OpenGL ES 3.0 Apple A9X GPU - 75.11.5                       OpenGL ES 3.0 Metal         - 33         A9X/A10  iOS 10                       OpenGL ES 3.0 Metal         - 52.1.2     A10X/A11 iOS 11        GL_SHADING_LANGUAGE_VERSION    OpenGL ES GLSL ES 3.00  - OpenGL ES 3 Extensions    Also available in debug capture GPU frame context info      #import <OpenGLES/ES3/gl.h>      int count  0;      glGetIntegerv(GL_NUM_EXTENSIONS, &count);      NSLog(@"count: %d", count);  // 19      NSMutableArray * extensions  NSMutableArray array;      for (int i  0; i < count; i++)      {          char * ext  (char *)glGetStringi(GL_EXTENSIONS, i);          extensions addObject: NSString stringWithUTF8String:ext;      }      for (NSString * ext in extensions sortedArrayUsingSelector:@selector(caseInsensitiveCompare:))      {          NSLog(@"%@", ext);      }      // output      GL_APPLE_clip_distance      GL_APPLE_color_buffer_packed_float      GL_APPLE_copy_texture_levels      GL_APPLE_rgb_422      GL_APPLE_texture_format_BGRA8888      GL_EXT_color_buffer_half_float      GL_EXT_debug_label      GL_EXT_debug_marker      GL_EXT_pvrtc_sRGB      GL_EXT_read_format_bgra      GL_EXT_separate_shader_objects      GL_EXT_shader_framebuffer_fetch      GL_EXT_shader_texture_lod      GL_EXT_shadow_samplers      GL_EXT_texture_filter_anisotropic      GL_IMG_read_format      GL_IMG_texture_compression_pvrtc      GL_KHR_texture_compression_astc_ldr      GL_OES_standard_derivatives  - OpenGL Active Uniforms      GLchar * name;      GLint    nameBufSize;      GLsizei  nameLength;      GLint count, loc, size;      GLenum type;      glGetProgramiv(_program, GL_ACTIVE_UNIFORM_MAX_LENGTH, &nameBufSize);      name  (GLchar *)malloc(nameBufSize);      glGetProgramiv(_program, GL_ACTIVE_UNIFORMS, &count);      printf("uniform count: %d\n", count);      for (int i  0; i < count; i++)      {          glGetActiveUniform(_program, i, nameBufSize, &nameLength, &size, &type, name);          loc  glGetUniformLocation(_program, name);          printf("%d. loc: %d, name: %s, type: 0x%02x/%d, size: %d, len: %d\n", (i + 1), loc, name, type, type, size, nameLength);      }      free(name);                  // output      uniform count: 2      1. loc: 0, name: modelViewProjectionMatrix, type: 0x8b5c/35676, size: 1, len: 25  // type GL_FLOAT_MAT4 (GLKMatrix4)      2. loc: 4, name: normalMatrix, type: 0x8b5b/35675, size: 1, len: 12               //      GL_FLOAT_MAT3 (GLKMatrix3)- Sprite Kit  - Scene Frame Animation Loop Methods    https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/GraphicsAnimation/Conceptual/SpriteKit_PG/Actions/Actions.html      - SKScene              - SKSceneDelegate protocol        update:                update:forScene:               (NSTimeInterval)currentTime (SKScene *)scene        didEvaluateActions     didEvaluateActionsForScene:        didSimulatePhysics     didSimulatePhysicsForScene:        didApplyConstraints    didApplyConstraintsForScene:        didFinishUpdate        didFinishUpdateForScene:      - scene frame processing        update:        // execute actions and animations        didEvaluateActions        // simulate physics        didSimulatePhysics        // apply constraints        didApplyConstraints        didFinishUpdate        // render and display updated content  - SKPhysicsContactDelegate Protocol    Implement to receive messages when 2 physics bodies begin or end contact      -(void)didBeginContact:(SKPhysicsContact *)contact      {          NSLog(@"a: %@", contact.bodyA);          NSLog(@"b: %@", contact.bodyB);      }  - SKPhysicsBody -allContactedBodies    Use to check if any nodes of interest are in contact      -(void)didSimulatePhysics      {          NSArray * nodes  currentNode.physicsBody allContactedBodies;          if (nodes.count > 1)  // if nodes count > 1 then 3 or more nodes are in contact          {              for (SKNode * n in nodes)              {                  //              }          }      }  - Debug Frame Updates Every n Seconds      -(void)update:(NSTimeInterval)currentTime      {              void (^debugFrame)(float)  ^(float interval)              {                  static NSTimeInterval lastUpdateTime  0;                  if (lastUpdateTime  0)                  {                      lastUpdateTime  currentTime;                  }                  NSTimeInterval delta  (currentTime - lastUpdateTime);                  if (delta  0 || delta > interval)                  {                      lastUpdateTime  currentTime;                      // ...                  }              };          debugFrame(0.5f);      }      // NSDate * debugFrameTimer;  // ivar      -(void)didSimulatePhysics      {              void (^debugFrame)(float)  ^(float interval)              {                  if ((debugFrameTimer  nil) || (debugFrameTimer.timeIntervalSinceNow < -interval))                  {                      debugFrameTimer  NSDate date;                      // ...                  }              };          debugFrame(0.5f);      }  - Load SKTexture with Size      NSString * filePath  NSBundle mainBundle pathForResource:@"foo" ofType:@"png"      NSImage * image  NSImage alloc initWithContentsOfFile:filePath;      NSData * data  image TIFFRepresentation;      NSImageRep * rep  image representations0;      CGSize size  CGSizeMake(rep.pixelsWide, rep.pixelsHigh);  // actual image dimensions      SKTexture * texture  SKTexture textureWithData:data size:size;      SKSpriteNode * sprite  SKSpriteNode spriteNodeWithTexture:texture;  - TV Noise Shader with SKShader (OpenGL ES 2)      -(void)touchesBegan: (NSSet *)touches withEvent: (UIEvent *)event {          CGPoint location  touches anyObject locationInNode: self;                    SKShader * shader  SKShader shaderWithFileNamed: @"noise.fsh";          SKUniform * u_red  SKUniform uniformWithName: @"u_red" float: 0.20f;          shader addUniform: u_red;                    SKShapeNode * node  SKShapeNode shapeNodeWithRectOfSize: CGSizeMake(400, 300);          node.position  location;          node.fillShader  shader;                    self addChild:node;      }      // fragment shader file: noise.fsh      //       void main() {          highp float a   12.9898;          highp float b   78.233;          highp float c   43758.5453;          highp float dt  dot(v_tex_coord.xy, vec2(a, b));          highp float sn  (dt * u_time);          highp float n   fract(sin(sn) * c);                 // gl_FragColor  vec4(n, n, n, 1.0);          gl_FragColor  vec4(u_red, n, n, 1.0);      }- Scene Kit  - Node Transformation Properties      constraints     NSArray *      non-animatable      eulerAngles     SCNVector3     orientation as roll, yaw, and pitch angles      orientation     SCNQuaternion      pivot           SCNMatrix4     pivot point for position, rotation, and scale      position        SCNVector3      rotation        SCNVector4     orientation as a rotation angle about an axis      scale           SCNVector3      transform       SCNMatrix4      worldTransform  SCNMatrix4     read-only, non-animatable  - Scene Frame Animation Loop Methods    https://developer.apple.com/reference/scenekit/scnscenerendererdelegate      - SCNSceneRendererDelegate protocol        renderer:updateAtTime:                (id<SCNSceneRenderer>)aRenderer (NSTimeInterval)time        renderer:didApplyAnimationsAtTime:        renderer:didSimulatePhysicsAtTime:        renderer:willRenderScene:atTime:      (SCNScene *)scene        renderer:didRenderScene:atTime:      - scene frame processing        renderer:updateAtTime:        // execute actions and animations        renderer:didApplyAnimationsAtTime:        // simulate physics        renderer:didSimulatePhysicsAtTime:        // apply constraints        renderer:willRenderScene:atTime:        // render scene        renderer:didRenderScene:atTime:  - Determining Viewable Nodes      // SCNSceneRenderer protocol      if (aRenderer isNodeInsideFrustum:node withPointOfView:cameraNode)      {          NSLog(@"node visible");      }      else      {          NSLog(@"...");      }  - Modify Node-Copy Geometry and Material    Copied nodes share attributes, so copy geometry and material before mutating      SCNNode * debugNode  node copy;      debugNode.geometry  node.geometry copy;      debugNode.geometry.firstMaterial  node.geometry.firstMaterial copy;      debugNode.geometry.firstMaterial.diffuse.contents  UIColor redColor;      ((SCNPlane *)debugNode.geometry).widthSegmentCount  10;  // add detail      debugNode.position  SCNVector3Make(2.5, 0, 0);  // offset      scene.rootNode addChildNode:debugNode;  - Bananas Scene Kit Demo: Use a SCNLookAtConstraint to have monkeys look at player      // add head node property to SkinnedCharacter interface, monkey heads will look at player head      @property (nonatomic) SCNNode * head;      // set head nodes in char create, names are defined in dae file      self.playerCharacter  PlayerCharacter alloc initWithNode:characterRootNode;      self.playerCharacter.head  self.playerCharacter childNodeWithName:@"Bip001_Head" recursively:YES;      MonkeyCharacter * monkey  MonkeyCharacter alloc initWithNode:monkeyRootNode;      monkey.head  monkey childNodeWithName:@"Bone_Head" recursively:YES;      // in monkey update frame, set look-at-constraint based on distance and interact range      const CGFloat interactRange  1050;      CGFloat distanceToCharacter  GLKVector3Distance(SCNVector3ToGLKVector3(playerCharacter.position), position);      self.head.constraints  (distanceToCharacter < interactRange) ? @ SCNLookAtConstraint lookAtConstraintWithTarget:playerCharacter.head  : nil;  - Bananas Scene Kit Demo: Clone explorer w/o animations        PlayerCharacter * clone  self.playerCharacter clone;        clone.position  SCNVector3Make(clone.position.x + 100, clone.position.y, clone.position.z);        clone.geometry  self.playerCharacter.geometry copy;        clone.mainSkeleton  self.playerCharacter.mainSkeleton copy;        clone enumerateChildNodesUsingBlock:^(SCNNode * child, BOOL * stop)        {            if (child.skinner)            {                child.skinner.skeleton removeAllAnimations;                *stop  YES;            }        };        /* alt        SCNNode * n  clone childNodeWithName:@"explorer" recursively:YES;        n.skinner.skeleton removeAllAnimations; */        self.rootNode addChildNode:clone;  - Hit Test      // SCNSceneRenderer protocol      // (NSArray *)hitTest:(CGPoint)thePoint options:(NSDictionary *)options      -(void)tap:(UIGestureRecognizer *)gestureRecognize      {          SCNView * view  (SCNView *)self.view;          CGPoint tp  gestureRecognize locationInView:view;          NSArray * hitTestResults  view hitTest:tp options:nil;          hitTestResults enumerateObjectsUsingBlock:^(id obj, NSUInteger idx, BOOL * stop)          {              SCNHitTestResult * result  (SCNHitTestResult *)obj;              SCNNode * node  result.node;              printNode(node);         };      }  - JavaScript Bridge, JavaScript Core Framework      #import <JavaScriptCore/JavaScript.h>      #import <JavaScriptCore/JSContext.h>      #import <SceneKit/SCNJavascript.h>      // setup light node      SCNNode * light  SCNNode node;      light.light  SCNLight light;      light.light.type  SCNLightTypeOmni;      light.light.color  UIColor redColor;      light.position  SCNVector3Make(10, 10, 10);      scene.rootNode addChildNode:light;      // control light node via javascript      JSContext * ctx  JSContext alloc initWithVirtualMachine:JSVirtualMachine new;      SCNExportJavaScriptModule(ctx);      ctx.globalObject@"jsLight"  light;      // use evaluateScript to print, debug, and modify values, returns the last value generated by script      // get current light type      JSValue * jval  ctx evaluateScript:@"jsLight.light.type";      NSLog(@"%@", jval);  // omni      // set light type to ambient and color white      NSString * js  @"jsLight.light.type  'ambient'; \                        jsLight.light.color  SCNColor.color(1, 1, 1, 1);";      jval  ctx evaluateScript:js;      NSLog(@"%@", jval);  // UIDeviceRGBColorSpace 1 1 1 1- Double-Precision Literal Defines    usr/include/math.h    e           M_E         2.71 828182845904523536028747135266250    log2(e)     M_LOG2E     1.44 269504088896340735992468100189214    log10(e)    M_LOG10E    0.43 4294481903251827651128918916605082    loge(2)     M_LN2       0.69 3147180559945309417232121458176568    loge(10)    M_LN10      2.30 258509299404568401799145468436421    pi          M_PI        3.14 159265358979323846264338327950288    pi/2        M_PI_2      1.57 079632679489661923132169163975144    pi/4        M_PI_4      0.78 5398163397448309615660845819875721    1/pi        M_1_PI      0.31 8309886183790671537767526745028724    2/pi        M_2_PI      0.63 6619772367581343075535053490057448    2/sqrt(pi)  M_2_SQRTPI  1.12 837916709551257389615890312154517    sqrt(2)     M_SQRT2     1.41 421356237309504880168872420969808    1/sqrt(2)   M_SQRT1_2   0.70 7106781186547524400844362104849039- Core Foundation    typedef const CF_BRIDGED_TYPE(id) void * CFTypeRef;    typedef const struct CF_BRIDGED_TYPE(NSString)                __CFString * CFStringRef;    typedef       struct CF_BRIDGED_MUTABLE_TYPE(NSMutableString) __CFString * CFMutableStringRef;    toll-free bridging                                                 transfer of ownership    __bridge           CF <-> F   transfer a pointer between F and CF  none    __bridge_transfer  CF  -> F   moves a CF pointer to an F pointer   transfers ownership to ARC    __bridge_retained  F   -> CF  casts an F pointer to a CF pointer   transfers ownership to caller, must call CFRelease()    __bridge_transfer  CFBridgingRelease()  CF -> F    __bridge_retained  CFBridgingRetain()   F  -> CF                                                     (__bridge T)                    // CF <-> F                                                     (__bridge void *)               // CF <-> F    id        CFBridgingRelease(CFTypeRef X)  return (__bridge_transfer id)X         // CF  -> F    CFTypeRef CFBridgingRetain(id X)          return (__bridge_retained CFTypeRef)X  // F   -> CF    CFShow(CFSTR("foo"));    CFUUIDRef uid  CFUUIDCreate(kCFAllocatorDefault);    CFShow(uid);  // <CFUUID 0x00000000> 7E67C7A8-7DB3-4B80-AD0B-6C7E6E15A858    CFRelease(uid);- CoreGraphics/CGBase.h    typedef float CGFloat;   // 32-bit    typedef double CGFloat;  // 64-bit- CoreGraphics/CGGeometry.h    struct CGPoint    {        CGFloat x, y;    }    struct CGRect    {        CGPoint origin;        CGSize size;    }    struct CGSize    {        CGFloat width, height;    }    struct CGVector    {        CGFloat dx, dy;    }- CoreGraphics/CGAffineTransform.h    struct CGAffineTransform    {        CGFloat a,  b,                c,  d,                tx, ty;    }        a  b  0        c  d  0        tx ty 1    CGAffineTransformIdentity- CoreMotion/CMAttitude.h    struct CMRotationMatrix    {        double m11, m12, m13;               m21, m22, m23;               m31, m32, m33;    }    // q.x*i + q.y*j + q.z*k + q.w    struct CMQuaternion    {        double x, y, z, w;    }- CoreMotion/CMDeviceMotion.h    CMDeviceMotion: CMLogItem- CoreMotion/CMMotionManager.h    CMMotionManager- GameController/GCController.h    GCController- GameController/GCMotion.h    GCMotion    // 3-axis rotation rate data    struct GCRotationRate    {        double x, y, z;    }    // q.x*i + q.y*j + q.z*k + q.w    struct GCQuaternion    {        double x, y, z, w;    }- GLKit/GLKMathTypes.h    union GLKMatrix2    {        struct        {            float m00, m01;                  m10, m11;        }        float m222;        float m4;    }    union GLKMatrix3    {        struct        {            float m00, m01, m02;                  m10, m11, m12;                  m20, m21, m22;        }        float m9;    }    union GLKMatrix4    {        struct        {            float m00, m01, m02, m03;                  m10, m11, m12, m13;                  m20, m21, m22, m23;                  m30, m31, m32, m33;        }        float m16;    }    union GLKVector2    {        struct { float x, y; }        float v2;    }    union GLKVector3    {        struct { float x, y, z; }        float v3;    }    union GLKVector4    {        struct { float x, y, z, w; }        float v4;    }    union GLKQuaternion    {        struct        {            GLKVector3 v;            float s;  // scalar component        }        struct { float x, y, z, w; }        float q4;    }- GLKit/GLKMatrix3.h    GLKMatrix3Identity- GLKit/GLKMatrix4.h    GLKMatrix4Identity- GLKit/GLKMatrixStack.h    struct _GLKMatrixStack * GLKMatrixStackRef  // 4x4 matrices- QuartzCore/CATransform3D.h    struct CATransform3D    {        CGFloat m11, m12, m13, m14;                m21, m22, m23, m24;                m31, m32, m33, m34;                m41, m42, m43, m44;    }    CATransform3DIdentity- SceneKit/SceneKitTypes.h    struct SCNMatrix4    {        float m11, m12, m13, m14;              m21, m22, m23, m24;              m31, m32, m33, m34;              m41, m42, m43, m44;    }    SCNMatrix4Identity    struct SCNVector3    {        float x, y, z;    }    struct SCNVector4    {        float x, y, z, w;    }    // scene kit uses unit quaternions for node orientation, where quaternion components satisfy the equation: x*x + y*y + z*z + w*w  1    SCNVector4 SCNQuaternion- SIMD/matrix_types.h    matrix_float2x2    matrix_float3x3    matrix_float4x4- SIMD/matrix.h    matrix_identity_float3x3    matrix_identity_float4x4  {{ (0  1, 1  0, 2  0, 3  0)                                 (0  0, 1  1, 2  0, 3  0)                                 (0  0, 1  0, 2  1, 3  0)                                 (0  0, 1  0, 2  0, 3  1) }}- SIMD/vector_types.h    vector_float2    vector_float3    vector_float4    vector_int2    vector_int3    vector_int4- GLKit, Scene Kit, SIMD Conversions    - SceneKit/SceneKit_simd.h      scene kit to simd        SCNMatrix4ToMat4        SCNMatrix4FromMat4        SCNVector3ToFloat3        SCNVector4ToFloat4        SCNVector3FromFloat3        SCNVector4FromFloat4    - SceneKit/SceneKitTypes.h      scene kit to glkit        SCNMatrix4FromGLKMatrix4        SCNMatrix4ToGLKMatrix4        SCNVector3FromGLKVector3        SCNVector3ToGLKVector3        SCNVector4FromGLKVector4        SCNVector4ToGLKVector4    - GLKit/GLKMathUtils.h        GLKMathDegreesToRadians        GLKMathRadiansToDegrees        NSStringFromGLKMatrix2        NSStringFromGLKMatrix3        NSStringFromGLKMatrix4        NSStringFromGLKVector2        NSStringFromGLKVector3        NSStringFromGLKVector4        NSStringFromGLKQuaternion- OC  //--------------------------------      typedef NS_ENUM(NSInteger, FooType) {          None,          Foo,          Bar      };  //--------------------------------    debug      // file: main.m      NSLog(@"app start, in %s %d %s %s", __FILE__, __LINE__, __PRETTY_FUNCTION__, __FUNCTION__);               // /users/db/app/app/main.m 15 int main(int, char **) main      NSString * appDir  (NSSearchPathForDirectoriesInDomains(NSDocumentDirectory, NSAllDomainsMask, YES)0)  // /var/mobile/containers/data/application/<uid>/documents                          .stringByDeletingLastPathComponent;                                                   // /var/mobile/containers/data/application/<uid>                                                                                                                // /users/db/library/developer/coresimulator/devices/<uid>/data/containers/data/application/<uid>      NSLog(@"app dir: %@", appDir);      NSLog(@"app bundle id: %@", NSBundle mainBundle.bundleIdentifier);                                      // com.expressionSoftware.app          //--------------------------------    blocks    http://goshdarnblocksyntax.com      //         void (^b)(void)  ^(void) {      //         void (^b)(void)  ^() {      //         void (^b)()      ^() {      //         void (^b)()      ^{      // typedef void (^dispatch_block_t)(void);                 dispatch_block_t b  ^{                     NSLog(@"1");                 };                 b();      //         void (^b)(NSString *)  ^(NSString * s) {         typedef void (^b_t)(NSString *);                 b_t b  ^(NSString * s) {                     NSLog(@"%@", s);                 };                 b(@"2");      //         int (^b)()  ^{         typedef int (^b_t)();                 b_t b  ^{                     return 3;                 };                 NSLog(@"%d", b());      //         NSString * (^b)(NSString *)  ^(NSString * s) {         typedef NSString * (^b_t)(NSString *);                 b_t b  ^(NSString * s) {                     return s;                 };                 NSLog(@"%@", b(@"4"));      //--------------------------------    download url    info.plist NSAppTransportSecurity > NSAllowsArbitraryLoads : YES      -(void)syncDownloadString:(NSURL *)url {          NSError * error;          NSString * html  NSString stringWithContentsOfURL:url                                                     encoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding                                                        error:&error;          if (error) {              self logError:error;          }          else {              self showHtml:html url:url statusCode:0;          }      }      -(void)asyncDownloadString:(NSURL *)url {          dispatch_async(dispatch_get_global_queue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_DEFAULT, 0), ^(void){              NSError * error;              NSString * html  NSString stringWithContentsOfURL:url.absoluteURL                                                         encoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding                                                            error:&error;              if (error) {                  self logError:error;              }              else {                  dispatch_async(dispatch_get_main_queue(), ^(void){                      self showHtml:html url:url statusCode:0;                  });              }          });      }      -(void)sessionDataTask:(NSURL *)url {          NSURLSessionDataTask * task  NSURLSession.sharedSession dataTaskWithURL:url                                                                  completionHandler:^(NSData * data, NSURLResponse * response, NSError * error) {                                            if (error) {                                                self logError: error;                                            }                                            else {                                                NSInteger statusCode  ((NSHTTPURLResponse *)response).statusCode;                                                NSString * html  NSString alloc initWithData:data encoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding;                                                dispatch_async(dispatch_get_main_queue(), ^(void){                                                    self showHtml:html url:url statusCode:statusCode;                                                });                                            }                                        };          task resume;      }      -(void)logError:(NSError *)error {          NSLog(@"error: %@", error);          // sort dictionary keys w/NSString -(NSComparisonResult)caseInsensitiveCompare:(NSString *)aString          for (NSString * key in error.userInfo.allKeys sortedArrayUsingSelector:@selector(caseInsensitiveCompare:)) {              NSLog(@"%@  %@", key, error.userInfokey);          }      }      -(void)showHtml:(NSString *)html url:(NSURL *)url statusCode:(NSInteger)statusCode {          NSString * status  statusCode > 0 ? NSString stringWithFormat:@"\nstatus: %ld", (long)statusCode : @"";          self.textView.string  NSString stringWithFormat:@"url: %@%@\n\n%@", url, status, html;      }  //--------------------------------    save to webservice      // file: ESWebService.h      @import Foundation;      @interface ESWebService: NSObject<NSURLSessionDelegate>                    -(instancetype)initWithURL: (NSString *)aURL;          -(void)save: (NSData *)aData;      @end                  // file: ESWebService.m      #import "ESWebService.h"      @implementation ESWebService {          NSURLSession * session;          NSURL * url;      }                    -(instancetype)initWithURL: (NSString *)aURL {              if (self  super init) {                  session  NSURLSession sessionWithConfiguration: NSURLSessionConfiguration.ephemeralSessionConfiguration                                                          delegate: self                                                     delegateQueue: NSOperationQueue.mainQueue;                  url  NSURL URLWithString: aURL;              }                            return self;          }          -(void)save: (NSData *)aData {              NSMutableURLRequest * req  NSMutableURLRequest requestWithURL: url;              req setValue: @"application/x-www-form-urlencoded" forHTTPHeaderField:@"Content-Type";              req setValue: @"ios app"                           forHTTPHeaderField:@"User-Agent";              req.HTTPMethod  @"POST";              req.HTTPBody  aData;                            NSURLSessionUploadTask * task  session uploadTaskWithRequest: req                                                                    fromData: aData                                                           completionHandler: ^(NSData * data, NSURLResponse * response, NSError * error) {                                                               if (error) {                                                                   NSLog(@"error: %@", error);                                                               }                                                               else {                                                                   NSInteger statusCode  ((NSHTTPURLResponse *)response).statusCode;                                                                   NSLog(@"status: %ld", (long)statusCode);                                                               }                                                           };              task resume;          }                    // NSURLSessionTaskDelegate protocol (for self signed ssl cert)          //           -(void)URLSession: (NSURLSession *)session                       task: (NSURLSessionTask *)task                       didReceiveChallenge: (NSURLAuthenticationChallenge *)challenge                         completionHandler: (void (^)(NSURLSessionAuthChallengeDisposition disposition, NSURLCredential * credential))completionHandler {              completionHandler(NSURLSessionAuthChallengeUseCredential, NSURLCredential credentialForTrust: challenge.protectionSpace.serverTrust);          }      @end                  // file: ViewController.m      webservice  ESWebService alloc initWithURL: @"https://localhost:8443/foo/";                  -(void)saveData {          NSString * data  NSString stringWithFormat: @"userName%@&password%@", username, password;          data  crypto encrypt: data;  // encrypt data w/public key, decrypt on web server backend process w/private key          data  data stringByAddingPercentEscapesUsingEncoding: NSUTF8StringEncoding;          webservice save: data dataUsingEncoding: NSUTF8StringEncoding;      }  //--------------------------------    regex search and replace      -(NSString *)regexSearchAndReplaceString:(NSString *)string pattern:(NSString *)pattern template:(NSString *)template      {          NSError * error;          NSRegularExpression * regex  NSRegularExpression regularExpressionWithPattern:pattern options:NSRegularExpressionCaseInsensitive error:&error;          return error ? NSString stringWithFormat:@"regex error: %@", error : regex stringByReplacingMatchesInString:string options:0 range:NSMakeRange(0, string.length) withTemplate:template;      }      // block      NSString * (^regexSearchAndReplace)(NSString *, NSString *, NSString *)  ^(NSString * string, NSString * pattern, NSString * template)      self regexSearchAndReplaceString:content pattern:@"\r" template:@""      regexSearchAndReplace(content, @"\r", @"")  //--------------------------------    sound completion      @implementation ViewController      {          SystemSoundID boomSound;      }          // typedef void (*AudioServicesSystemSoundCompletionProc)(SystemSoundID ssID, void * clientData);          void soundCompletion(SystemSoundID ssid, void * clientData)          {              AudioServicesRemoveSystemSoundCompletion(ssid);              AudioServicesDisposeSystemSoundID(ssid);              UIButton * b  (__bridge UIButton *)clientData;              b setImage:UIImage imageNamed:@"default.png" forState:UIControlStateNormal;          }          -(void)playSound          {              NSString * soundFilePath  NSBundle.mainBundle pathForResource:@"boom.caf" ofType:nil;              NSURL * url  NSURL fileURLWithPath:soundFilePath;              AudioServicesCreateSystemSoundID((__bridge CFURLRef)url, &boomSound);           // AudioServicesAddSystemSoundCompletion(boomSound, nil, nil, soundCompletion, nil);              AudioServicesAddSystemSoundCompletion(boomSound, nil, nil, soundCompletion, (__bridge void *)self.button);              AudioServicesPlaySystemSound(boomSound);              self.button setImage:UIImage imageNamed:@"blowdUp.png" forState:UIControlStateNormal;          }      @end  //--------------------------------    macOS toggle bold font w/menu    add IBAction method, then control-drag Bold menu item to First Responder icon, connect      -(IBAction)toggleBoldText:(id)sender      {          NSLog(@"sender: %@", sender);  // <NSMenuItem: 0x00000000 Bold>          NSTextView * tv  (NSTextView *)self.textView.documentView;          NSMutableAttributedString * attrStr  tv.textStorage;          NSRange rangePointer  NSMakeRange(0, 0);          NSDictionary * indexAttributes  attrStr attributesAtIndex:tv.selectedRange.location effectiveRange:&rangePointer;          NSLog(@"index attributes: %@", indexAttributes);          NSLog(@"range pointer: %@", NSStringFromRange(rangePointer));          NSDictionary * selectedFontAttributes  attrStr fontAttributesInRange:tv.selectedRange;          NSLog(@"selected font attributes: %@", selectedFontAttributes);          NSFont * selectedFont  selectedFontAttributes@"NSFont";          NSLog(@"font: %@", selectedFont);          NSFontTraitMask indexFontTraits  NSFontManager sharedFontManager traitsOfFont:selectedFont;          if (indexFontTraits & NSBoldFontMask)          {           // NSFontManager sharedFontManager removeFontTrait:sender;              attrStr applyFontTraits:NSUnboldFontMask range:tv.selectedRange;          }          else          {           // NSFontManager sharedFontManager addFontTrait:sender;              attrStr applyFontTraits:NSBoldFontMask range:tv.selectedRange;          }      }  //--------------------------------    macOS key view loop custom tab order        -(void)viewDidLoad        {            super viewDidLoad;            self.tf3 setNextKeyView:self.tf2;            self.tf2 setNextKeyView:self.tf1;            self.tf1 setNextKeyView:self.tf3;        }        -(void)viewWillAppear        {            self.view.window setInitialFirstResponder:self.tf3;            super viewWillAppear;        }  //--------------------------------    byte array to base64 string      const char * chars  @"foo bar".UTF8String;   // char chars  { 102, 111, 111, 32, 98, 97, 114 };      int len  sizeof(chars)/sizeof(char);      NSData * data  NSData dataWithBytes:chars length:len;      NSString * base64String  data base64EncodedStringWithOptions:0;      NSLog(@"%@", base64String);  // Zm9vIGJhcgA  //--------------------------------    uuids      NSUUID * uid  NSUUID UUID;      printf("%s\n", uid.UUIDString.UTF8String);  // 00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000      uuid_t bytes;  // typedef unsigned char __darwin_uuid_t16;      uid getUUIDBytes:bytes;      for (int i  0; i< sizeof(bytes)/sizeof(unsigned char); i++)      {          printf("%d ", bytesi);  // 11 36 135 226 133 84 71 138 162 69 163 112 214 72 247 218      }  //--------------------------------    null dictionary values      NSString * k1  @"k1";      NSString * k2  @"k2";      NSString * k3  @"k3";      NSString * k4  @"k4";      NSString * s1  @"foo";      NSString * s2  nil ?: (NSString*)NSNull null;      NSString * s3  @"";      NSString * s4  @"bar";      NSDictionary * d  @{ k1 : s1,                            k2 : s2,                            k3 : s3,                            k4 : s4 };      for (NSString * k in d)      {          if (!d objectForKey:k isEqual:NSNull null)          {              NSLog(@"%@  %@", k, d objectForKey:k);          }      }      // output      k4  bar      k3       k1  foo      //--------------------------------    collection operators, flatten nested arrays    https://developer.apple.com/library/mac/documentation/Cocoa/Conceptual/KeyValueCoding/Articles/CollectionOperators.html      @@@1, @2, @3              valueForKeyPath: @"@unionOfArrays.self"  // 1, 2, 3      @@@1, @2, @@3           valueForKeyPath: @"@unionOfArrays.self"      @@@1, @2, @3, @4          valueForKeyPath: @"@unionOfArrays.self"  // 1, 2, 3, 4      @@@1, @2, @@30, @@4 valueForKeyPath: @"@unionOfArrays.self"      @@@1, @2, @@3, @@4    valueForKeyPath: @"@unionOfArrays.self"      @@@1, @2, @3, @@4       valueForKeyPath: @"@unionOfArrays.self"  //--------------------------------    OC++ GLKit      #import <GLKit/GLKit.h>      #include <iostream>      #include <vector>          using std::vector;          using std::cout;          using std::endl;          vector<float> data  { 0, 0                               , 0.0, 0.0                               , 0, 0                               , 1, 1                               , -1, -1                               , 1, 1                               , 1.5, 10.5                               , -2, -20                               };          GLKVector2 v1;          GLKVector2 v2;          GLKVector2 v3;          for (int i  0, n  1; i < data.size(); i++, n++) {              v1  GLKVector2Make(datai, datai + 1);              v2  GLKVector2Make(datai + 2, datai + 3);              v3  GLKVector2Add(v1, v2);           // printf("%d. %s + %s  %s\n", n, CStringFromGLKVector2(v1), CStringFromGLKVector2(v2), CStringFromGLKVector2(v3));              cout << n << ". " << CStringFromGLKVector2(v1) << " + " << CStringFromGLKVector2(v2) << "  " << CStringFromGLKVector2(v3) << endl;              i + 3;          }      // output      1. {0, 0} + {0, 0}  {0, 0}      2. {0, 0} + {1, 1}  {1, 1}      3. {-1, -1} + {1, 1}  {0, 0}      4. {1.5, 10.5} + {-2, -20}  {-0.5, -9.5}  //--------------------------------    glkit utils      const char * CStringFromGLKVector2(GLKVector2 aVector) {          return NSStringFromGLKVector2(aVector).UTF8String;      }      const char * CStringFromGLKVector3(GLKVector3 aVector) {          return NSStringFromGLKVector3(aVector).UTF8String;      }      // OC++      #ifdef __cplusplus      NSString * NSStringFromGLKVector2(GLKVector2 aVector) {          return NSString stringWithFormat:@"{%g, %g}", aVector.x, aVector.y;      }      NSString * NSStringFromGLKVector3(GLKVector3 aVector) {          return NSString stringWithFormat:@"{%g, %g, %g}", aVector.x, aVector.y, aVector.z;      }      #endif  //--------------------------------    glkit matrix rows columns      /* GLKMatrix4Identity  {{1, 0, 0, 0},                              {0, 1, 0, 0},                              {0, 0, 1, 0},                              {0, 0, 0, 1}} */      float matrixData  {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15};      GLKMatrix4 m  GLKMatrix4MakeWithArray(matrixData);  /* {{0, 1, 2, 3},                                                               {4, 5, 6, 7},                                                               {8, 9, 10, 11},                                                               {12, 13, 14, 15}} */      NSMutableString * mRows  NSMutableString string;      NSMutableString * mCols  NSMutableString string;      for (int i  0; i < 3; i++)      {          mRows appendFormat:@"row %i: %@\n", i, NSStringFromGLKVector4(GLKMatrix4GetRow(m, i));          mCols appendFormat:@"col %i: %@\n", i, NSStringFromGLKVector4(GLKMatrix4GetColumn(m, i));      }      NSLog(@"%@\n%@", mRows, mCols);      // output      row 0: {0, 4, 8, 12}      row 1: {1, 5, 9, 13}      row 2: {2, 6, 10, 14}      row 3: {3, 7, 11, 15}            col 0: {0, 1, 2, 3}      col 1: {4, 5, 6, 7}      col 2: {8, 9, 10, 11}      col 3: {12, 13, 14, 15}      //--------------------------------    glkit multiplication      GLKMatrix4 m  GLKMatrix4MakeTranslation(2, 4, 6);  /* {{1, 0, 0, 0},                                                              {0, 1, 0, 0},                                                              {0, 0, 1, 0},                                                              {2, 4, 6, 1}} */      GLKVector4 v  GLKVector4Make(1, 2, 3, 1);  // x, y, z, w      // matrix * vector  vector      GLKVector4 mv  GLKMatrix4MultiplyVector4(m, v);  // {3, 6, 9, 1}      // matrix * matrix  matrix      GLKMatrix4 mm  GLKMatrix4Multiply(m, m);  /* {{1, 0, 0, 0},                                                     {0, 1, 0, 0},                                                     {0, 0, 1, 0},                                                     {4, 8, 12, 1}} */      // matrix * vector formula by index      m               v     +                         v       0  1  2  3  *  0    m0v0 m4v1  m8v2 m12v3    x       4  5  6  7     1     m1v0 m5v1  m9v2 m13v3     y       8  9 10 11     2     m2v0 m6v1 m10v2 m14v3     z      12 13 14 15     3     m3v0 m7v1 m11v2 m15v3     w      // alpha      m        v     +               v      abcd  *  x    ax ey iz mw    x      efgh     y     bx fy jz nw     y      ijkl     z     cx gy kz ow     z      mnop     w     dx hy lz pw     w      // data      m        v     +        v      1000  *  1    1002    3 x      0100     2     0204     6 y      0010     3     0036     9 z      2461     1     0001     1 w      //--------------------------------        simd version        simd/matrix.h          matrix_float4x4 m  { .columns0  {1, 0, 0, 0},                                .columns1  {0, 1, 0, 0},                                .columns2  {0, 0, 1, 0},                                .columns3  {2, 4, 6, 1} };  /* {{ (0  1, 1  0, 2  0, 3  0)                                                                     (0  0, 1  1, 2  0, 3  0)                                                                     (0  0, 1  0, 2  1, 3  0)                                                                     (0  2, 1  4, 2  6, 3  1) }} */          vector_float4 v  {1, 2, 3, 1};  // (0  1, 1  2, 2  3, 3  1)          vector_float4 mv  matrix_multiply(m, v);  // (0  3, 1  6, 2  9, 3  1)          matrix_float4x4 mm  matrix_multiply(m, m);  /* {{ (0  1, 1  0, 2  0, 3  0)                                                             (0  0, 1  1, 2  0, 3  0)                                                             (0  0, 1  0, 2  1, 3  0)                                                             (0  4, 1  8, 2  12, 3  1) }} */      //--------------------------------        blender python version          import mathutils          m  Matrix.Translation((2, 4, 6, 1))  # Matrix(((1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 2.0),                                                #         (0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 4.0),                                                #         (0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 6.0),                                                #         (0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0)))          v  Vector((1, 2, 3, 1))  # Vector((1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 1.0))          mv  m * v  # Vector((3.0, 6.0, 9.0, 1.0))          mm  m * m  # Matrix(((1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 4.0),                      #         (0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 8.0),                      #         (0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 12.0),                      #         (0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0)))      //--------------------------------        r version          m4Identity  diag(4)  #      ,1 ,2 ,3 ,4                                # 1,    1    0    0    0                                # 2,    0    1    0    0                                # 3,    0    0    1    0                                # 4,    0    0    0    1          m  m4Identity          m4,  c(2, 4, 6, 1)  #      ,1 ,2 ,3 ,4                                 # 1,    1    0    0    0                                 # 2,    0    1    0    0                                 # 3,    0    0    1    0                                 # 4,    2    4    6    1          v  c(1, 2, 3, 1)  # 1 1 2 3 1          #vector * matrix  matrix          mv  v %*% m  #      ,1 ,2 ,3 ,4                        # 1,    3    6    9    1          #matrix * matrix  matrix          mm  m %*% m  #      ,1 ,2 ,3 ,4                        # 1,    1    0    0    0                        # 2,    0    1    0    0                        # 3,    0    0    1    0                        # 4,    4    8   12    1          mm4,            # 1 4 8 12 1          as.vector(mm)     # 1 1 0 0 4  0 1 0 8  0 0 1 12  0 0 0 1          as.vector(t(mm))  # 1 1 0 0 0  0 1 0 0  0 0 1 0  4 8 12 1  //--------------------------------    simd/geometry.h    geometry functions (float only)      // simd vs glkit      vector_float2 v  {skNode.physicsBody.velocity.dx, skNode.physicsBody.velocity.dy};      vector_length(v)  // float      GLKVector2 v  GLKVector2Make(skNode.physicsBody.velocity.dx, skNode.physicsBody.velocity.dy);      GLKVector2Length(v)  // float      vector_length_squared((vector_float2){skNode.physicsBody.velocity.dx, skNode.physicsBody.velocity.dy}))  //--------------------------------    image with color, alt to CIConstantColorGenerator core image filter      CIImage * getImageWithColor(CIColor * aColor, CGSize aSize)      {          CIImage * image  CIImage imageWithColor:aColor;          return image imageByCroppingToRect:CGRectMake(0, 0, aSize.width, aSize.height);      }  //--------------------------------    assets library, image picker controller    in iOS 8, the photos framework replaces the assets library, but does not provide an image picker control      // conform to protocol      @interface ViewController: UIViewController<UIImagePickerControllerDelegate>      -(void)pickImage      {          UIImagePickerController * ipc  UIImagePickerController new;          ipc.sourceType  UIImagePickerControllerSourceTypePhotoLibrary;          ipc.delegate  (id)self;          self presentViewController:ipc animated:YES completion:nil;      }      // UIImagePickerControllerDelegate      -(void)imagePickerController:(UIImagePickerController *)picker didFinishPickingMediaWithInfo:(NSDictionary *)info      {          NSLog(@"image picked, info: %@", info);  /* UIImagePickerControllerMediaType  "public.image";                                                      UIImagePickerControllerOriginalImage  "<UIImage:0x00000000> size {2048, 1536} orientation 0 scale 1.000000";                                                      UIImagePickerControllerReferenceURL  "assets-library://asset/asset.JPG?id5570A4B1-7E8B-434B-8BDB-F02538FD0B76&extJPG"; */          self dismissViewControllerAnimated:YES completion:nil;  // dismiss picker       // NSURL * url  info objectForKey:UIImagePickerControllerReferenceURL;          UIImage * image  info objectForKey:UIImagePickerControllerOriginalImage;          self imageView.image  image;      }      // UIImagePickerControllerDelegate      -(void)imagePickerControllerDidCancel:(UIImagePickerController *)picker      {          NSLog(@"image picker cancelled");          self dismissViewControllerAnimated:YES completion:nil;  // dismiss picker      }  //--------------------------------    load image using photos framework or assets library framework      #import <AssetsLibrary/AssetsLibrary.h>  // ALAssetsLibrary      @import Photos;      NSString * photoAssetLocalID  @"A3277D72-1FE7-4627-8534-D5B78C3A57D2/L0/001";      self loadPhotoAssetFromLocalID:photoAssetLocalID;      NSURL * alPhotoAssetURL  NSURL URLWithString:@"assets-library://asset/asset.JPG?id5570A4B1-7E8B-434B-8BDB-F02538FD0B76&extJPG";      self loadPhotoAssetFromURL:alPhotoAssetURL;      -(void)loadPhotoAssetFromLocalID:(NSString *)aPhotoAssetLocalID      {          NSArray * photoAssetLocalID  @aPhotoAssetLocalID;          PHFetchResult * fetchResult  PHAsset fetchAssetsWithLocalIdentifiers:photoAssetLocalID options:nil;          if (fetchResult.count > 0)          {              PHAsset * photoAsset  fetchResult0;              self loadPhotoAsset:photoAsset;          }      }      -(void)loadPhotoAssetFromURL:(NSURL *)aALPhotoAssetURL      {          NSArray * alPhotoAssetURL  @aALPhotoAssetURL;          PHFetchResult * fetchResult  PHAsset fetchAssetsWithALAssetURLs:alPhotoAssetURL options:nil;          if (fetchResult.count > 0)          {              PHAsset * photoAsset  fetchResult0;              self loadPhotoAsset:photoAsset;          }      }      -(void)loadPhotoAsset:(PHAsset *)aPhotoAsset      {          CGSize imageSize  CGSizeMake(aPhotoAsset.pixelWidth, aPhotoAsset.pixelHeight);          NSLog(@"image size w x h: %@\n", NSStringFromCGSize(imageSize));  // image size w x h: {1536, 2048}          PHImageRequestOptions * options  PHImageRequestOptions new;          options.deliveryMode  PHImageRequestOptionsDeliveryModeHighQualityFormat;          PHImageManager * im  PHImageManager defaultManager;          im requestImageForAsset:aPhotoAsset                        targetSize:imageSize                       contentMode:PHImageContentModeDefault                           options:options                     resultHandler:^(UIImage * result, NSDictionary * info)                                   {                                       // result handler executes on main thread                                       NSLog(@"info: %@", info);  /* PHImageFileOrientationKey  0;                                                                     PHImageFileSandboxExtensionTokenKey  "...";                                                                     PHImageFileURLKey  "file:///var/mobile/Media/PhotoStreamsData/1234567890/100APPLE/IMG_0999.JPG";  // photo stream                                                                     //                   file:///var/mobile/Media/DCIM/100APPLE/IMG_0123.JPG                           // camera roll                                                                     PHImageFileUTIKey  "public.jpeg";                                                                     PHImageResultDeliveredImageFormatKey  9999;                                                                     PHImageResultIsDegradedKey  0;                                                                     PHImageResultIsInCloudKey  0;                                                                     PHImageResultIsPlaceholderKey  0;                                                                     PHImageResultRequestIDKey  1;                                                                     PHImageResultWantedImageFormatKey  4037; */                                       self loadImage:result;                                   };      }      // on iOS 8, using assets library to load photo with url works only with camera roll, not photo stream      -(void)loadPhotoFromCameraRollWithAssetsLibrary:(NSURL *)aALPhotoAssetURL      {          ALAssetsLibrary * assetLib  ALAssetsLibrary new;          // assetForURL is async          assetLib assetForURL:aALPhotoAssetURL                    resultBlock:^(ALAsset * asset)                    {                        ALAssetRepresentation * assetRep  asset defaultRepresentation;                        CGImageRef cgImage  assetRep fullResolutionImage;                        if (cgImage ! nil)  // image exists                        {                            UIImage * image  UIImage alloc initWithCGImage:cgImage;                            self loadImage:image;                        }                        else  // image does not exist, deleted, etc                        {                            NSLog(@"image not available");                        }                    }                    failureBlock:^(NSError * error)                    {                        NSLog(@"image access denied");                    };      }      -(void)loadImage:(UIImage *)aImage      {          self imageView.image  aImage;      }  //--------------------------------    keychain security      #import <Security/Security.h>      NSString * service;  // foo service      NSString * key;      // foo key      -(void)setupKeychain      {          NSString * secret  @"foo";          NSData * secretData  secret dataUsingEncoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding;          NSDictionary * keychainAttributes  @{ (__bridge id)kSecClass       : (__bridge id)kSecClassGenericPassword,                                                 (__bridge id)kSecAttrService : service,                                                 (__bridge id)kSecAttrAccount : key,                                                 (__bridge id)kSecValueData   : secretData };          self addKeychainItem:keychainAttributes;      }      -(void)getKeychainItem      {          NSDictionary * keychainSearchAttributes  @{(__bridge id)kSecClass       : (__bridge id)kSecClassGenericPassword,                                                      (__bridge id)kSecMatchLimit  : (__bridge id)kSecMatchLimitOne,                                                      (__bridge id)kSecAttrService : service,                                                      (__bridge id)kSecAttrAccount : key,                                                      (__bridge id)kSecReturnData  : (__bridge id)kCFBooleanTrue };          NSString * result  self searchKeychain:keychainSearchAttributes;          NSLog(@"result: %@", result);      }      -(BOOL)addKeychainItem:(NSDictionary *)aKeychainAttributes      {          BOOL result;          CFTypeRef kcResultCode  NULL;          OSStatus status  SecItemAdd((__bridge CFDictionaryRef)aKeychainAttributes, &kcResultCode);          if (status  errSecSuccess)          {              NSLog(@"keychain item added");              result  YES;          }          else          {              NSLog(@"keychain error code: %ld", (long)status);          }          return result;      }      -(NSString *)searchKeychain:(NSDictionary *)aKeychainSearchAttributes      {          NSString * result;          CFTypeRef kcResultCode  NULL;          OSStatus status  SecItemCopyMatching((__bridge CFDictionaryRef)aKeychainSearchAttributes, &kcResultCode);          if (status  errSecSuccess)          {              NSLog(@"keychain item found");              NSData * resultData  (__bridge NSData *)kcResultCode;              result  NSString alloc initWithData:resultData encoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding;          }          else          {              NSLog(@"keychain error code: %ld", (long)status);          }          return result;      }  //--------------------------------    qr code core image filter    https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9328Iiz8qja5QkuI0H8pCuM2vablWRRQD1X3L47K9oR-BaObCFZTx5T5N0mTmKRgBushr9728yIJ7WdlU8JV7x8HO87v1ebx4_nP-iBZVUKTkbteFip1ldXhWEdtZMbKCAjQ47cjq67AY/s0/fooQRCode.png      @property (nonatomic, weak) IBOutlet UIImageView * qrCode;      NSString * message  @"foo";      NSData * messageData  message dataUsingEncoding:NSISOLatin1StringEncoding;      self.qrCode.image  self getQRCode:messageData size:self.qrCode.bounds.size;      -(UIImage *)getQRCode:(NSData *)aMessageData size:(CGSize)aSize      {          CIFilter * filter  CIFilter filterWithName:@"CIQRCodeGenerator"                                        withInputParameters:@{ @"inputMessage"         : aMessageData,                                                               @"inputCorrectionLevel" : @"L" };          CIImage * filterOutputImage  filter outputImage;          UIImage * qrCode  UIImage imageWithCIImage:filterOutputImage scale:1.0f orientation:UIImageOrientationUp;          UIGraphicsBeginImageContextWithOptions(aSize, YES, 1.0f);          CGContextRef context  UIGraphicsGetCurrentContext();          CGContextSetInterpolationQuality(context, kCGInterpolationNone);  // 1          qrCode drawInRect:CGRectMake(0.0f, 0.0f, aSize.width, aSize.height);  // error: BSXPCMessage received error for message: Connection interrupted          qrCode  UIGraphicsGetImageFromCurrentImageContext();          UIGraphicsEndImageContext();          return qrCode;      }  //--------------------------------    calayer bezier path      // file: ESLine.h      @import UIKit;      @interface ESLine: CALayer          -(instancetype)initWithRect:(CGRect)aRect;          @property (nonatomic) UIBezierPath * path;          @property (nonatomic) UIColor * color;      @end      // file: ESLine.m      @import UIKit;      #import "ESLine.h"      @implementation ESLine          -(instancetype)init          {              if (self  super init)              {                  self.contentsScale  UIScreen.mainScreen.scale;              }              return self;          }          -(instancetype)initWithRect:(CGRect)aRect          {              if (self  self init)              {                  self.frame  aRect;              }              return self;          }          -(void)drawInContext:(CGContextRef)ctx          {              UIGraphicsPushContext(ctx);              _color setStroke;              _path stroke;              UIGraphicsPopContext();          }      @end      // functions      UIBezierPath * getLine(CGPoint, CGPoint);      UIBezierPath * getHorizontalLine(CGSize);      UIBezierPath * getVerticalLine(CGSize);      UIBezierPath * getLine(CGPoint aStartPoint, CGPoint aEndPoint)      {          UIBezierPath * line  UIBezierPath bezierPath;          line moveToPoint:aStartPoint;          line addLineToPoint:aEndPoint;          return line;      }      UIBezierPath * getHorizontalLine(CGSize aSize)      {          CGFloat y  aSize.height/2.0f;          CGPoint startPoint  CGPointMake(0.0f, y);          CGPoint endPoint  CGPointMake(aSize.width, y);          UIBezierPath * line  getLine(startPoint, endPoint);          return line;      }      UIBezierPath * getVerticalLine(CGSize aSize)      {          CGFloat x  aSize.width/2.0f;          CGPoint startPoint  CGPointMake(x, 0.0f);          CGPoint endPoint  CGPointMake(x, aSize.height);          UIBezierPath * line  getLine(startPoint, endPoint);          return line;      }      // example      ESLine * line  ESLine alloc initWithRect:self.view.frame;      line.color  UIColor grayColor;      line.path  getHorizontalLine(line.frame.size);      line.path.lineWidth  2.0f;      CGFloat dashes  {10, 8};      line.path setLineDash:dashes count:2 phase:10;      self.view.layer addSublayer:line;      line setNeedsDisplay;  //--------------------------------    calayer border      self showLayerBorder:button.layer color:UIColor grayColor;      -(void)showLayerBorder:(CALayer *)aLayer color:(UIColor *)aColor      {          aLayer setMasksToBounds:YES;          aLayer setCornerRadius:0.0f;          aLayer setBorderWidth:1.0f;          aLayer setBorderColor:aColor.CGColor;      }  //--------------------------------    debug autolayout constraints      -(void)viewWillAppear:(BOOL)animated      {          self setupConstraints;          super viewWillAppear:animated;      }      -(void)viewDidAppear:(BOOL)animated      {          super viewDidAppear:animated;          debugAutolayoutConstraints(nodeView, @"node view");          debugAutolayoutConstraints(self.view, @"self.view");      }      -(void)setupConstraints      {          self.view.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints  NO;          nodeView.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints  NO;          // ...      }      void debugAutolayoutConstraints(UIView * aView, NSString * aViewDescription)      {          printf("\n");          NSLog(@"Debug Autolayout Constraints");          printf("view: %s %p\n", aViewDescription.UTF8String, aView);          printf("frame: %s\n", NSStringFromCGRect(aView.frame).UTF8String);          printf("ambiguous layout: %d\n", aView.hasAmbiguousLayout);              void (^printConstraints)(NSArray *, NSString *)  ^(NSArray * constraints, NSString * constraintsDescription)              {                  if (constraints.count > 0)                  {                      printf("\n%s constraints (%lu)\n", constraintsDescription.UTF8String, (unsigned long)constraints.count);                      for (int i  0; i < constraints.count; i++)                      {                          NSString * c  NSString stringWithFormat:@"%@", (NSLayoutConstraint *)constraintsi;                          printf("%d. %s\n", (i + 1), c.UTF8String);                      }                  }              };          printConstraints(aView constraintsAffectingLayoutForAxis:UILayoutConstraintAxisHorizontal, @"H");          printConstraints(aView constraintsAffectingLayoutForAxis:UILayoutConstraintAxisVertical,   @"V");          printConstraints(aView constraints, @"All");      }  //--------------------------------    autolayout with dynamic controls      NSMutableArray * buttons;      NSArray * buttonTitles  @ @"Foo",                                  @"Bar",                                  @"Button",                                  @"Button 4",                                  @"Button 5",                                  @"Button 6" ;      NSMutableDictionary * bindings;      NSArray * buttonBindings  @ @"b0",                                    @"b1",                                    @"b2",                                    @"b3",                                    @"b4",                                    @"b5" ;      NSMutableArray * bHorizontalConstraints;      NSMutableArray * bVerticalConstraints;      UIView * topLayoutGuide  (UIView *)self.topLayoutGuide;      NSLayoutConstraint * top  NSLayoutConstraint constraintWithItem:headerLabel                                                              attribute:NSLayoutAttributeTop                                                              relatedBy:NSLayoutRelationEqual                                                                 toItem:topLayoutGuide                                                              attribute:NSLayoutAttributeBottom                                                             multiplier:1.0f                                                               constant:0.0f;      -(void)setupBindings      {          bindings  NSMutableDictionary dictionary;          for (int i  0; i < buttons.count; i++)          {              bindingsbuttonBindingsi  buttonsi;          }      }      -(void)setupConstraints      {          self.view.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints  NO;          bHorizontalConstraints  NSMutableArray array;          bVerticalConstraints    NSMutableArray array;          self setupHorizontalConstraints;          self setupVerticalConstraints;          self updateFont;      }      -(void)setupHorizontalConstraints      {          BOOL port  UIApplication.sharedApplication.statusBarOrientation  UIDeviceOrientationPortrait;          NSDictionary * metrics  @{ @"maxWidth" : @(self.view.frame.size.width * (port ? 0.6f : 0.25f)) };          for (int i  0; i < buttons.count; i++)          {              NSString * vf  NSString stringWithFormat:@"H:|-%@(maxWidth)", buttonBindingsi;  // H:|-b0(maxWidth)              NSArray * c  NSLayoutConstraint constraintsWithVisualFormat:vf options:0 metrics:metrics views:bindings;              self.view addConstraints:c;              bHorizontalConstraints addObjectsFromArray:c;          }      }      -(void)setupVerticalConstraints      {          NSString * vf  @"V:|-yPos-b0-b1(b0)-b2(b0)-b3(b0)-b4(b0)-b5(b0)-(8@800)-|";          NSDictionary * metrics  @{ @"yPos" : @((self.view.frame.size.height * 0.33f)) };          NSArray * c  NSLayoutConstraint constraintsWithVisualFormat:vf options:0 metrics:metrics views:bindings;          self.view addConstraints:c;          bVerticalConstraints addObjectsFromArray:c;      }      -(void)updateViewConstraints      {          self.view removeConstraints:bHorizontalConstraints;          self.view removeConstraints:bVerticalConstraints;          self setupHorizontalConstraints;          self setupVerticalConstraints;          self updateFont;          super updateViewConstraints;      }  //--------------------------------    autolayout pin views opposite horizontally      -(void)setupConstraints      {          self.view.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints  NO;          a.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints  NO;          b.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints  NO;          NSDictionary * bindings  NSDictionaryOfVariableBindings(a, b);          NSMutableArray * constraints  NSMutableArray array;          constraints addObjectsFromArray:NSLayoutConstraint constraintsWithVisualFormat:@"H:|-a(40)-(>0)-b(a)-|"                                                                                   options:NSLayoutFormatAlignAllTop                                                                                   metrics:nil                                                                                     views:bindings;          constraints addObjectsFromArray:NSLayoutConstraint constraintsWithVisualFormat:@"V:|-50-a(20)"                                                                                   options:0                                                                                   metrics:nil                                                                                     views:bindings;          // set B view vertical constraint  A view          constraints addObjectsFromArray:NSLayoutConstraint constraintsWithVisualFormat:@"V:b(a)"                                                                                   options:0                                                                                   metrics:nil                                                                                     views:bindings;          self.view addConstraints:constraints;      }  //--------------------------------    set mutable array property with mutable or immutable array    if array param responds to addObject: then array param is mutable, no copy required    array isMemberOfClass:NSMutableArray class always returns false because of param type          -(void)setMutableArray: (NSArray *)array {          self.mutableArray  array respondsToSelector: @selector(addObject:) ? array : array mutableCopy;      }          //--------------------------------    tap gesture recognizer      -(void)viewDidLoad      {          super viewDidLoad;          UITapGestureRecognizer * tap  UITapGestureRecognizer alloc initWithTarget:self action:@selector(tap:);          self.view addGestureRecognizer:tap;      }      -(void)tap:(UIGestureRecognizer *)sender      {          NSLog(@"gr state: %ld", (long)sender.state);          NSLog(@"gr number of touches: %lu", (unsigned long)sender numberOfTouches);          NSLog(@"gr location: %@", NSStringFromCGPoint(sender locationInView:sender.view));      }  //--------------------------------    NSDate - (NSTimeInterval)timeIntervalSinceDate:(NSDate *)anotherDate      instance  param date   result      self      anotherDate      before    after        < 0      after     before       > 0                             0  //--------------------------------    table view data source      // file: TableViewDataSource.h      @import UIKit;      @interface TableViewDataSource : NSObject <UITableViewDataSource>      @property (nonatomic, strong) NSArray <NSString *> * data;      @end      // file: TableViewDataSource.m      #import "TableViewDataSource.h"      @implementation TableViewDataSource      - (NSUInteger)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView numberOfRowsInSection:(NSInteger)section {          return self.data.count;      }      - (UITableViewCell *)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView cellForRowAtIndexPath:(NSIndexPath *)indexPath {          static NSString * cellID  @"cellID";  // matches the ID that is set in the storyboard scene table view cell          UITableViewCell * cell  tableView dequeueReusableCellWithIdentifier:cellID;          cell.textLabel.text  self.dataindexPath.row;          return cell;      }      @end  //--------------------------------    kvc kvo      @interface LocationInfo : NSObject          @property (nonatomic, assign) CGPoint point;          @property (nonatomic, strong) NSDate * date;          @property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) NSUUID * uid;      @end      @interface LocationViewController : NSViewController          @property (nonatomic, strong) LocationInfo * locationInfo;      @end      @implementation ViewController      - (void)mouseUp:(NSEvent *)event {          NSStoryboard * storyBoard  NSStoryboard storyboardWithName:@"Main" bundle:nil;          LocationViewController * locationVC  storyBoard instantiateControllerWithIdentifier:@"locationVC_sbid";          self presentViewControllerAsModalWindow:locationVC;      }      @end      static void * const KVOContext  (void *)&KVOContext;      @implementation LocationInfo      - (instancetype)initWithPoint:(CGPoint)point {          if (self  super init) {              _point  point;              _date   NSDate date;              _uid    NSUUID UUID;          }          return self;      }      -(id)valueForUndefinedKey:(NSString *)key {          return NSString stringWithFormat:@"KVC getter error, undefined key: %@", key;      }      - (NSString *)description {          return NSString stringWithFormat:@"x: %f, y: %f, date: %@, uid: %@", self.point.x,                                                                                self.point.y,                                                                                self.date,                                                                                self.uid;      }      @end      @implementation LocationViewController      - (void)viewDidLoad {          super viewDidLoad;          self.locationInfo  LocationInfo alloc initWithPoint:CGPointZero;          self addKeyValueObservers;          NSLog(@"locationInfo: %@", self.locationInfo);          // kvc getter          NSValue * val  self.locationInfo valueForKey:@"point";          CGPoint point  val pointValue;          NSDate * date  self.locationInfo valueForKey:@"date";          NSUUID * uid   self.locationInfo valueForKey:@"uid";          NSLog(@"point: %@", NSStringFromPoint(point));          NSLog(@"date: %@", date);          NSLog(@"id: %@",  uid);          // kvc setter          point  CGPointMake(100, 200);          val    NSValue valueWithPoint:point;          self.locationInfo setValue:val forKey:@"point";          self.locationInfo setValue:NSDate date forKey:@"date";          self.locationInfo setValue:NSUUID UUID forKey:@"uid";   // set readonly property          self.locationInfo setValue:nil           forKey:@"uid";          NSLog(@"error val: %@", self.locationInfo valueForKey:@"foo");      }      - (void)addKeyValueObservers {          self.locationInfo addObserver:self                              forKeyPath:@"point"                                 options:NSKeyValueObservingOptionNew|NSKeyValueObservingOptionOld                                 context:KVOContext;          self.locationInfo addObserver:self                              forKeyPath:@"date"                                 options:NSKeyValueObservingOptionNew|NSKeyValueObservingOptionOld                                 context:KVOContext;          self.locationInfo addObserver:self                              forKeyPath:@"uid"                                 options:NSKeyValueObservingOptionNew|NSKeyValueObservingOptionOld                                 context:KVOContext;      }      - (void)observeValueForKeyPath:(NSString *)keyPath                            ofObject:(id)object                              change:(NSDictionary<NSKeyValueChangeKey,id> *)change                             context:(void *)context {          NSLog(@"observeValueForKeyPath: %@, old: %@, new: %@", keyPath,                                                                 changeNSKeyValueChangeOldKey,                                                                 changeNSKeyValueChangeNewKey);      }      - (void)mouseUp:(NSEvent *)event {          self.locationInfo.point  event locationInWindow;          self.locationInfo.date   NSDate date;          self.locationInfo setValue:NSUUID UUID forKey:@"uid";  // set readonly property      }      - (void)dealloc {          self.locationInfo removeObserver:self                                 forKeyPath:@"point"                                    context:KVOContext;          self.locationInfo removeObserver:self                                 forKeyPath:@"date"                                    context:KVOContext;          self.locationInfo removeObserver:self                                 forKeyPath:@"uid"                                    context:KVOContext;          self.locationInfo  nil;      }      @end      IB Storyboard - Bindings Inspector      Value      Bind To: Location  // ViewController      Model Key Path: self.locationInfo.point      // file: main.storyboard            <scene sceneID"100-00-000">          <objects>              <viewController id"200-00-000">                  <view>                      <subviews>                          <textField>                              <connections>                                  <binding destination"200-00-000" name"value" keyPath"self.locationInfo.point" id"300-00-000"/>                              </connections>                          </textField>                      </subviews>                  </view>              </viewController>          </objects>      </scene>  //--------------------------------    init      -(instancetype)init      {          if (self  super init)          {              // ...          }          return self;      }      -(instancetype)initWithSize:(CGSize)size      {          if (self  super init)          {              // ...          }          return self;      }  //--------------------------------    unit test      -(void)testRandomBounds      {          const int minLowValue  3;          const int randomUpperBound  10;          const int minIterations  100;          const int maxIterations  100000;          int min  randomUpperBound;          int max  0;          int r  0;          int i  0;          for (; i < maxIterations; i++)          {              r  fmax(arc4random_uniform(randomUpperBound), minLowValue);              min  r < min ? r : min;              max  r > max ? r : max;          //*              if ((i > minIterations) && (max > (randomUpperBound - 1)) && (min < minLowValue))                  break; //*/          }          // expected min 3, max 9          XCTAssert(min  minLowValue);          XCTAssert(max  (randomUpperBound - 1));          printf("\nmin: %d, max: %d, iterations: %d\n\n", min, max, i);      }  //--------------------------------    unit test    lower < random < upper bound    lower increases each iteration      -(void)testRandomLowerToUpperBound      {          const int upperBound  10;          int i, r, lower;          for (i  0; i < upperBound; i++)          {              lower  i;              r  arc4random_uniform(upperBound - lower) + lower;              printf("%d. r: %d%s\n", i, r, (r  i) ? " " : "");              XCTAssert(r > lower);              if (i  (upperBound - 1))              {                  XCTAssert(r  i);  // last r will always match index/lower              }          }      }      // output      0. r: 0       1. r: 5      2. r: 7      3. r: 3       4. r: 8      5. r: 6      6. r: 6       7. r: 8      8. r: 9      9. r: 9   // last r will always match index/lower  //--------------------------------    unit test      typedef void (^printDate_t)(NSDate *);      typedef void (^printDict_t)(id, id, BOOL *);      typedef void (^printJsonData_t)(NSData *);      -(void)testJsonSerialization      {              printDate_t printDate  ^(NSDate * aDate)              {                  NSDateFormatter * df  NSDateFormatter new;                  df.dateFormat  @"MM-dd-yyyy HH:mm:ss.SSS";                  NSLog(@"date: %@", df stringFromDate:aDate);              };              printDict_t printDict  ^(id key, id obj, BOOL *stop)              {                  printf("%s", NSString stringWithFormat:@"%@  %@\n", key, obj.UTF8String);              };              printJsonData_t printJsonData  ^(NSData * aJsonData)              {                  NSLog(@"json data:\n%@", NSString alloc initWithData:aJsonData encoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding);                  /* NSJSONSerialization dataWithJSONObject:options                     0, 1 NSJSONWritingPrettyPrinted                     0: {"panic":false,"foo":{"date":1428231364.498701,"code":"HG2G"},"answer":42,"trilogyParts":1,2,3,4,5,"question":null}                     1: {                          "panic" : false,                          "foo" : {                            "date" : 1428231364.498701,  // 04-05-2015 04:56:04.499                            "code" : "HG2G"                          },                          "answer" : 42,                          "trilogyParts" :                             1,                            2,                            3,                            4,                            5                          ,                          "question" : null                        } */              };          NSDate * date  NSDate date;          id dateVal  NSNumber numberWithDouble:date.timeIntervalSince1970;          printDate(date);          // json data source          NSDictionary * inData  @{ @"answer"       : @42,                                     @"question"     : NSNull null,                                     @"panic"        : @NO,                                     @"trilogyParts" : @ @1, @2, @3, @4, @5 ,                                     @"foo"          : @{ @"code" : @"HG2G",                                                          @"date" : dateVal } };          NSLog(@"in data");          inData enumerateKeysAndObjectsUsingBlock:printDict;          if (NSJSONSerialization isValidJSONObject:inData)          {              NSError * error;              // serialize              NSData * jsonData  NSJSONSerialization dataWithJSONObject:inData options:0 error:&error;              if (error)              {                  NSLog(@"json serialization error: %@", error);              }              else              {                  printJsonData(jsonData);                  printJsonData(NSJSONSerialization dataWithJSONObject:inData options:NSJSONWritingPrettyPrinted error:NULL);                  // deserialize                  NSDictionary * outData  NSJSONSerialization JSONObjectWithData:jsonData options:0 error:&error;                  if (error)                  {                      NSLog(@"json deserialization error: %@", error);                  }                  else                  {                      XCTAssert(outData isEqualToDictionary:inData);                      NSLog(@"out data");                      outData enumerateKeysAndObjectsUsingBlock:printDict;                   /* NSDictionary * foo  outData objectForKey:@"foo";                      date  NSDate dateWithTimeIntervalSince1970:foo objectForKey:@"date" doubleValue; */                      date  NSDate dateWithTimeIntervalSince1970:outData valueForKeyPath:@"foo.date" doubleValue;                      printDate(date);                  }              }          }      }   //--------------------------------     unit test      -(void)testRegexMatchDates      {          NSArray * dates  @ @"Jan 1 1201",                               @"Jan 01 1800",                               @"Jan 1 1899",                               @"Dec 31 1900",                               @"Jan 1 1901",                               @"Jan 24 2084",                               @"Jan 1 3000" ;          NSString * text  dates componentsJoinedByString:@" ; ";          NSError * regexError;          NSString * regexPattern  @"\\w{3}\\s+\\d{1,2}\\s+\\d{4}";          id regex  NSRegularExpression regularExpressionWithPattern:regexPattern options:0 error:&regexError;          if (regexError)          {              NSLog(@"regex error: %@", regexError);          }          else          {              NSDateFormatter * df  NSDateFormatter new;              df.dateFormat  @"MM-dd-yyyy";              NSRange textRange  NSMakeRange(0, text.length);              regex enumerateMatchesInString:text options:0 range:textRange usingBlock:^(NSTextCheckingResult * result, NSMatchingFlags flags, BOOL * stop)              {                  NSString * match  text substringWithRange:result.range;                  NSDate * date  df dateFromString:match;                  NSLog(@"%11s (%@)", match.UTF8String, df stringFromDate:date);              };              const NSUInteger matchCount  regex numberOfMatchesInString:text options:0 range:textRange;              const NSUInteger expectedMatchCount  dates.count;              XCTAssert(matchCount  expectedMatchCount, @"expected regex match count failed");          }      }      // output       Jan 1 1201 (01-01-1201)      Jan 01 1800 (01-01-1800)       Jan 1 1899 (01-01-1899)      Dec 31 1900 (12-31-1900)       Jan 1 1901 (01-01-1901)      Jan 24 2084 (01-24-2084)       Jan 1 3000 (01-01-3000)- Action Methods    #define IBAction void  // UINibDeclarations.h    // Swift 3    @IBAction func buttonTap(sender: UIButton) {        print("button was tapped, sender: \(sender)")  // button was tapped, sender: <UIButton: 0x00000000>    }    // OC    - (IBAction)buttonTap:(id)sender {        NSLog(@"button was tapped, sender: %@", sender);    }- C Dialects  //--------------------------------    Swift 3      import Foundation      let now  Date()      let df  DateFormatter()      df.dateFormat  "MM-dd-yyyy HH:mm:ss"      print("\(df.string(from:now))")  // 09-01-2016 00:00:00      let a  "HAL"      let x  9000      print("Swift hello \(a) \(x).")  // Swift hello HAL 9000.  //--------------------------------    OC      #import <Foundation/Foundation.h>      int main() {          @autoreleasepool {              NSDate * now  NSDate date;              NSDateFormatter * df  NSDateFormatter new;              df.dateFormat  @"MM-dd-yyyy HH:mm:ss";              NSLog(@"%@", df stringFromDate:now);  // 10-02-2013 00:00:00              NSString * a  @"HAL";              int x  9000;              NSLog(@"OC hello %@ %d%c", a, x, '.');  // OC hello HAL 9000.          }          return 0;      }  //--------------------------------    C++      #include <iostream>      #include <ctime>      int main() {          time_t now  time(0);          struct tm * t;          t  localtime(&now);          char buff20;          strftime(buff, sizeof(buff), "%m-%d-%Y %H:%M:%S", t);  // 10-02-2013 00:00:00          std::cout << buff << std::endl;          const std::string a  {"HAL"};          int x  9000;          std::cout << "C++ hello " << a << " " << x << '.' << std::endl;  // C++ hello HAL 9000.          return 0;      }  //--------------------------------    C      #include <stdio.h>      #include <time.h>      int main() {          time_t now  time(0);          struct tm * t;       // t  gmtime(&now);     // 10-02-2013 06:00:00          t  localtime(&now);  // 10-02-2013 00:00:00          char buff20;          strftime(buff, sizeof(buff), "%m-%d-%Y %H:%M:%S", t);          printf("%s\n", buff);          const char a  "HAL";          int x  9000;          printf("C hello %s %d%c\n", a, x, '.');  // C hello HAL 9000.          return 0;      }- C  //--------------------------------    linked list      // file: main.c      #include "list.h"      int getData();      void test();      int main()      {          test();          return 0;      }      void test()      {          const int nodeCount  4;          for (int i  0; i < nodeCount; i++)          {              int data  getData();              struct node * n  createNodeWithData(data);              appendNodeToList(n);          }          printList();          reverseList();          printList();          prependNodeToList(createNodeWithData(getData()));          printList();          freeList();      }      int getData()      {          static int dataValue;          dataValue + 100;          return dataValue;      }      // file: list.h      struct node      {          struct node * next;          int data;      };      struct node * createNodeWithData(int);      void appendNodeToList(struct node *);      void prependNodeToList(struct node *);      void reverseList();      void printList();      void freeList();      // file: list.c      #include <stdio.h>      #include <stdlib.h>      #include "list.h"      struct node * head;      struct node * tail;      struct node * createNodeWithData(int aData)      {          struct node * n  malloc(sizeof(struct node));          n->data  aData;          n->next  NULL;          return n;      }      void appendNodeToList(struct node * aNode)      {          if (head  NULL)          {              head  aNode;              tail  head;          }          else          {              tail->next  aNode;              tail  aNode;          }      }      void prependNodeToList(struct node * aNode)      {          if (head  NULL)          {              head  aNode;              tail  head;          }          else          {              aNode->next  head;              head  aNode;          }      }      void reverseList()      {          struct node * prev  NULL;          struct node * current  head;          struct node * next  NULL;          while (current ! NULL)          {              next  current->next;              current->next  prev;              prev  current;              current  next;          }          tail  head;          head  prev;      }      void printList()      {          const struct node * current  head;          while (current ! NULL)          {              printf("%p, %d, %p\n", current, current->data, current->next);              current  current->next;          }      }      void freeList()      {          struct node * current  head;          struct node * next;          while (current ! NULL)          {              next  current->next;              current->data  0;              current  NULL;              free(current);              current  next;          }      }- C++  //--------------------------------    C++ 11 range-based for-statements      #include <iostream>      #include <vector>      using namespace std;      int main()      {          int a  { 0, 1, 2 };          for (const auto &i: a)          {              //          }          vector<int> v;  //  { 0, 1, 2 };          for (int i  0; i < 3; ++i)          {              v.push_back(i);          }          for (const auto &i: v)          {              cout << i << " ";  // 0 1 2          }          cout << "\n";          for (auto &i: v)          {              i + 1;              cout << i << " ";  // 1 2 3          }          return 0;      }- String Conversions    - C string char * to C++      const char c  "foo";      std::string cc(c);      std::cout << cc << std::endl;    - C string char * to OC      const char c"foo";      NSString * oc  NSString stringWithUTF8String:c;      NSLog(@"%@", oc);    - C++ string to C char *      std::string cc  {"foo"};      const char * c  cc.c_str();      printf("%s\n", c);    - OC string to C char *      NSString * oc  @"foo";      const char * c  oc.UTF8String;      printf("%s\n", c);- Cocoa Framework Header Files    iOS      /Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/iPhoneOS.platform/Developer/SDKs/iPhoneOS.sdk/System/Library/Frameworks/Foundation.framework/Headers/NSObject.h             /Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/iPhoneOS.platform/Developer/SDKs/iPhoneOS.sdk/System/Library/Frameworks/UIKit.framework/Headers/UIView.h    macOS    /Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/System/Library/Frameworks/Foundation.framework/Versions/C/Headers/NSObject.h             /Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/System/Library/Frameworks/AppKit.framework/Versions/C/Headers/NSView.h    watchOS  /Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/WatchOS.platform/Developer/SDKs/WatchOS.sdk/System/Library/Frameworks/Foundation.framework/Headers/NSObject.h             /Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/WatchOS.platform/Developer/SDKs/WatchOS.sdk/System/Library/Frameworks/WatchKit.framework/Headers/WKInterfaceObject.h    - App Icon  Adobe Photoshop CC v 20.0.5  Preferences - Plug-Ins - Generator - Enable  File - Generate - Image Assets  https://helpx.adobe.com/photoshop/using/generate-assets-layers.html  https://github.com/adobe-photoshop/generator-core  https://github.com/adobe-photoshop/generator-assets  https://github.com/adobe-photoshop/generator-assets/wiki/Generate-Image-Assets-Functional-Spec  Layer Name  iPhone: 40x40 notification_20@2x.png, 60x60 notification_20@3x.png, 58x58 settings_29@2x.png, 87x87 settings_29@3x.png, 80x80 spotlight_40@2x.png, 120x120 spotlight_40@3x.png, 120x120 appicon_60@2x.png, 180x180 appicon_60@3x.png, 1024x1024 appicon_1024.png  iPad:   40x40 notification_20@2x.png, 58x58 settings_29@2x.png, 80x80 spotlight_40@2x.png, 152x152 appicon_76@2x.png, 167x167 appicon_83.5@2x.png, 1024x1024 appicon_1024.png  - iPhone    40x40 notification_20@2x.png    60x60 notification_20@3x.png    58x58 settings_29@2x.png    87x87 settings_29@3x.png    80x80 spotlight_40@2x.png    120x120 spotlight_40@3x.png    120x120 appicon_60@2x.png    180x180 appicon_60@3x.png    1024x1024 appicon_1024.png  - iPad    40x40 notification_20@2x.png    58x58 settings_29@2x.png    80x80 spotlight_40@2x.png    152x152 appicon_76@2x.png    167x167 appicon_83.5@2x.png    1024x1024 appicon_1024.png    - Xcode Regex Search and Replace    indent line    s:^(.)    r:    $1    replace first n chars    s:^.{3}    deleting first n chars, 2 part search & replace    s:^.{3}    r:  x    s:^  x    remove trailing chars    d:^(.{39}-)    # debug show length    s:^(.{39}-).*  # keep first 40 chars, delete everything after char 40    r:$1    add trailing chars    s:^(.{39}-)  # keep first 40 chars    r:$1----    s:spinner|((ui)?activityIndicator(View)?)    - Xcode Scheme Scripts      - Build Pre-Actions Script: Redirect Output to File        vLine"-------------------------------"    vDate$(date '+%m-%d-%y.%H%M%S')    echo "$vLine\n$vDate\nbuild pre-actions...\npwd: $(pwd)\n$vLine" >> ~/xcodeActions.txt        # build post-actions script    vDate$(date '+%m-%d-%y.%H%M%S')    echo "$vDate\nbuild post-actions..." >> ~/xcodeActions.txt            # text file output    -------------------------------    11-21-14.120100    build pre-actions...    pwd: /private/var/folders/p4/abc7123x999xyz_ab1qwe0xx9999xs/T    -------------------------------    11-21-14.120100    build post-actions...          - Test Post-Actions Script: Apple Script to set Focus on Xcode after Running Unit Tests    osascript -e 'tell application "Xcode" to activate'          - Disable debugging Document Versions for Run and Profile actions    Removes NSDocumentRevisionsDebugMode from app launch args    Nav to scheme window and uncheck Document Versions debugging from Run and Profile options        # script    open project    nav to scheme window (CS + <)    // > prod > scheme > edit scheme, will gen xcscheme file    esc to dismiss scheme window           close project                                                                 # run script from root           // scheme name  project name  # sed -i '' -e  s/'debugDocumentVersioning  "YES"'/'debugDocumentVersioning  "NO"'/g  x.xcodeproj/xcshareddata/xcschemes/x.xcscheme        open project        - Xcode Symbolic Breakpoints  symbol: Swift.print          NSLog          -Foo name      // read property          -Foo setName:  // write property          -Foo update    // method/pre>div styleclear: both;>/div>/div>div 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Domain > blog.expressionsoftware.com

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Port 80

Port 443